1. Differentiate between unsafe act and unsafe condition.

Unsafe Act (From page 6–7)

Violation of accepted safe procedure that permits occurrence of an accident.

80% of injuries are due to unsafe acts.
Revolves around people and what they do.
Examples:

Operating machine at unsafe speed

Working without authority
Adjusting moving machinery
Not wearing PPE
Improper lifting, horseplay, removing safety devices

PREVENTION OF UNSAFE ACTS

1. Think before doing the task — plan how to do it safely.

2. Use all tools/equipment properly — e.g., do NOT use chair as ladder.
3. Do not use equipment without proper training — untrained use is an unsafe act.
4. Warn co-workers of hazards — use warning signs, barricades, communicate spills.
5. Stop and correct co-workers engaged in unsafe acts — peer control.
6. Use appropriate PPE always.
7. Supervisors must be vigilant to identify unsafe behaviours.

Unsafe Condition (Page 7–8)

Hazardous physical condition/environment that permits accidents.

20% of injuries are due to unsafe conditions.
Relates to physical or mechanical defects, corrected easily.
Examples:

Poor guarding
Defective tools/equipment
Poor layout & congestion
Substandard housekeeping
 Loud noise, inadequate illumination, dust/fumes

PREVENTION OF UNSAFE CONDITIONS

11. Think about safety before starting work — ensure you have correct tools, PPE,
equipment.
12. Inspect all tools, equipment, materials before use — ensure they are in good
condition.
13. Remove/repair defective tools or equipment.
14. Immediately report unsafe conditions — e.g., leaks, defective tools, damaged
guards.
15. Ensure enough space to complete the job safely.
16. Ensure proper lighting and ventilation before starting tasks.
17. Stop work when hazards are present and inform supervisor.
18. Maintain proper housekeeping — avoid congestion, clutter, obstacles.

2. Define Safety Policy.

Safety policy is the written commitment of management towards ensuring safety,

preventing accidents, complying with laws, assigning responsibilities, and integrating safety
into all operations.

There are generally three sections in a safety policy, which include:

1. Statement of the policy - The employer’s commitment to managing health and safety
and the goal of the policy
2. Responsibility - Stating who is responsible for implementing, enacting, and tracking
each element of the policy
3. Arrangements or procedures - Outlines the details of procedures including the
reduction of hazard policy

Includes details about the following:

Employee training
Use of administrative controls, hazard isolation, locking, warnings, signs and symbols
marking hazards, etc.
Use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
Removing hazardous materials or replacing them with less harmful alternatives
 Improved lighting and working environment
Prevention of slip, trip, and fall incidents

3. Explain any three unsafe acts responsible for accidents.

(From Unsafe Acts list, page 6–7)

Three unsafe acts include:

1. Working without authority – entering confined space before it’s declared safe.
2. Not wearing PPE – e.g., grinding without goggles.
3. Adjusting moving machinery – lubricating/changing belts while running.

4. List six responsibilities of workers/workmen towards safety.

(Page 17 – worker responsibilities)

Workers must:

1. Follow all safe work procedures.

2. Use PPE provided.
3. Report unsafe conditions immediately.
4. Not operate equipment without training/authorization.
5. Maintain good housekeeping.
6. Avoid horseplay, shortcuts, unsafe behaviour.

5. Differentiate unsafe act vs unsafe condition with examples.

(Already answered in Q1 but here is crisp version)

Unsafe Act Unsafe Condition

Human behaviour causing accident Physical/environmental hazard
Harder to control Easier to correct
80% accidents 20% accidents
Eg: Not wearing PPE Eg: Poor lighting, defective tools
6. How do voluntary agencies support safety measures?

(Page 2–5 mentions WHO, OSHA-like guidance; page 1 lists voluntary agencies role)
Voluntary agencies support safety by:

Providing safety training and education

Publishing safety guidelines/standards
Conducting research and awareness programmes
Helping implement safe work practices
Supporting accident prevention campaigns

PART B ANSWERS

MODULE 1 LONG ANSWERS

11(a) Types of Safety Organizations.

1️⃣ Line Organization (Line Safety Organization)

Safety responsibility is given to line managers at every level.
Features:

Supervisor/manager is responsible for safety of their team

Safety is integrated into daily operations
No separate safety department

Suitable for:

Small industries
Low-risk workplaces
 TOP MANAGEMENT
|
-----------------
| | |
DEPT HEAD DEPT HEAD DEPT HEAD
| | |
SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR
| | |
WORKERS WORKERS WORKERS

2️⃣ Functional (Staff) Safety Organization

A separate safety department handles safety activities.

Features:

Full-time safety officers appointed

Specialized safety planning and training
Independent authority for safety rules

Suitable for:

Medium & large industries

High-risk operations (chemical, construction, oil & gas)

TOP MANAGEMENT
|
-------------------------------------------------
| | |
PRODUCTION DEPT MAINTENANCE DEPT SAFETY DEPARTMENT
| | |
SUPERVISORS SUPERVISORS SAFETY OFFICER
| | |
WORKERS WORKERS SAFETY INSPECTOR

3️⃣ Line & Staff (Combined) Safety Organization

Combination of line managers + safety department.

Features:

Safety department prepares policies

Line managers implement safety
Best coordination between production & safety

Suitable for:

Most modern industries

Large factories with multiple departments

TOP MANAGEMENT
|
-----------------------------------------------
| | |
SAFETY DEPARTMENT PRODUCTION DEPT MAINTENANCE DEPT
| | |
SAFETY OFFICER LINE MANAGERS SUPERVISORS
| | |
------------------------------------------------
WORKERS

4️⃣ Committee Type Safety Organization

Safety is managed through joint committees.

