DESIGN OF SLAB

 GENERAL
The most common type of structural
element used to cover floors and roofs of
buildings is a reinforced concrete slab

 CLASSIFICATION OF SLABS

The slabs are classified into the

following types. They are

1) One-way slab

2) Two-way shb

3) Fht slabs

4) Grid slabs
  LOADS ON SLABS

Generally, in the design of horizontal

slabs, two types of loads are
considered:

 Dead Load

 Live Load

 SLAB DESIGN

The slab which has the maximum span

has the maximum moment and hence the
detailing result for such span can be used
for all other spans as [Link] shb with
maximum dimensions in our plan 10.00
m x 10.00 m, which is an interior panel.
The design of this particular slab is given
in this chapter

 GENERAL DATA

Size of Slab= 10 X 10 m
Concrete Grade (fck) =30 N/mm²
Steel Grade (fy)=415N/mm²
Live Load=0.75 KN/ m² (FROM NBC
2005)

 CHECK FOR TYPE OF SLAB:

Ly=10 m
Lx=10 m
Ly/Lx= 1<2

Hence it's a Two-Way slab.

  DEPTH:
DEPTH= SPAN/25
=10000/25
=400 mm

OVERALL DEPTH (D) = 425 mm

EFFECTIVE SPAN = 10+ 0.425
=10.425 m

 LOAD CALCULATION:

S.W OF SLAB
=(0.425 x 1 x 25) =10.625 KN/m²

Live Load = 0.75 KN /m²

Floor Finish = 1KN/m²
Total Load = 12.375 KN/ m²
Factored load= (1.5 x 12.375) = 18.56
KN/ m²
  MOMENT CALCULATION:

From IS 456 Table 26;

ax=ay=0.047
Mu=Muy
= (ax WuLx²)
Mux-Muy
=(0.047 x 17.96 x 10²) = 84.412 KNm

 CHECK FOR DEPTH:

Mumax= [Link]²
d=142.79mm
Therefore, Adopt d=150mm

 REINFORCEMENTS:

Mu=(0.87 fy Au d)[1-([Link]/fck.b.d)
Ast= 767mm²
Provide 10mm dia. Bars,
S=( 1000 x 78.530)/767
S=102.3mm
Provide 10mm dia. Bars at 100 c/c in
both direction.

 CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS:

T v = Vu / b+d
= (41.065 * 10 ^ 3)(10 ^ 3 * 150) =
0.273N / mm²
Pt = (100 x Ast) / (b x d)
=(100 x 785.3) (10^3 x 150)
=0.524

Refer to table 19, IS 456-2000;

(K x τc)
= (1.27 * 0.31) = 0.39N / m * m ^ 2 > Tv
Hence SAFE.
 DESIGN OF BEAM

 GENERAL

Beams are the members on which the

slabs rest upon. Beams are horizontal
members over which slabs rest. The
reactions from the slab gets transferred to
the beams. The loading for a beam is
given as a uniformly distributed load.
The weight of overlying walls also gets
transferred to the beams. There are two
types of beams. They are as follows

1. Plinth beams.

2. Roof beams.
  LOADS ON BEAMS

As mentioned above the loads on the slab

are considered to be uniformly
distributed load. The beams are subjected
to bending and develops bending
stresses. The beams are designed for
flexural resistance and are checked for
safety against deflection. The loads
which are considered for design are as
follows

1. Dead load

2 Live load

3. Wall load
  ROOF BEAM DESIGN

The roof beam which has the maximum

span and has the maximum moment will
show maximum deformation and hence
designing that single beam is enough.
The beams with Id number 125 was
found to have maximum moments after
analyzing in STAAD PRO. The beam
has a span of 10 m. The design of this
particular beam is given in this chapter.

Hence, design for maximum positive

moment,

Mu = 1121.4 KNm

Mulim = 0.138 x fck x b x d²

=0.138 x 30 x 400 x 800²

=1059.84 KNm
Hence, M= Mulim

So design as DOUBLY-REINFORCED
BEAM

 DESIGN PROCEDURE

Effective span= 10m

Width of beam (b)=400mm

Overall depth of Beam (D) =850 mm

Cover (d') =50 mm

Mu-Mulim =1121.4-1059.84 = 61.56

KNm
i) DETERMINATION OF TENSILE
REINFORCEMENT:

Plim =0.414 x (fck/fy) x (Xumax/d)

=0414 x (30/415) x (0.48)

=0.0143

Ast 1=Plim x b x d

=0.0143 x 400 x 800

=4596.5 mm²

Ast 2 =(Mu-Mulim) / (0.87 x fy x (d-d'))

=(61.56 x 10^6) (0.87 x 415 x 350)

=487.5 mm²
Ast= 4596.5+ 487.5

=5083.95 mm²

Provide 25mm dia Bars of 11 Numbers.

ii) DETERMINATION OF
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT:

Asc= (Mu-Mulim)/((fsc -0.446 x fck(d-

d'))

Esc=0.0035 (Xumax-d')/(Xumax)

=0.0035(0.48 x 400-50)/(0.48 x 400)

=2.53 x 10^-3

From table 2.3 of SP-16,

Fs=348 N/mm

THEREFORE,

Asc= 525.6 mm²

Provide 16mm dia Bars of 3 Numbers

iii) SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:

Tv =(Vu/bd)²

=(1070 x 10^3) / (400 x 800)

=3.34 N/mm²

P= (100 x Ast)/(bd)

=(100 x 5083.95)/(400 x 800)

=1.58%

From IS 456-2000,

Tc= 0.68 N/mm²

Tv>Te
Hence Shear required

Vus=[Vu-(Tc x bd)]

=[1070-(0.68 x 400 x 800 x 10')]

=849.2 KN

Using 8mm dia @ 2 legged stirrups,

Min Spacing

Sv = (0.87 x 415 x Asv)/(0.4 x b)

=(0.87 x 415 x 100.5) / (0.4 x 400)

=226mm

Max spacing

=0.75 x d = 0.75 x 800

= 600mm Or 300mm

Adopt a a spacing of 200mm near the

support gradually increasing to 300mm
towards the centre of span.
  CHECK FOR DEFLECTION
CONTROL:

(L / d) actual= 10000/800
=12.5

(L / d) max=[(L/d)basic x Kt x Kc x Kf ]
Kt=0.75

Kc=1.2

Kf= 1.0

(L/d)max = 20 x 0.75 x 1.2 x 1

=18

(L/d)actual <(L/d)max

Hence Safe in deflection

 DESIGN OF COLUMN

 GENERAL
Columns are the vertical members of a
structure. The columns support the
beams present in the building The
reactions of the beams are transferred as
loads to the column. The loading for a
column is given as an axial load. The
types of columns are as follows:

1. Short columns-fails by crushing

2. Long columns fails by buckling

  LOADS ON COLUMNS

As mentioned above the load to the

columns are given as axial loads. The
column is subjected to axial stresses. But
there are also columns with uniaxial
bending and biaxial bending. The loads
which are considered for the design are
as follows

1. Dead loads

2. Live loads.

COLUMN DESIGN
The column which carries the maximum
axial force was found out from the result
of STAAD Pro design (Beam number
78). It is enough to design this single
column and replicate the same design to
other columns of the building. The
dimensions are
800 x 800 mm, and 500 x 500 mm.

 DESIGN OF 800mm x 800 mm

COLUMN

FACTORED LOAD= 11362 KN

Pu=0.4 x fck x Ac + 0.67 x fy x Asc

ASSUME

Ac= 99% of Ag

Asc= 1% of Ag
(11362 x 10³) = (0.4 x 30 x 99% Ag) +
(067 x 415 x 1% Ag)

Ag=786814.8 mm²

Provide square column so,

Root Ag= Root 785.15mm

=800mm

Provide a square column of size 800 x

800 mm

SLENDERNESS RATIO:

Leff/b=2600/800
= 3.25 < 12
 Hence short column

e min= l/500 + D/30

= 4000/500 + 800/30

= 34.67nm

(emin)/D

= 34.67/500

= 0.043 < 0.05

Column can be designed as "axially

loaded column"
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:

Asc= 1% of (800*800)

=6400 mm²

Provide 20mm dia bars

n =Asc / ast

=20.3

=21

 Lateral ties:

Using 8mm dia bars

Minimum spacing is,

i)Least lateral dimension = 800mm

ii) 16 x dia =16 x 20 = 320 mm

iii)300 mm

Choose 300mm as spacing

DESIGN OF 500 X 500 COLUMN

Load =2940 kN

Mux =600 kNm

Muy =600 kNm

b=500 mm

D=500 mm

d’=50 mm

d'/ D=0.10
i.)Equivalent moment

Mu =1.15 root(Mux² + Muy²)

=1.15 root (600² + 600²)
=975 kNm

ii)Non Dimensional parameters

Pu /(fck x bd) =0.39

Mu / (fck x b x d²) = 0.26

From SP-16 Chart -44

P / fck= 0.22

P= 6.6

Ast =P x b x D / 100
6.6 x 500 x 500 / 100
Ast= 16500 mm²

Provide 34 bars of 25mm O on all 4

sides.

P = (100 x 16500)/(500 x500) = 6.6

P / fck = 6.6/30 = 0.22

Chart-44 with P/fck & Pu / b x d x fck

Mux1 / fck bd² = 0.25

Mux1= (0.25 x 30 x 500 ^ 3) = 940kNm

Puz= [0.45fck Ac + 0.75fy As]

= 0.45 x 30((500 x 500) - 16500) + 0.75

x 415 x 16500
=6269.13 KN

Pu / Puz = 3000/(6054.75)

=0.47

α = 1.8

((Mux)^ α) /(Muxl)+ ((Muy)^ α) /(Muy)

<= 1

600^ 1.8 /940 + 600^ 1.8 /940 <= 1

0.891<= 1
 DESIGN OF FOOTING

 GENERAL
Foundations are the structural members
which transfer and distribute the load of
the building to the ground. These
structural components play an important
role in the stability of the structure. It is
impossible to build a building without a
foundation. The foundations are nothing
but the extension and fixation of columns
firmly into the ground. The various types
of foundations available are listed below

 LOADS ON FOOTINGS

As said before footings are nothing but

the extensions of the columns which fix
the building firmly into the ground. The
loads for the foundations are nothing but
the column loads (axial loads) in KN.
The foundation is designed based on the
safe bearing capacity of the soil present
at the site of construction. In the design
isolated sloped footing was adopted for
supporting and anchoring our structure
firmly to the ground.

1. Shallow foundation.

a) Isolated footings.
b) Combined footings
c) Strap footings.
d) Strip footings.
e) Raft foundation.

2. Deep foundation
a) Pile foundation.
b) Well foundation.
c) Caisson foundation.
  DESIGN OF FOOTING
The footing has been designed for
column with maximum axial load
9.3.1 Axial Loading
Column size = 800 X 800 mm
SBC =200 kN/m²
fck =30 kN/mm²
fy =415 N/mm

SIZE OF FOOTING:

a. Load Calculation:
Load from column =11362 KN
Assuming 10% of S.W =11362 KN
Total Factored Load =12498 KN
b. Area of footing:
Area =Load/SBC
=12498/(1.5 x 200)
Area =43.2 m²
Size of footing =√43.2
=6.5 m
Provide a square footing of size 6.5 x
6.5 m²

Upward soil pressure:

Qu =(12498/6.52²)
=293.6 kN/m² < 300 kN/m²

 Thickness of footing:

a.)Based on BM:
Critical section is considered exactly at
the face of column.
Max. BM=(shaded area) x (SBC) x (x’)
=(2.85 x 6.5) x 200 x (2.85/2)
=5279.6 KNm
Mu =0.138 x fck x bd²
d =1150 mm
b.)Shear force considerations:
[Link]-way shear:
Vuj = (shaded area) x (soil pressure)
=(2.85-d) x 6.5 x 200)
= 1300 (2.85-d)
Vui =KsTcbd
1300 (2.85-d) = 1.2x0.33x3.5xd
3705-1300d =25.74d
d =0.684mm
Take, d =1150mm
Cover.c =50mm
D =1150+ 50(cover)
D =1200 mm

Provide 6.5 m x 6.5m x 1200 mm as size

of footing. MY
Ast =0.5xfy/fck x [1-√1- (4.6xMu/Fck x
bxdxd)]
=32520 mm²
Provide 20 mm dia bars.
Spacing S=100 mm

For 500 x 500 Column Footing

Pu =2940 KN
B =500 mm
D =500 mmm
SBC =200 KNm
Load:
Load from column =2940 KN
Assume 10% of S.W =294.8 KN
Total factored bad = 3234.8 KN
Footing area = 3234.8/200
= 16.174m ^ 2
(5x)(5x) =16.174
25x² =16.174
X =0.83
Short side =5x0.83=4.15m
2nd side =5x0.83=4.15m
Adopting 4.5m x 6m.
P{u} = 990 / (4.5 * 6) =180KN/m2
Factored B.M:
1 st side, =0.5(6-0.5)=2.75m
2nd side, = 0.5(4.5 - 0.5) = 2m
B.M along
1st side
=0.5x180x2.75^2
=632 KNm
2nd
= (0.5 * 180 * 2 ^ 2)
=275,6 KNm
D =(632) (0.138 x 30 x 10^3)=390mm
One way shear
Vd =180(1250-d)
D =450mm
Therefore
Ast =849mm^2
S =300mm
 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

 GENERAL
Staircase is nothing but number of steps
arranged in series for the purpose of
giving access to different floors in a
building Staircases are usually designed
similar to slabs. The only difference
between slabs and staircase is that the
staircase is inclined and is subjected to
inclined loading Sometimes a landing is
provided either to turn the direction of
the staircase or to relax while climbing
up the stairs. The various types of
staircases available are as follows.
REPON
1. Straight staircase.
2. Dog legged staircase.
3. Open well staircase.
4. Quarter turn staircase.
5. Geometrical staircase
6. Free standing staircase.

 LOADING ON STAIRCASE
Since a staircase is designed similar to a
slab as said above, the loads to the
staircase are given in the form of surface
loads. The loads such as floor finish are
also taken into account while calculating
the loads for designing an appropriate
staircase. The loads which are considered
for designing a staircase are listed below.
a) Dead loads.
b) Live loads.

 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
No. of steps in the flight =10
Tread, T =300 mm
Riser, R =150 mm
Width of landing Beam =400 mm
fck = 30N / mm^2
fy = 415N / mm ^ 2
Effective span = (12 * 300) + 400
= 4000mm =4m
Thickness of waist slab =span/20
=4000/20=20
Overall depth, D =200
Effective depth, d = 175mm
Load:
Dead loads of slab on slope is
= (0.2 * 1 * 25)
Dead load of slab on Horizontal span is;
=(w *s sqrt (R ^ 2 + T ^ 2) )/T
=(5*sqrt(150 ^ 2 + 300 ^
2))/ 300
=5.6 kN/m
Dead load of one step = (0.5 * 0.15 * 0.3
* 25)
= 0.56KN / m
Loads of steps per meter length
= (0.56 * 1000) / 300
= 1.86KN / m
Finishes, etc., = 0.53 KN/m.
Total dead load = (5.6 + 1.86 + 0.53)
= 8kN / m
Service live load (liable for
overcrowding)= 5kN / (m ^ 2)
Therefore, Total service load = 8 + 5
= 13kN / m
Factored load, wu
= (1.5 * 13) = 19.5kN / m
 Bending Moment:
Maximum bending moment at center of
span is;
M = 0.125w{u} * L ^ 2
=(0.125 * 20 * 4 ^ 2)
= 40kNm
Check for depth for waist slab
D = sqrt ( Mu / (0.138fck*b)
=((40 x 10^6)(0.138 x 30 x 10³))
= 98.3mm < 175mm (provided)
Hence, Safe.

 Main reinforcement
Mu =( 0.87fy*Ast*d)[1-( Astfy/fck bd )]
40 * 10 ^ 6
=63183.75 Ast-4.9Ast^2
4.9Ast-63183.75 Ast+ 40 x 10^6 =0
Ast =668 mm
S =170 mm
Provide 12 mm dia bars at 150 mm
spacing
 Distribution Reinforcements:
=0.12 % of cross-section
=0.0012 x 1000 x 200
=240 mm^2/m
=209 mm
Provide 8mm dia at 200mm
Design using SP-16 Design charts:
Computing the design parameters:
(M/bd^2)
=(40x10^6)/(10^3x175^2)
=1.3
For
fck =30N/mm^2
Design using SP-16 design chart
Design tables corresponding to fa 30
kN/mm² and take the percentage of
reinforcement
Pt =0.38
Therefore, Ast =(pbd/100) (0.38 x 10 x
175)/100
Ast =665 mm/m
Then the reinforcement quantity is same
as that obtained by analytical method.
 DESIGN OF RAMP

