Fundamental of Electrical Engineering

UNIT-1
D.C Circuits
 Course Structure(T+P)
Theory(T)

Name of the Course: Fundamental of Electrical Engineering

Course Code : BEE 101(First Sem.) / BEE 201(Second Sem.)

Practical(P)

Name of the Course: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

Course Code : BEE 151(First Sem.) / BEE 251(Second Sem.)
 Course Syllabus
Unit 1
D.C Circuits: Electrical circuit elements (R, L and C), Concept of active and
passive elements, voltage and current sources, concept of linearity, unilateral
and bilateral elements. Kirchhoff‟s laws, Mesh and nodal methods of analysis.
Unit 2
Steady- State Analysis of Single Phase AC Circuits: Representation of
Sinusoidal waveforms – Average and effective values, Form and peak factors.
Analysis of single phase AC Circuits consisting R-L-C combination (Series and
Parallel) Apparent, active & reactive power, Power factor. Concept of
Resonance in series & parallel circuits, bandwidth and quality factor.
Three phase balanced circuits, voltage and current relations in star and delta
connections.
.
 Course Syllabus
Unit 3
Transformers: Magnetic circuits, ideal and practical transformer, equivalent
circuit, losses in transformers, regulation and efficiency.
Unit 4
Electrical machines: DC machines: Principle & Construction, Types, EMF
equation of generator and torque equation of motor, applications of DC motors
(simple numerical problems)
Three Phase Induction Motor: Principle & Construction, Types, Slip-torque
characteristics, Applications (Numerical problems related to slip only)
Single Phase Induction motor: Principle of operation and introduction to methods
of starting, applications. Three Phase Synchronous Machines: Principle of
operation of alternator and synchronous motor and their applications
 Course Syllabus
Unit 5
Electrical Installations: Introduction of Switch Fuse Unit (SFU), MCB, ELCB,
MCCB, ACB. Types of Wires, Cables and Bus-bars. Fundamentals of earthing
and lightning protection. Types of Batteries.

Text Books / Reference Books

 T1. D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, McGraw Hill.
 T2. D. C. Kulshreshtha, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, McGraw Hill.
 T3. Ritu Sahdev, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Khanna Publishing House.
 T4. S. Singh, P.V. Prasad, “Electrical Engineering: Concepts and Applications” Cengage
 R1. E. Hughes, “Electrical and Electronics Technology”, Pearson, 2010.
 R2. L. S. Bobrow, “Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering”, Oxford University Press.
 R3. V. D. Toro, “Electrical Engineering Fundamentals”, Pearson India
 Course Outcomes
Course
Outcome Statement (On completion of this course, the student will be able to)

CO1 Apply Kirchhoff's laws in solving DC Circuits.

Understand the steady state behavior of single phase and three phase A.C
CO2
circuits.

Identify the application areas of a single phase two winding transformer and
CO3
calculate their efficiency.

Elaborate the working principle of D.C and A.C electrical machines with their
CO4
application.

CO5 Explain the working of low voltage electrical installation Equipment.

LECTURE-1
 CONTENT
 Concept of Network and Circuit
 Classification of Electrical Network
 Active & Passive Network
 Unilateral & Bilateral Network
 Linear & Non-Linear Network
 Ohm’s Law
 Types of Sources
 Voltage Source
 Ideal Voltage Source
 Practical Voltage Source
 Current Source
 Ideal Current Source
 Practical Current Source
 Source Transformation
Electrical Elements
 Concept of Network and Circuit

Network Circuit

• A combination of various • A combination of various

electric elements like Resistor, electrical elements like
Inductor, Capacitor, Voltage Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor,
source & Current source) etc. Voltage source & Current
in which there may or may not source) etc. in which there is
be close path is called an a close path is called an
electrical network. electrical circuit.
 Classification of Electrical
Network
Based on Based on Based on
Energy Direction Linearity

Active Unilateral Linear

Non
Passive Bilateral
Linear
 Based on Energy

Active Element Passive Element

• An element which can supply • An element which can

or delivered energy is called dissipate or absorbs energy
Active Element. is called Passive Element.