Features:

Safety Committee (management + workers)

Discuss hazards, investigate accidents
Encourages worker participation

Required in India under Factories Act for:

Industries with 250+ workers

 TOP MANAGEMENT
|
SAFETY COMMITTEE
------------------------------------
| | |
MANAGEMENT SAFETY OFFICER WORKERS’ REP
| | |
-----------------|------------------
|
WORKPLACE

5️⃣ Mixed / Integrated Safety Organization

A flexible structure combining:

Safety officer
Supervisor duties
Safety committee
Specialized engineers

Features:

Used in complex/large industries

Allows integration of multiple safety functions
Good for continuous improvement programs

TOP MANAGEMENT
|
------------------------------------------------
| | |
SAFETY DEPT LINE MANAGERS SAFETY COMMITTEE
| | |
SAFETY OFFICER SUPERVISORS WORKER REPRESENTATIVES
| | |
--------------------- WORKPLACE ----------------
Type of Safety Organization Who Handles Safety? Suitable For
Line Organization Line managers Small industries
Functional (Staff) Organization Separate safety department Medium–large, high-risk
Line & Staff Organization Line managers + safety dept Most industries
Committee Type Joint safety committee Large industries (250+)
Mixed/Integrated Combined roles/teams Complex industries

11(b) Importance of Establishing a Safety Committee.

(Page 1 list + page 15–17)

Importance:

Enhances cooperation between management & employees

Identifies hazards collectively
Reviews accidents & near misses
Recommends corrective actions
Improves safety communication
Ensures compliance with act

12(a) Roles of various people in Safety.

Role of Management in Safety – Short Structured (5 Marks)

Management directly influences workplace safety through decisions and practices.

Must prevent complacency even when safety records look good.
Ensure timely payment of compensation and compliance with all safety
requirements.
Follow specific rules and regulations; appoint medical, welfare, and safety officers.
Form committees (safety, welfare, pollution control, canteen).
Provide employee education and training.
Promote employee coverage under safety Acts.

Role of Supervisor in Safety – Short Structured (5 Marks)

Safety performance is only as strong as the least effective supervisor.

 Supervisors translate company policies into daily safety practice.
Influence worker engagement, rule-following, and accident reduction.
Act as the link between safety officer and workers.
Poor supervisors fail to spot hazards or maintain safety-first mindset.
Strong supervisors reduce shortcuts, improve accountability, and guide workers.

Supervisor / Employer Responsibilities – Short

Ensure no work poses undue risk.

Maintain safe machinery, equipment, and structures.
Conduct regular inspections and correct unsafe conditions immediately.
Provide PPE at no cost; instruct workers in safe performance.
Maintain safe entry/exit routes and firefighting equipment.
Prevent impaired workers (alcohol/drugs) from working.

Worker Responsibilities – Short

Do not remove any safety equipment/guards.

Use machines only after proper instruction.
Avoid using tools/equipment in ways that may injure others.
Ensure safe movement areas and safe access/exit.
Wear protective eyewear when required.

Role of Unions in Safety – Short Structured (5 Marks)

Unions greatly influence workplace safety standards.

Reduced unionization increases occupational fatalities.
Unionized workplaces show better safety practices.
Protect workers so they can report hazards without fear.
Use collective bargaining to demand safer conditions.
Enforce agreements and push employers to fix hazards.

12(b) Types of Safety Committees.

(Page 1 list, safety committee – “need, types, advantages”)

Types include:
 1. Advisory Safety Committee – recommends improvements.
2. Plant-level Joint Safety Committee – includes management & workers.
3. Departmental Safety Committee – monitors specific work areas.
4. Statutory Safety Committee – required by law in certain industries.

MODULE 1 (2022 QUESTIONS)

11(a) Types of safety organization with schematics (from notes).

(Page 15 schematic description)

Use same classification as above; diagram shows hierarchy:
Top Management → Safety Officer → Department Heads → Supervisors → Workers

11(b) Responsibilities of Safety Officer.

(Page 16)

Monitor safety directives

Conduct checks & inspections
Assist in accident enquiry
Coordinate disaster management
Implement safety circulars
Counsel workers
Conduct training

12) Accident causation theories — explain any two.

(From pages 8–15)

1. Heinrich’s Domino Theory

Accidents occur in a sequence like falling dominoes.

88% unsafe acts, 10% unsafe conditions.
5 dominoes: Ancestry → Fault of person → Unsafe act/condition → Accident → Injury.

2. Human Factors Theory

 Accidents occur due to human error because of:
Overload (task > capacity)
Inappropriate response
Inappropriate activities

MODULE 1 (2023 QUESTIONS)

11(a) Heinrich’s Domino Theory + Modifications

(Page 9–10)
Modifications include:

Emphasis on removing unsafe act/condition to stop chain

Axioms of safety added
Introduced heredity & social environment as first factor

11(b) Six functions of Safety Committee

(From safety committee advantages)

1. Identify hazards
2. Analyse accidents
3. Recommend preventive measures
4. Improve communication
5. Review safety performance
6. Promote training & awareness

12(a) How safety management improves productivity

(Page 2–5)

Removes hazards → fewer injuries → less downtime

Increases employee engagement
 Reduces absenteeism
Enhances workflow efficiency
Improves morale & culture
Reduces costs & increases profit

12(b) Responsibilities of supervisors

(Same as earlier Q12b)

Enforce rules
Train workers
Stop unsafe acts
Inspect workplace
Communicate safety expectations
Ensure PPE usage
Motivate safe behaviour