qComposed of organs that
ingest food, break it down,
absorb the small molecules,
and eliminate undigested
wastes.
qMost animals are
heterotrophs: organism that
must consume food—organic
molecules—to obtain carbon
and energy.
q Nutrients are substances
required for metabolism,
growth, maintenance, and
repair.
q Heterotrophs are group to:
q Herbivores
q Carnivores
q Omnivores
q Nutrients are substances
required for metabolism,
growth, maintenance, and
repair.
q Heterotrophs are group to:
q Herbivores
q Carnivores
q Omnivores
Types of Digestive System
q Incomplete digestive tract
q only one opening: a mouth
that both ingests food and
ejects wastes.
q must digest food and eliminate
the residue before the next
meal can begin.
q Complete Digestive tract
q Two openings: the mouth is the
entrance, and the anus is the
exit.
q c a n dig es t o ne m e a l a t t h e
Types of Digestive System
q Incomplete digestive tract
q only one opening: a mouth
that both ingests food and
ejects wastes.
q must digest food and eliminate
the residue before the next
meal can begin.
q Complete Digestive tract
q Two openings: the mouth is the
entrance, and the anus is the
exit.
q c a n dig es t o ne m e a l a t t h e
Types of Digestive System
Types of Digestive System
Human Digestive System Consist of several organs
q Human digestive system
are composed of
q Gastrointestinal tract- a
long continuous, hollow
muscular tube that
extends from mouth to
anus
q Accessory organs- not
part of continuous tube
but produce and secretes
enzymes in GI tract to
aid the digestion of food
Underlying tissue of Digestive system
Phases of Digestive System
Food processing begins in the Mouth
q Where the digestion begins.
q The muscular tongue are
involved in taste, mastication and
swallowing. It also move the food
inside and mixes it with saliva.
q The teeth accomplished the
mastication ( breaking down the
food into smaller pieces)
producing bolus.
q Saliva are secreted from salivary
glands that contain enzymes for
breaking complex sugar.
Food processing begins in the Mouth
q Mastication: break up foods
into small particles and mix
with fluid secretion.
q Swallowing are initiated by
volunta ry a ction a nd th e n
continued under involuntary
c o nt r o l a f t e r i t p a s s e s t h e
pharynx
Food Bolus moves to the esophagus
q A long muscular tube (about
25 cm long) that connects
mouth and stomach.
q It pushes the food from
pharynx to stomach by
peristalsis movement (a series
of involuntary contraction)
Stomach stores, digest and churn food
q A saclike portion of digestive
tract. Serves as temporary
site for food. It can expand
and contain 2 to 4L of food
when full.
q The cell wall has glands
( mucus secreting cell,
parietal cell and chief cell)
q It secretes gastric juice
necessary for further
breakdown of food bolus to
Stomach stores, digest and churn food
q Mucus secreting cell produce a
thick substance to protect the
stomach from acid.
qParietal cell-produces
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
q Chief cell- secretes pepsinogen
to breakdown protein
Stomach stores, digest and churn food
q Stomach ulcer or peptic ulcer
are open sore in the inner
lining of the stomach.
q Infection with Helicobacter
pylori is the main cause of the
ulcer causing to weaken the
stomach lining
q Skipping meals unlikely to
cause the ulcer
Small Intestine: Digest and Absorb nutrients
q A tubular muscle organ that
completes digestion and
absorption. 3 to 7 meters in
length.
q Epithelial wall of small intestine
is covered with tiny, fingerlike
projection called microvilli
(increase the surface of
absorption). About 300 �2
q It receives the secreted enzymes
Small Intestine: Digest and Absorb nutrients
q Small intestine are divided into
3 sections ( duodenum,
jejunum and ilium)
q It secretes several enzymes to
breakdown carbohydrates,
protein, nucleic acid and lipids.
q Before chyme leaves small
intestines, 90% of nutrients are
absorb and pass to the blood
stream.
q Absorb nutrients move into blood stream
or lymph capillaries
Large Intestine: Eliminates waste materials
q Larges intestine also known as
colon, shorter than small
intestine
q Temporary storage of indigestible
material for defecation.
q No microvilli in the lining
q Its main function is to absorb
water, remaining electrolytes
and other product of bacterial
Large Intestine: Eliminates waste materials
q It contains gut microbiome
whose functions is to help
breaking complex fiber to
produce Vitamin K and B.
Bacterial fermentation
produces gas in colon
q It also provide immunity
q The prepared waste material
will then move to the rectum
Large Intestine: Eliminates waste materials
q It contains gut microbiome
whose functions is to help
breaking complex fiber to
produce Vitamin K and B.
Bacterial fermentation
produces gas in colon
q It also provide immunity
q The prepared waste material
will then move to the rectum
The role of Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas
q Liver
q Largest organ of the body
about 1-2 kg in mass.
q It produces bile which is
important for the mechanical
digestion of fats.
q Plays many roles, including
detoxification of harmful
substances, protein syn thesis,
and glycogen storage, among
others
q homeostasis by removing or
The role of Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas
q Liver
q main exocrine secretion of the
liver is bile, a fluid mixture
consisting of bile pigments and
bile salts that is delivered into
the duodenum during the
digestion of a meal.
q Gallbladder
q Small pear shape sac that store
the bile from the liver
The role of Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas
q Pancreas
q Large gland situated near
the junction of small
intestine and stomach
q Secrete pancreatic fluid
q Trypsin and
chymotrypsin- protein
q Pancreatic amylase-
starch
q Lipase- lipids