• For e.g.- Voltage Source, • For e.g.- Resistor, Capacitor,

Current Source, Battery, Inductor, Diode (General
Generator, Transistor etc. Purpose Diode)
 Based on Direction

Unilateral Element Bilateral Element

• An element which V-I • An element which V-I

characteristics changes with characteristics does not
change in direction of current changes with change in
is called Unilateral Element direction of current is called
Bilateral Element
• For e.g.- Diode.
• For e.g.- Resistor, Capacitor
and Inductor.
Unilateral Element:-
Bilateral Element:-
 Based on Linearity

Linear Element Non-Linear Element

• An Element which obey the • An Element which does not

principle of Ohm’s law is obey the principle of Ohm’s
called Linear Element or an law is called Non-Linear
element which obey the Element or an element which
principle of superposition and doesn’t obey the principle of
homogeneity is also called superposition and
Linear element. homogeneity is also called
Non-Linear element.
• For e.g.- Resistor, Inductor
and Capacitor. • For e.g.- Diode
 Ohm’s Law

 Statement:-Voltage drop across a

conductor is directly proportional to the
current passing through that elements if
atmospheric condition (temperature,
pressure and humidity etc.) kept constant.
 Ohm’s Law

 Explanation:-

𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐

𝑽𝑹 ∝ 𝑰
△𝑽𝑹
R=
𝑽𝑹 = 𝑹 ∗ 𝑰 △𝑰
Types of Sources

Voltage Current
Source Source
Ideal Ideal
Voltage Current
Source Source

Practical Practical
Voltage Current
Source Source
 Voltage Source

 Ideal Voltage Source:- It gives constant voltage across its terminals

irrespective of current drawn through its terminals.

𝑽𝑳 𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒕 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆) = 𝑽𝒔 (𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆)

 Note:- Internal resistance of Ideal Voltage Source is Zero. [𝑹𝑺 = 0]

 Practical Voltage Source:- It doesn’t gives constant voltage and

have some small internal resistances. That’s why It’s terminal voltage
dependent on load current.
𝑩𝒚 𝑲𝑽𝑳: − ↓ 𝑽𝒕 𝒐𝒓 ↓ 𝑽𝑳 = (𝑽𝑺 − ↑ 𝑰𝑳 𝑹𝑺 )
 Current source

 Ideal Current Source:- Source which gives constant Load current at

its terminal irrespective of the load voltage or terminal voltage is
called Ideal Current Source.

𝑰𝑳 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕) = 𝑰𝒔 (𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕)

 Note:- Internal resistance of Ideal Current Source is Infinite. [𝑹𝒔𝒉 = ∞]

 Practical Current Source:- It doesn’t gives constant Load Current

and have very high internal resistances. That’s why It’s Load Current
dependent on Load Voltage or its terminal Voltage.
 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰𝑺

𝑩𝒚 𝑲𝑪𝑳: − 𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝑳

𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰𝑺 − 𝑰𝒔𝒉

↑ 𝑽𝑳
↓ 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰𝑺 −
𝑹𝒔𝒉
 Source Transformation

 Voltage Source → Current Source

 For e.g.-
 Source Transformation

 Current Source → Voltage Source

 For e.g.-
LECTURE-2
 CONTENT

 Kirchhoff’s Law
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
 Current Division Rule
 Voltage Division Rule
 Basic Concept Related to Node, Junction, Branch,
Mesh and Loop
Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s
Law

First Law
(Kirchhoff’s
Current Law)

Second Law
(Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law)
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

 Statement:- It is based on “Law of Conservation of Charge.”

It states that the algebraic sum of currents at the junction at any
instant is equal to zero.
𝒌

𝑰𝒋 = 𝟎
𝒋=𝟏
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
 Concept:- It is based on “Law of Conservation of Charge.”

𝒅𝒒𝟏 𝒅𝒒𝟐 𝒅𝒒𝟑 𝒅𝒒𝟒 𝒅𝒒𝟓

+ − − − =0
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒒𝟏 + 𝒅𝒒𝟐 − 𝒅𝒒𝟑 − 𝒅𝒒𝟒 − 𝒅𝒒𝟓 = 𝟎

 i.e. number of electron per second enter the node is equal to

the number of electron leave the node.
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

 Application:- In Nodal Analysis and to determine a branch

current.

 Limitations:- 1. Only apply at a node where more than two

branches are connect.

2. Only applicable in a Lumped Network.

 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

 Statement:- It is based on “Law of Conservation of Energy.” It

states that the algebraic sum of voltages in a close path (Mesh or
Loop) is equal to zero. 𝒌

𝑽𝒋 = 𝟎
𝒋=𝟏

Where:- 𝑉𝑗 is the voltage drop or voltage rise across the 𝑗𝑡ℎ element
in a close path and there are K elements.
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

H= 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑯𝟑

Where:- 𝐻 → Energy supplied by the source E

𝐻1, 𝐻2 & 𝐻3 → Energy dissipate from R1, R2 & R3 respectively.

In electrical circuit, work done is equivalent to energy and work

done per unit charge is known as voltage. So:-

𝑾 𝑾𝟏 𝑾𝟐 𝑾𝟑
= + +
𝑸 𝑸 𝑸 𝑸

E = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑

𝑬 − 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟎
 The above equation is the direct mathematical statement of Kirchhoff’s
voltage law.

 Note:- All voltage drops are treated as a negative sign and voltage rise
are treated as a positive sign or vice-versa.

 Application:-

1. In Mesh Analysis (to determine a mesh or branch current).

2. To determine a voltage across an electrical element.

 Limitations:-

1. Only applicable in a Lumped Network.

2. There should be a close path.

 Current Division Rule

 Current division always takes place in parallel path.

𝑹𝟐
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰 ∗ [ ]
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

𝑹𝟏
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰 ∗ [ ]
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
Current Division Rule

(𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 )
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰 ∗ [ ]
(𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 )+𝑹𝟏

(𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 )
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰 ∗ [ ]
(𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟑 )+𝑹𝟐

(𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟐 )
𝑰𝟑 = 𝑰 ∗ [ ]
(𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝟐 )+𝑹𝟑
 Voltage Division Rule

 Voltage division always takes place in series.

𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽 ∗ [ ]
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑

𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽 ∗ [ ]
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑

𝑹𝟑
𝑽𝟑 = 𝑽 ∗ [ ]
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
 Basic Concept Related to Node,
Junction, Branch, Mesh and Loop

Node:- The point at which two or more than two circuit elements are
connected is known as Node. In the above figure a, b, c, d & g are
Nodes.

Total number of Nodes (N) = 5

 Junction:- It is the point in a network where three or more than
three circuit elements are connected. It is also called a
“Principal Node”.

In the given figure a , b & g are Junctions.

Number of Junction (J) = 3

 Reference Node:- The Node which is at zero potential or ground

potential is known as “Reference Node” or “Datum Node”.

In the given figure h , g , f & e are combine a single node

which is “Reference Node” or “Datum Node” i.e. number of
reference node is always one.
 Branch:- It contains elements. It is that part of a network which
lies between nodes.

In the given figure:-

Number of Branch (B) = 7

 Mesh:- It is the shortest close path which is a part of loop. It can’t

be further divided into other close path. “Every Mesh is a Loop
but every Loop is not a Mesh”. For e.g.- caghc , abfga &
bdefb

Number of Mesh (M) = 3

 Loop:- It is an any close path of the Network. For e.g.- caghc ,
abfga , bdefb , cabfghc , abdefga & cabdefghc.

Number of Loop (L) = 6

 Note:-
M=B–N+1

Where:-
M :- Number of Mesh
B:- Number of Branch
N:- Number of Node
LECTURE-3
Mesh Analysis
 Mesh Analysis

 Step 1:- Identify the number of Mesh in the circuit.

 Step 2:- Assume current in each Mesh (any direction).

 Step 3:- Apply KVL in each Mesh and write Mesh equation for each Mesh.

 Step 4:- Solve the Mesh equation and find Mesh current.

 Note:-

Number of Mesh Equation = Number of Mesh

Problem:- Find out the current in 2Ω resistance in
the given figure using Loop analysis.
Solution:-

Apply KVL in each mesh:-

Mesh (1):-
40 - 4𝑰𝟏 − 𝟐 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎 = 0

6𝑰𝟏 − 𝟐𝑰𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 … … … … … … … (𝒊)

Mesh (2):-
30 −𝟐 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏 − 𝟑𝑰𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎

-2𝑰𝟏 + 𝟓𝑰𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 … … … … … … . 𝒊𝒊
By solving equation (i) & (ii) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-

𝑰𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟖 𝑨

↓ 𝑰𝟐Ω = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 = − 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐 𝑨
Answer
Problem:-To find out the Mesh Current in the
given circuit.
Solution:-

Apply KVL in each mesh:-

Mesh (1):-
60 - 7𝑰𝟏 − 𝟖 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 = 0

15𝑰𝟏 − 𝟖𝑰𝟐 + 𝟎𝑰𝟑 = 𝟔𝟎 … … … … … … … (𝒊)