 GENERAL
An inclined plane, also known as a ramp,
is a flat supporting surface tilted at an
angle. with one end higher than the other,
used as an aid for raising or lowering a
load. The inclined plane is one of the six
classical simple machines defined by
Renaissance scientists. Inclined planes
are widely used to move heavy loads
over vertical obstacles; examples vary
from a ramp used to load goods into a
truck, to a person walking up a
pedestrian ramp, to an automobile or
railroad train climbing a grade.
Moving an object up an inclined plane
requires less force than lifting it straight
up, at a cost of an increase in the distance
moved. The mechanical advantage of an
inclined plane, the factor by which the
force is reduced, is equal to the ratio of
the length of the sloped surface to the
height it spans. Due to conservation of
energy, the same amount of mechanical
energy (work) is required to lift a given
object by a given vertical distance,
disregarding losses from friction, but the
inclined plane allows the same work to
be done with a smaller force exerted over
a greater distance. The angle of friction,
also sometimes called the angle of
repose, is the maximum angle at which a
load can rest motionless on an inclined
plane due to friction, without sliding
down. This angle is equal to the
arctangent of the coefficient of static
friction p between the surfaces.
Two other simple machines are often
considered to be derived from the
inclined plane. The wedge can be
considered a moving inclined plane or
two inclined planes connected at the
base. The screw consists of a narrow
inclined plane wrapped around a
cylinder.
 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS:
The movement of vehicles between
floors can be affected by
1. The appropriate steepness, length
and width
2. The distance between landings.
3. Likely users and the mode of
assistance they are likely to require.
4. Surface materials.
5. Approach and access onto the
ramp.
6. The position of handrails and
barriers.
 7. Placement of door handles and the
swing direction of doors.
8. Impact of a ramp on available
space, existing trees, vegetation, and
so on.
9. Cost.
10. Compliance with the building
regulations.
11. The availability of alternative
means of access.
 FUNCTION TYPES
ASSOCIATED WITH
STRUCTURE:
1. Internal Ramp
2. External Ramp
 SLOPE:
The mechanical advantage of an inclined
plane depends on its slope, its gradient or
steepness. The smaller the slope, the
larger the mechanical advantage, and the
smaller the force needed to raise a given
weight. A plane's slope s is equal to the
difference in height between its two ends,
or "rise", divided by its horizontal length,
or "run". It can also be expressed by the
angle the plane makes with the horizontal
0.
 DESIGN OF RAMP:
Distance between the floor =4.4m
Width of Ramp =6 m
Angle subtended by helical curve = 180
deg
Grade of concrete =30N/mm
Selection of Dimension:
No. of risers = 4400/160 =28
Length of thread of center line
= (28 * 300) = 8400mm
3.14R =8400
R =2673=3000mm
Alpha =tan ^-1 (160/300)=28.4
Thickness of helical slab
=8400/25=336mm=350mm
Assuming 30mm as cover,
d =320mm
Loads:
S.W of slab = (25 * 0.35 * 6)
LL= (2 * 6) = 12KN / m
F.F = 0.5KN / m
Total = 65KN / m
Wu =(1.5 x 56 x cos 28.4)
=86.03 KN
 Bending moment and torsional
moment
Rc = R + (b ^ 2 / 12 * R)
=300+(6000^2/12x3000)
Re = 4000mm
Value of constant,
C = 1.27
At mid span =0
B.M, Mr =WuRc^2 (C Cos0-1)
371.64 KNm
T.M, Mt =WuR^2 (C Cos0-1)=0
At supports 0-90
Mr =WuR^2 (C Cos0-1)
=1376.48 KNm
T.M ,Mt =WuRc^2 (C Cos0-1)
=414.04 KNm
 Check for Depth:
Me =1376.48
+414.04((1+(350/6000))/1.7
=163424 KNm
Me =0.138 x fck xbxd^2Vu
D =256 mm <350 mm
Hence, safe
 Design of reinforcement:
Me/bd^2 =2.65 N/mm²
Pt =100XAst/bd=0.83
=15936 mm²
Provide 34 bars of 25mm dia at top and
17 bars of 25mm dia at soffit since the
+ve BM at centre of span is small.

 Check for shear:

Vu =wl/2
=361.33 KN
Ve =Vu+( 1 + 1.6(Mt / b)
= 362.43 KN
Tv =Vu/bd
=0.188 N/mm
Pt =100 x Ast/ bd
= 100 * 16198.8 /
(6000 * 320) = 0.84%
From IS 456-2000,
Te = 0.38N / mm ^ 2 >Ti
  Torsional reinforcement:
B1 =6000 - 60 = 5940mm
D2 = 320 - 60 = 260mm
Asv = 2.28Sv

Adopt 10 mm dia2-legged stirrups

Asv= 157mm
Sv= 84mm
Provide 10mm dia 2-legged stirrups
75mm centers throughout the span
length.
 ANALYSIS FOR RAMP BEAM:
360°
∅= = 60°
6
Let the support reactions be 𝐹0 &𝑀0
wR𝜃
.𝐹0 =
2
∅
∅ 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅
2
2𝑀0 Sin = 𝑤𝑅𝜑 [ ∅ − 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
2 ( 2) 2
∅
∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) ∅
2 2
.𝑀0 = w𝑅 ( ∅)[ ∅ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )]
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ( 2) 2

