RESEARCH VARIABLES EXPLANATION INDICATORS QUESTIONS METHODS TYPE
QUESTIONS OF VARIABLE
How do natural -Exposure to Exposure: access to - Frequency of -How often do -Online survey Qualitative
elements and green nature gardens, green time in green you spend time /Quantitative
spaces influence the courtyards, or views spaces in outdoor or -Interviews
- Perceived of nature. green areas in
physical, emotional,
restoration - Stress level healthcare
and psychological settings?
Perceived restoration:
recovery of patients in
- Physical stress reduction, - Mood rating
rehabilitation emotional balance. -Rate how much
recovery
settings? nature views
- Perceived
Physical recovery: reduce stress (1–
physical
movement, pain 5)
improvement
management, therapy
participation. -Has access to
greenery
improved your
recovery?
(Yes/No)
In what ways can - Spatial clarity Spatial clarity: ease - Wayfinding -How do you -Survey Qualitative
architectural layout (wayfinding) of navigation. success rate find it easy to /Quantitative
and spatial design navigate in the -Interviews
- Privacy vs. Privacy vs. visibility: - Comfort score building.
enhance patient
comfort, safety, and visibility comfort with -Spatial
supervision. - Participation -Can layout observation (layout
engagement during
- Accessibility level balance privacy mapping)
the rehabilitation and supervision?
Accessibility:
process? mobility support, (Yes/No)
ramps, safe paths.
-Rate how
building layout
encourages
activity. (1–5)
How does the quality - Daylight Daylight exposure: - Hours of daylight -How many -Online survey Qualitative
and presence of exposure hours of light daily. exposure hours of daylight /Quantitative
daylight impact reach patient -interviews (daily
- Light quality Light quality: - Sleep quality areas? (0–5+ hrs) experience),
patient mood,
circadian rhythms, brightness, glare rating
- Sleep & mood control. -Rate how
and overall recovery
- Mood level natural light
outcomes? affects mood (1–
Sleep & mood:
quality of rest and 5).
emotional state.
-Has sleep
improved since
exposure to
daylight?
(Yes/No)
What role does color - Color scheme Color scheme: main - Preferred colors -Which color -Online Survey Qualitative
play in regulating hues and saturation. palette feels most /Quantitative
emotions and - Emotional - Calmness rating calming? -Interviews
supporting response Emotional response:
calmness, anxiety -Rate how color -Visual Test
psychological healing - Anxiety level
- Comfort level level. affects anxiety
within rehabilitation (1–5)
environments?
Comfort: satisfaction
with atmosphere. .-Would you
prefer rooms
with different
color schemes by
function?
(Yes/No)
How can - Cultural Cultural - Family space -Should the -Online Survey Qualitative
rehabilitation responsiveness responsiveness: availability facility include /Quantitative
facilities in Saudi privacy, gender- family-friendly -Interviews
- Family sensitive areas, - Satisfaction with areas? (Yes/No)
Arabia respond to
involvement prayer space. cultural fit
both cultural needs
Rate how much -document analysis
and the increasing
- Workforce Family involvement: - Frequency of should the (policies/workforce
demand for patient- family rooms, facility reflects data)
adequacy family visits
centered healing and therapy participation. Saudi culture (1–
recovery? 5)
- Staff adequacy
Workforce adequacy: rating
-Is staff
enough trained staff availability
for care. adequate for
rehabilitation
needs? (1–5)
- Survey Questions
Patients:
1. Have you ever been? (Multiple choice)
2. How often do you visit healthcare facilities? (Multiple choice)
3. How old are you? (Multiple choice)
4. How calming do you find the design of most healthcare facilities you’ve visited? (Linear
scale (1–5))
5. How much do natural views or plants help you feel more comfortable or relaxed? (Linear
scale (1–5))
6. How important do you think daylight is for comfort and well-being during stays or visits?
(Multiple choice)
7. What type of color tones make you feel most comfortable in a healthcare environment?
(Multiple choice)
8. Do you feel that the design (light, color, layout, nature) affects your healing or mood?
(Multiple choice)
9. How safe and easy to navigate do you usually find healthcare facility layouts? (Linear
scale (1–5))
10. If you could change one thing about healthcare facility design to make it more healing,
what would it be? (Short answer (open-ended))
Healthcare staff:
1. What is your current role? (Multiple choice)
2. How long have you worked in your current facility? (Multiple choice)
3. What is your typical shift length? (Multiple choice)
4. How much does your workspace physical design affect your mood and energy during
shifts? (Linear scale (1–5))
5. How would you rate the amount of natural light in your work area? (Multiple choice)
6. How much do views of nature or indoor plants influence your sense of calmness at work?
(Linear scale (1–5))
7. How would you describe the color palette in the interior spaces? (Multiple choice)
8. Have you ever noticed that architectural design (layout, lighting, colors, or nature)
influences patients’ mood or recovery? (Multiple choice (with “Other” option))
9. In your opinion, which environmental factor has the strongest positive effect on patient
recovery? (Multiple choice (with “Other” option))
10. How satisfied are you overall with your workspace healing environment? (Linear scale
(1–5))
- Interview Questions
- How did being near plants, gardens, or view to nature make you feel during a health care
facility visit?
- Did the layout of the building help you feel safe and able to move around?
- How did the light in the spaces affect your mood or sleep ( if you experienced a stay in )?
- What colors made you feel calmer or more anxious in the facility?
- How important is it to you that family members can be present?
- If you visited a healthcare facility was there anything missing in that you think would
help recovery?
- Would you be happy to visit a facility that prioritized nature and daylight even if it
required slightly longer travel time? Why or why not?
- Do you have anything to add about how buildings can help people heal?