Mesh (2):-
-12𝑰𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 − 𝟖 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎

8𝑰𝟏 − 𝟑𝟎𝑰𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 … … … … . 𝒊𝒊

Solution:-

Mesh (3):-

-15 - 𝟏𝟎 𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟐 − 𝟓𝑰𝟑 − 𝟔𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎

𝟎 𝑰𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟐 − 𝟐𝟏𝑰𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓 … … … … … … … (𝒊𝒊𝒊)

By solving equation (i), (ii) & (iii) we get:-

 Mesh Currents:-

𝑰𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝟐 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟑 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝑨

 Answer

 Branch Currents:-

𝑰𝟕𝜴 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝟐 𝑨
𝑰𝟖𝜴 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟕 𝑨 ↓
𝑰𝟏𝟐𝜴 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝑨
𝑰𝟏𝟎𝜴 = (𝑰𝟐 −𝑰𝟑 ) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝐀
𝑰𝟓𝜴 = 𝑰𝟑 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝑨
𝑰𝟔𝜴 = 𝑰𝟑 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝑨

Answer
 Voltage Drop:-

𝑽𝟓Ω = 𝑰𝟓Ω ∗ 𝟓 = 𝑰𝟑 ∗ 𝟓 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 ∗ 𝟓

𝑽𝟓Ω = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑽
 Answer

 Power Loss:-

𝑷𝟓𝜴 = 𝑰𝟓𝜴 𝟐 ∗ 𝟓 = (−𝟎. 𝟏𝟓)𝟐 ∗ 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑾

Answer
Problem:- Apply Mesh analysis and obtain the
current through 5 Ω resistor in the given circuit.
Solution:-

Apply KVL in each mesh:-

Mesh (1):-
𝑰𝟏 = 𝟐 𝑨 … … … … … … … (𝒊)
Mesh (2):-
-5𝑰𝟐 − 𝟐 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 − 𝟐 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎

9𝑰𝟐 − 𝟐𝑰𝟑 = 𝟒 … … … … … … … … 𝒊𝒊
Mesh (3):-
-100 - 𝟐 𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟐 − 𝟒𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎

2𝑰𝟐 − 𝟔𝑰𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 … … … … … … … (𝒊𝒊𝒊)

By solving equation (ii) & (iii) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-

𝑰𝟐 = −𝟑. 𝟓𝟐 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟑 = −𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟒 𝑨

𝑰 = 𝑰𝟓𝜴 = 𝑰𝟐 = −𝟑. 𝟓𝟐 𝑨

Answer
Problem:- Determine current in 4Ω resistor by
using Mesh analysis in the circuit shown in figure
below.
Solution:-
Apply KVL in each mesh:-
Mesh (3):-
𝑰𝟑 = −𝟐 𝑨 … … … … … … … … … … (𝒊)
Mesh (1):-
8 - 5𝑰𝟏 − 𝟒 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 = 0

9𝑰𝟏 − 𝟒𝑰𝟐 = 𝟖 … … … … … … … … (𝒊𝒊)

Mesh (2):-
-6𝑰𝟐 − 𝟐 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 − 𝟒 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎

4𝑰𝟏 − 𝟏𝟐𝑰𝟐 = 𝟒 … … … … … … … … 𝒊𝒊𝒊

By solving equation (ii) & (iii) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-

𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟗 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝑨

↓ 𝑰𝟒𝜴 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟗 𝑨

Answer
LECTURE-4
Mesh Analysis
Problem:- Using Mesh analysis find out the current
in 20Ω, 40Ω and 15Ω resistor in the given circuit.
Solution:-

Apply KVL in each mesh:-

Mesh (1):-

𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨 … … … … … … … … … … (𝒊)

Mesh (2):-

- 10 – 𝟔𝟎 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏 - 20𝑰𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 = 0

- 95𝑰𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝑰𝟑 = −𝟐𝟎 … … … … … … (𝒊𝒊)

Mesh (4):-

𝑰𝟒 = −𝟎. 𝟔 𝑨 … … … … … … … … … (𝒊𝒊𝒊)

Mesh (3):-

10− 𝟏𝟓 𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟐 − 40𝑰𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟒 = 𝟎

15𝑰𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝑰𝟑 = 𝟓𝟎 … … … … … … … 𝒊𝒗
By solving equation (ii) & (iv) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-

𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟑 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟔 𝑨

Branch Currents:-

𝑰𝟐𝟎Ω = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝑨 Answer

𝑰𝟒𝟎𝜴 = 𝑰𝟑 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟔 𝑨 Answer

𝑰𝟏𝟓𝜴 = (𝑰𝟐 −𝑰𝟑 ) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝑨

Answer
Problem:- Calculate 𝑰𝟏 & 𝑰𝟐 by using Mesh analysis.
Solution:-

Apply KVL in each mesh:-

Mesh (3):-
𝑰𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑨
Mesh (1):-
−𝟐𝟎 − 𝟖𝑰𝟏 − 𝟒 𝑰𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟒 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎

𝟏𝟔𝑰𝟏 + 𝟒𝑰𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 … … … … . 𝒊

Mesh (2):-
−𝟐𝟎 − 𝟖𝑰𝟐 − 𝟒 𝑰𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟒 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎

𝟒𝑰𝟏 + 𝟏𝟔𝑰𝟐 = −𝟔𝟎 … … … . . (𝒊𝒊)

By solving equation (i) & (ii) we get:-
Mesh Currents:-

𝑰𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟐 = −𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝑨
Answer
 Super-Mesh

 If a current source is common between two Mesh

then it is called a Super-Mesh. In this case don’t

directly apply KVL in both Mesh. Apply KVL to the
Super-Mesh (Combined Mesh) and apply KCL at
common Node to establish the relation between
Mesh Current and Current Source.
Problem:- Find out the Mesh Current in the given
figure using Mesh analysis.
 Branch h-e consists current source between Mesh-1 and Mesh-
2. That’s why it is a Super-Mesh:-

Now apply KVL to Super-Mesh (g-h-a-d-e-f-g):-

Apply KVL in Mesh-3 :-

5𝑰𝟏 − 2𝑰𝟐 − 𝟔 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 + 𝟔𝟎 = 0
5𝑰𝟏 + 𝟖𝑰𝟐 − 𝟔𝑰𝟑 = 𝟔𝟎 … … … … … … … (𝒊)

Apply KCL at Node h:-

𝑰𝟏 + 𝟓 = 𝑰𝟐
− 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟓 … … … … … … (𝒊𝒊)
Apply KVL in Mesh-3 :-

- 50 − 𝟔 𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟐 − 𝟑𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎
6𝑰𝟐 − 𝟗𝑰𝟑 = 𝟓𝟎 … … (𝒊𝒊𝒊)

By solving equation (i),(ii) & (iii) we get:-

Mesh Currents:-

𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟒 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟑 = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 𝑨 Answer
LECTURE-5
Nodal Analysis
 Nodal Analysis

 Step 1:- Take a reference Node at generally ground (V=0).

 Step 2:- Identify number of Nodes.

 Step 3:- Assume current in each branch (Any direction).

 Step 4:- Apply KCL at each Node and make equations.

 Note:-
Number of Node Equations = (N – 1)

Where N is a Principal Node

 Step 5:- Solve equations to find Node voltages.

 Step 6:- Put Node voltages in equations to find out Branch Currents.
Problem:- Using Nodal analysis find out current in
10Ω resistance.

Solution:-
Node (N) = 3
So number of Nodal Equation = (N-1) = 2
Apply KCL at Node-1:-

𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑

𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎

𝟐𝟓 − 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐
− − =𝟎
𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟎

−𝟖𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 = −𝟓𝟎 …………….. (i)

Apply KCL at Node-2:-

𝑰𝟑 = 𝑰𝟒 + 𝑰 𝟓

𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟒 − 𝑰𝟓 = 𝟎

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎
− − =𝟎
𝟏𝟎 𝟒 𝟐

𝟐𝑽𝟏 − 𝟏𝟕𝑽𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 …………….. (ii)

By solving equation (i) & (ii) we get:-

𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟏 𝑽 ; 𝑽𝟐 = −𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟎 𝑽

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐
𝑰𝟑 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟏 𝑨
𝟏𝟎 Answer
Problem:- Determine Current through 15Ω
resistance by Node analysis.

