UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS& FOURIER SERIES
1.1 Introduction to Signals
1.2 Elementary Signals
1.2.1 Continuous Time (CT) signals
1.2.2 Discrete Time (DT) signals
1.3 Classification of Signals
1.4 Basic Operations on signals.
1.5 Representation of Fourier series
1.6 Dirichlet’s conditions
1.7 Trigonometric Fourier Series(TFS)
1.8 Exponential Fourier Series (EFS),
1.9 Properties of Fourier series
1.10 Complex Fourier spectrum
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS :
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Anything that carries information can be called a signal. Signals constitute an important part of
our daily life. A Signal is defined as a single- valued function of one or more independent
variables which contain some information. A signal may also be defined as any physical quantity
that varies with time, space or any other independent variable. A signal may be represented in
time domain or frequency domain. Human speech is a familiar example of a signal. Electric
current and voltage are also examples of signals. A signal can be a function of one or more
independent variables. A signal can be a function of time, temperature, position, pressure,
distance etc. If a signal depends on only one independent variable, it is called a one-dimensional
signal, and if a signal depends on two independent variable, it is called a two-dimensional signal.
1.2 REPRESENTATION OF DISCRETE TIME SAIGNALS
Discrete-time signals are signals which are defined only at discrete instants of time. For those
signals, the amplitude between the two time instants is just not defined. For discrete time signal
the independent variable is time n, and it is represented by x(n).
There are following four ways of representing discrete-time signals:
1. Graphical representation
2. Functional representation
3. Tabular representation
4. Sequence representation
FOURIER SERIES:
UNIT II
FOURIER TRANSFORMS & SAMPLING
2.1. Deriving Fourier transform from Fourier Series.
2.2. Fourier transform of arbitrary signal.
2.3. Fourier transform of standard signals.
2.4. Properties of Fourier Transforms.
2.5. Sampling Theorem – Graphical and analytical proof for Band Limited Signals,
2.6 .Types of Sampling- impulse sampling, Natural and Flat top Sampling,
2.7. Reconstruction of signal from its samples,
[Link] of under sampling – Aliasing.
UNIT II
FOURIER TRANSFORMS:
SAMPLING:
UNIT III
SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LINEAR SYSTEMS
3.1. Introduction to Systems.
3.2. Classification of Systems.
3.2. Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems.
3.3. Impulse response.
3.4. Transfer function of a LTI system.
3.5. Filter characteristics of linear systems.
3.6. Distortion less transmission through a system.
3.7. Signal bandwidth, System bandwidth.
3.8. Ideal LPF, HPF and BPF characteristics.
UNIT III:
SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LINEAR SYSTEMS
UNIT IV:
CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION OF SIGNALS
4.1. Concept of convolution in time domain.
4.2. Cross correlation and auto correlation of functions.
4.3. Properties of correlation function.
4.4. Energy density spectrum.
4.5. Parseval’s theorem.
4.6. Power density spectrum, Relation between convolution and correlation.
UNIT IV:
CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION OF SIGNALS
1 INTRODUCTION
Convolution is a mathematical way of combining two signals to form a third signal. Convolution
is important because it relates the input signal and impulse response of the system to the output
of the system. Correlation is again a mathematical operation that is similar to convolution.
Correlation also uses two signals to form a third signal. It is very widely used in practice,
particularly in communication engineering. Basically, it compares two signals in order to
determine the degree of similarity between them. Radar, Sonar and digital communications uses
correlation of signals very extensively. Correlation may be cross correlation or auto correlation.
When one signal is correlated with itself to form another signal, it is called auto correlation.
2. CONCEPT OF CONVOLUTION
Convolution is a mathematical operation the input - output relationship of an LTI system. It is
most important operation in LTI continuous-time systems. It relates the input and impulse
response of the system to output.
An arbitrary driving function x(t) can be expressed as a continuous sum of impulse functions.
The response y(t) is then given by the continuous sum of responses to various impulse
components. In fact , the convolution integral precisely expresses the response as a continuous
sum of responses to individual impulse components.
UNIT V
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS & Z–TRANSFORMS
[Link] of Laplace transforms.
5.2. Inverse Laplace transform.
[Link] of region of convergence (ROC) for Laplace transform.
[Link] of L.T’s
[Link] between L.T’s, and F.T. of a signal.
[Link] of Z- Transform of a discrete sequence.
[Link] between Laplace, Fourier and Z transforms.
[Link] of convergence in Z-Transform,.
[Link] Z- Transform,.
[Link] of Z-Transforms.
UNIT:V
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS & Z–TRANSFORMS
Z–TRANSFORMS: