PROJECT ON
TRANSFORMERS
Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Practical
Examination For Class XII, All India Senior Secondary
Certificate Examination 2025 – 26, Science, Physics (042)
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
THIRULOK NATH [Link]
SUGUNA PIP SCHOOL, COIMBATORE.
(CBSE,AffiliationNo.1930213)
Acknowledgement
I have put sincere effort into completing this project, but it
would not have been possible without the support and guidance
of several people. I am deeply grateful to our Principal, Mr.
Poovanan, and the school management for providing the
necessary facilities to carry out this work. My heartfelt thanks to
my Physics teacher, Mr. Thirulok Nath, for his valuable guidance
and encouragement throughout every stage of the project. I
would also like to express my gratitude to my parents for their
constant motivation and support. Lastly, I sincerely thank my
classmates and the laboratory assistant for their cooperation
and help in successfully completing this project.
3
SUGUNA PIP SCHOOL, COIMBATORE
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Physics project report titled ….…
TRANSFORMERS …….. which has been submitted to
SUGUNA PIP School, meeting the requirements of the
CBSE Board practical examination for the academic year
2025 – 2026, is a bonafide work done
by……..[Link]………….
Teacher Incharge Signature of principal
Signature of Internal Signature of External
Examiner Examiner
Introduction
Types Of Transformers
Theory And Mathematical Derivations
Simple Circuit Diagram
Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down Transformers
Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
Uses of Transformers
Bibliography
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The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing
the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it
weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
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Atransformer which increases the
voltages.
Atransformer which decreases
the A.C. voltages.
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In
a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and
the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f=input e.m.f
Hence equation3can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, calledturn on transformation ratio.
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In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on the secondary
winding than in the primary winding in the step-up transformers.
Thus, the voltage supplied in the secondary transformer is greater
than the one supplied across the primary winding. Because of the
principle of conservation of energy, the transformer converts low
voltage, high-current to high voltage- low current. In other words, the
voltage has been stepped up.
You can find step-up transformers located near power plants
that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires
a
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In a step-down transformer is one who secondary windings are
fewer than the primary windings. In other words, the
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert high-voltage,
low-current power into a low-voltage, high current power andit
is mainly used in domestic consumption.
A common case of step-down application is in the case of door
bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts, but most household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-down
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S
elteecpt-rdiocwint yt rtaon tshfeo r1m10e rvso latrse rmeoqsutilrye du sien
Iron Rod
Copper Wire
Hot Wire Ammeter
Hot Wire Voltmeter
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
Covertheprimarycoil with asheetof paperand wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
s1and s2.
Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.
A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays
and NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized
power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long
distances:
Smalltransformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,loud
speakersand electric bells etc.
[Link]
[Link]
Physics NCERT
Pradeep’s Physics
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