∅ =60°
Support moment =KW𝑅2 ∅ = 0.089 x
65 x 92 x 60°
= 28
Mid-span moment = K'W𝑅2 ∅ = 14.2
Max. Torsional moment =
K'WR²Ø = 2.8 KNm
K = 0.089
K' = 0.045
K" = 0.009
.𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.1514W𝑅 2
=810 KNm
.𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.104w𝑅2
= 547.56 KNm
SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM
SUBJECTED TO UDL AND SIMPLY
SUPPORTED BY THREE COLUMN
SPACED EQUATION:

Total load on the beam = wR𝜋

Let x be a point making <AOX = 𝛼
C.G of Load on a circular arc subtending
an angle 𝜑 at the center has its center of
gravity at a distance d from the center O,
where
𝜑
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
D= 𝜑
)
2

Therefore, in this case, C.G of load

acting on the beam is at
𝜋
Rsin( ) 2𝑅
2
d= 𝜋 𝑏= from O
( ) 𝜋
2
Now, taking moment about axis AOC,
We get,
2𝑅
𝑅𝛽 × 𝑅 = WR𝜋 X
𝜋
𝑅𝛽= 2wR
Due to symmetry,𝑅𝛽 = Rc
ΣV = 0, gives
.𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝐶 +𝑅𝐵 =2wR
2w𝑅𝐴 + 2𝑤𝑅=wR𝜋
1
𝑅𝐴 = wR(π-2)
2

 Bending Moment at X
It will be calculated from end A. On
portion AX load in wR𝛼
It's C.G from O
𝛼
R sin( )
2
g= 𝛼
( )
2
Therefore, the distance of C.G from point
X
 𝛼
R sin( ) 𝛼
2
= 𝛼 sin( )
( ) 2
2
𝛼
R sin( ) 𝛼
2
.𝑀𝑥 = (𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)−(wR𝛼)( 𝛼 sin( ))
2
( )
2
𝑤𝑅 2 2 𝛼
=(
2
) (𝜋 − 2)R sin𝛼 − 2𝑤𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2
𝑤𝑅 2 2 𝛼
= ( ) [(𝜋 − 2)sin𝛼 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
2 2
At 𝛼 = 0, M=0
𝜋 wR 1
At 𝛼 = , 𝑀𝑥 = [𝜋 − 2 − (4 × )]
2 2 2
𝑤𝑅 2
=( ) [𝜋 − 4] = −0.429𝑤𝑅2
2
𝑀𝑥 = 0 at a given by
2 𝛼
0 = (𝜋 − 2)sin𝛼 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
.(𝜋 − 2)2sin( )cos( ) tan( )
2 2 2
𝛼
= 22.718°
2
α = 59.435°
𝑑𝑀𝑥
𝑀𝐷 is maximum where =0
𝑑𝑎
 𝛼
0 = (π-2) cosα= 4 × 2 sin ( ) x cos
2
𝛼 1
( )×( )
2 2
i.e.. (π-2) cosα = 4 sin α/2. cos α/2
i.e..
(π-2) cosα = 2 sinα
π−2
i.e.. tan α=
2
or
α = 29.718°
w𝑅 2
𝑀max = = [(𝜋-2) sin(29.718°) -
2
29.718°
4sin² ( )] = 0.1514 w𝑅2
2

 Torsional Moment at X
𝑇𝑥 = 𝑅𝐴 (R-R cosα) - (wRα [𝑅 −
𝛼
R sin( ) 𝛼
2
𝛼 cos( )])
( ) 2
2
W𝑅 2
= [𝜋 – 2]R[1 − cosα]-w𝑅2 [α −
2
 𝛼 𝛼
2sin( ) cos( )]
2 2
W𝑅 2
= [(𝜋 – 2) − (𝜋 – 2)cosα − 2α +
2
2sinα]
At α =0,𝑇𝑥 = 0
𝜋 W𝑅 2
At α = , 𝑇𝑥 = ( 𝜋 − 2 − 𝜋 + 2)
2 2
=0
 For 𝑇𝑥 to be maximum:
𝑑𝑇𝑥
. = 0 = (𝜋 – 2) sinα − 2 + 2 cosα
𝑑𝑥
𝜋−2
.( ) sinα −1 = − cosα
2
0.571 sinα– 1= − cosα
Squaring both sides, we get,
0.571 2 sin2 𝛼 − 1.142sinα + 1 =
cos 2 α = 1 −sin² a
(0.326+1)sin2 𝛼 -1.142 sinα = 0
1.326sin2 𝛼 = 1.142 sinα
1.142
.sinα = = 0.861
1.326
α = 59.46°
w𝑅 2
.𝑇max = [(𝜋 – 2)(1 − cosα) −
2
2α + 2sinα], where α = 59.46°
= 0.104 w𝑅2
  DESIGN OF BEAM:

Width of supports = 500 mm

Clear span = 4 m
Width of beam =550 mm
Depth = 550 mm
Mu = 0.138 𝐹𝑐𝑘 bd2
= 688 KNm

Mu >Mulim
Hence, it is doubly reinforced
Mu-Mulim = 122 KNm
Tensile Reinforcement:
𝐹𝑐𝑘 Xumax
Plim=0.414 .
𝑓𝑦 𝑑
= 0.0143
.𝐴𝑠𝑡1= Plim × b × d
=4345 mm²
 (122 x 106)
.𝐴𝑠𝑡2 =
(0.87 x 415 x 550)
=614 mm²
.𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4960 mm²
Provide 25 mm 𝜑 bars,
N = 11 ≈ 12
Compression:
0.0035(xmax−dr)
.𝐸𝑆𝐶 =
𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.0035((0.48 x 500)−50)
=
240
=2.7 x 10-3

122 ×106
.𝐴𝑆𝐶 =
(348−(0.446 x 30)(500)
= 729 mm²

Provide 4 bars of 16 mm 𝜑

Shear:
𝑉𝑢 138.12
.𝜏𝑣 = = 2
𝑏𝑑 550
=0.45 N/mm2
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 ×4960
P₁ = =
𝑏𝑑 5502
= 1.63
Therefore,𝑡𝑐 = 0.78 N/mm²
𝜏𝑡𝜏𝑣 >𝑡𝜏𝜏𝑐
Hence, shear is required.
Provide 8 mm dia of 2 legged,
0.87 x 415 x 100.5
.𝑆𝑉 =0.87 x 415 x 100.5
0.4 x 500
= 181.7≈ 175 mm
Max. Spacing
= 0.75d or 300 mm
= 412.5
Provide a spacing of 175 mm near
supports & gradually increase to 300 mm
towards Centre.
65 x4.25 65 x4.25
Load = +
2 2
= 138.12 x 2
=276.25 KN x3
Load = 900 KN
Length = 3400 mm
D =300 mm (assume)
1
. = 8.8< 12
𝐷
Hence, it is short column.
3400 300
.𝐸𝑀𝐼𝑁 = + = 15<20
300 30

Also, 0.05D= (0.05 x 300)= 15mm <20

mm.
RAMP-COLUMN DESIGN:
Length of column, L = 3.4 m
Diameter, D = 300mm
.𝐹𝐶𝐾 = 30N/mm²
.𝐹𝑌 = 415N/mm²
Axial service load = 900KN
Factored load = (1.5x 900 ) = 1350 KN
Slenderness ratio:
3400
(L/D) = = 10
300
Hence, it is short column.
Minimum Eccentricity:
1 𝐷 3400 300
.𝐸𝑀𝐼𝑁 =[ + ] = [ + ]
500 30 500 30
= 15mm<20mm
Also, 0.05D= (0.05 x 300)= 15mm <20
mm.
Main reinforcement:
According to clause 39.4, IS:456-2000:
.𝑃𝑈 =1.05[0.4 𝐹𝑐𝐾 𝐴𝐺 +(0.67𝐹𝑌 -
0.4𝐹𝐶𝐾 )𝐴𝑆𝐶 ]
1350x 103 0.4×30×3.1𝜏×3002
. = [( )+
1.05 4

{(0.67 × 415) − (0.4 × 30)𝐴𝑆𝐶 }]