Solution:-
Node (N) = 3
Number of Nodal Equation = (N-1) = 2
Apply KCL at Node-1:-

𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑

𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎

𝟏𝟎 − 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐
− − =𝟎
𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟓

𝟖𝑽𝟏 − 𝟐𝑽𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎 …………….. (i)

Apply KCL at Node-2:-

𝟏
𝑰𝟑 + 𝑰𝟓 = 𝑰𝟒 +
𝟑

𝟏
𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟒 − + 𝑰𝟓 = 𝟎
𝟑

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟖 − 𝑽𝟐
− − + =𝟎
𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟑 𝟑

𝟑𝑽𝟏 − 𝟗𝑽𝟐 = −𝟖𝟓 …………….. (ii)

By solving equation (i) & (ii) we get:-

𝑽𝟏 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟗 𝑽 ; 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝑽

𝑽𝟐
𝑰𝟒 = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟖 𝑨 Answer
𝟏𝟓
LECTURE-6
Nodal Analysis
Problem:- Determine Current through 8Ω
resistance by Node analysis.

Solution:-

Node (N) = 3
Number of Nodal Equation = (N-1) = 2
Apply KCL at Node-1:-
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑

𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎

𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎 − 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐
− − =𝟎
𝟓 𝟐 𝟖

𝟑𝟑𝑽𝟏 − 𝟓𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎 …………….. (i)

Apply KCL at Node-2:-
𝑰𝟑 = 𝑰𝟒 + 𝑰𝟓

𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟒 − 𝑰𝟓 = 𝟎

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓
− − =𝟎
𝟖 𝟑 𝟓

𝟏𝟓𝑽𝟏 − 𝟕𝟗𝑽𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎……….. (ii)

By solving equation (i) & (ii) we get:-

𝑽𝟏 = −𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝑽 ; 𝑽𝟐 = −𝟕. 𝟖𝟏𝟗 𝑽

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐
𝑰𝟖Ω = 𝑰𝟑 = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟗 𝑨 Answer
𝟖
Problem:- Using Nodal analysis find the current
through 1Ω resistance.

Solution:-

Node (N) = 3
Number of Nodal Equation = (N-1) = 2
Apply KCL at Node-1:-
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑

𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎

𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐
− − =𝟎
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏

𝟏𝟏𝑽𝟏 − 𝟔𝑽𝟐 = 𝟔 …………….. (i)

Apply KCL at Node-2:-
𝑰𝟑 + 𝟐 = 𝑰 𝟒

𝑰𝟑 − 𝑰𝟒 + 𝟐 = 𝟎

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
− +𝟐 =𝟎
𝟏 𝟓

−𝟓𝑽𝟏 + 𝟔𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎……….. (ii)

By solving equation (i) & (ii) we get:-

𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝑽 ; 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟖 𝑽

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐
𝑰𝟏Ω = 𝑰𝟑 = = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝑨 Answer
𝟏
Problem:- Find the current in all resistances using Nodal
analysis. (AKTU 2022-2023 EVEN SEM.)

Solution:-
Node (N) = 3
So number of Nodal Equation = (N-1) = 2
Apply KCL at Node-1:-
𝟏𝟎 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑

𝟏𝟎 −𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎

𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟑
𝟏𝟎 − − − =𝟎
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓

𝟑𝟏𝑽𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎𝑽𝟐 − 𝟔𝑽𝟑 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 …………….. (i)

Apply KCL at Node-2:-
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟒 + 𝑰𝟓

𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟒 − 𝑰𝟓 = 𝟎

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟑
− − =𝟎
𝟑 𝟓 𝟏

−𝟓𝑽𝟏 + 𝟐𝟑𝑽𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝑽𝟑 = 𝟎 …………….. (ii)

Apply KCL at Node-3:-

𝑰𝟑 + 𝑰𝟓 = 𝑰𝟔 + 𝟐

𝑰𝟑 + 𝑰𝟓 − 𝑰𝟔 − 𝟐 = 𝟎

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟑
+ − −𝟐=𝟎
𝟓 𝟏 𝟐

2𝑽𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝑽𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝑽𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎……………(iii)

By solving equation (i) , (ii) & (iii) we get:-

𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝑽 ; 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟖 𝑽 ; 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟎 𝑽

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟐
𝑰𝟑 = = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟔 𝑨 𝑰𝟒 = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟔 𝑨
𝟓 𝟓

𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟑
𝑰𝟐 = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝑨 𝑰𝟓 = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝑨
𝟑 𝟏

𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟑
𝑰𝟏 = = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟗 𝑨 𝑰𝟔 = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 𝑨
𝟐 𝟐

Answer Answer
 Problems
Mesh analysis
&
Nodal Analysis
 Mesh Analysis
Problem:1 Find the current I in figure given below using mesh
analysis.

Ans:
 Super-mesh

Problem: 2 Find the current in all branches by using mesh

analysis.
 Super-node
Problem: 3 Calculate the resistive branch current by using nodal
analysis.
THANK YOU