Solving 𝐴𝑆𝐶 =1645 mm²

𝐴𝑠𝑡(minimum) = 0.8% of cross section

=(0.008 x 3.14x 3002/4)= 565 mm².
Provide 6 bars of 22 m diameter
(𝐴𝑆𝐶 =1645 mm²)
Helical reinforcement:
Adopting clear cover of 50 mm over
spirals
Core diameter=[300-(2 x 50)] = 200 mm
𝜏
Area of core, 𝐴𝐶 = [( × 2002 ) −
4
1645]=29770 mm²
Volume of core/m= 𝑉𝐶 =(29770 x 103)
mm³
Gross area of section𝐴𝐺 =(3.14 ×
3002 )/4=70695mm²
Using 8 mm diameter helical spirals at
pitch p mm, the volume of helical spiral
per meter
length is computed as
.𝑉𝑈𝑆 = [3.14(300-100-8)50 x
1000/p]mm³/m
=(30159.288 x 103)/p mm³/m
According to clause 39.4.1, IS:456
(𝑉𝑈𝑆 /𝑉𝐶𝜏 ) <0.36 ((𝐴𝐺 /𝐴𝐶 )-1](𝐹𝐶𝐾 /𝐹𝑌 )
30159.288 x 103 70685
=
(29770 x 103)p
<0.36{(
29770
)−
30
1}
415
Solving, p=34 mm
According to clause [Link](d), IS:456
code, the pitch should comply with
thefollowing specifications:
75 mm core diameter 20
P<[ ]=( )
6 6
= 33.6
P> [3(diameter of helical reinforcement)]
=(3× 8) = 24
Hence provide 87 mm diameter helical
spirals at a pitch of 30 mm.
Reinforcement details:
The detailed of reinforcements is the
helically reinforced column is shown in
fig. 11.
RAMP-FOOTING DESIGN:

Pu=900 KN
D=300 mm
P=200 KN/m²
𝑃𝑈 = (1.5 x 200)=300 KN/m²
𝐹𝐶𝐾 =30 N/mm2
𝐹𝑌 =415 N/mm2
SIZE OF FOOTING:
Load of column=900 KN
S.W. of footing (10%)= 90 KN
Total load,𝑊𝑈 = 990 Kn
Let Dr= diameter of the footing OR
𝐴𝐹 =Area of the footing
3.14×𝐷𝑌 𝑊𝑈 990
.𝐴𝐹 = = = = 3.3 m²
4 𝑃𝑈 300
4×3.3
.𝐷𝐹 = √ = 2.04m
3.14
Adopt diameter as footing. 𝐷𝐹 = 2m
 990×4
Upward soil pressure,𝑃𝑈 =
3.14×22
=295 KN/m² < 300 KN/m²
Hence, the diameter of the footing is
adequate.
Center of gravity of quadrant of footing
'obc' from 'o' is.
R2 +r2 +R,r
= 0.6[
𝑅+𝑟
]
10002 +1502+(1000 x 150)
= 0.6[ ]
1000+150
= 610 mm
Upward load on area b b' cc' is computed
as
π (1−0.152 )295
.[
4
]= 226 KN
  Bending moment:
Maximum bending moment at the face of
the column quadrant
.𝑀𝑢 =226(0.61-0.15)= 104 KNm
Breadth of footing at column face (for
one quadrant c'b')
𝜏×300
.(
4
)=235 mm
Depth of footing
𝑀𝑈
d= √
0.138×𝐹𝐶𝐾 ×b

104×106
=√
0.138×30×235
= 327 mm
Depth required for shear considerations
will be nearly 1.5 times that for moment
considerations.
Hence, adopt effective depth, d=500 mm
Overall depth, D=550 mm
Reinforcements:
𝐴𝑆𝑇 𝐹𝑌
.𝑀𝑈 = (0.87𝐹𝑌 𝐴𝑆𝑇 d) [1 − ( )]
𝐹𝐶𝐾 𝐵𝐷
104 x 106 =(0.87 × 415𝐴𝑠𝑡500) [1 −
𝜏𝜏𝜏 𝜏𝜏
(30×235×500)]
Solving. 𝐴𝑆𝑇 =580 mm2
Minimum 𝐴𝑆𝑇 = (0.0012 x 235 x
550)=155 mm²
Provide 12 mm Ø bars at 200 mm centres
both ways
Check for shear stress:
Ultimate shear force at a distance 0.5 m
from the face of the column is computed
as
𝑉𝑈 =238.8 (22-1.352)(3.14/4)= 408 KN
Shear per metre width of perimeter
408
=( ) = 96KN
𝑃×1.35
 𝜏𝜏 96×103
Tv= ( )= ( ) = 0.19N/mm2
𝜏𝜏 103 ×500
100×𝜏𝜏𝜏 100×500
=(
𝜏𝜏
) =( 3 ) = 0.12
10 ×500
Referring to table 19, IS:456-2000 and
the permissible value of shear strength
ofconcrete
𝜏𝜏 𝜏𝜏 = (1 x 0.29)=0.29 N/mm² > 0.19
N/mm²
Hence shear stresses are within safe
permissible limits.
Reinforcement detail:
The details of reinforcements in the
circular footing are shown below.
 BATCH 8

DESIGN

[Link] VAISHAK(19BCE007)
[Link](19BCE026)
[Link](19BCE030)
[Link] KUMAR(20BCE306)