FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS AND CONCEPTS SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

ABOUT SOCIETY  Established patterns of behavior

organized around particular purposes,
DEFINITION OF SOCIETY such as family, education, religion,
WHAT IS SOCIETY? economy, and government.
WORD ORIGIN: The term society emerged in
the fifteenth century and is derived from the EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
French société. The French word, in turn, had - Family
its origin in the Latin societas, "a friendly - Education
association with others," from socius meaning - Religion
"companion, associate, comrade or business - Government
partner. “ - Health and Medicare
- Sports and Recreation
DEFINITION: In simple sense, society is a
large grouping that shares the simple SOCIAL HIERARCHIES
geographical territory, shares a common Systems of ranking individuals or groups
culture and social structure, and expected to within society based on factors like wealth,
abide by some laws. power, and social status.
A complex web of social relationships, norms,
EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL HIERARCHIES
institutions, and structures that shape human
- Feudal System- Kings, Nobles,
behavior and interaction.
Knights, Clergy, Peasants
- Caste System- Brahmins (priests and
OTHER DEFINITIONS OF SOCIETY
scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and
 A complex of groups in reciprocal
rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and
relationships
landowners), Shudras (laborers and
 Interacting upon one another
service providers, Dalits
 Enabling people to carry on their life
(untouchables)
activities
- Corporate Hierarchy
 Helping each person to fulfill his/her
- Academic Hierarchy
wishes
- Political Hierarchy
 Accomplish his/her interest in
association with his/her fellows
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
COMPONENTS OF SOCIETY
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
CULTURAL NORMS
 Emphasizes the interdependence of
 Shared beliefs, values, and practices
social institutions and their roles in
that guide behavior and shape social
maintaining social order and stability.
interactions.
CONFLICT THEORY
EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL NORMS IN THE
 Focuses on power struggles and
PHILIPPINES
inequality within society, highlighting
- Personal Space
how dominant groups maintain control
- Greeting Customs
over resources and perpetuate social
- Table Manners
hierarchies.
- Eye Contact
- Dress Code
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
- Gender Roles
 Examines how individuals construct
- Respecting Elders
meaning through social interactions,
- Waiting in Line
emphasizing the role of symbols and
- Punctuality
language in shaping social reality.
- Respecting Personal Property
  Society is dynamic… changes take
NATURE OF SOCIETY place abruptly or gradually
 Society consists of people- without  Society has its own way of social
people there can be no society, no control (formal or informal)
social relationships and no social life at  Each society has its distinct culture…
all. its expression of human behavior,
 Mutual awareness and mutual attitudes, judgments, morals, etc
interaction- Society is a group of
people in continuous interactions with TYPES OF SOCIETY
each other. A social interaction is
made possible because of mutual PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
awareness. Society is understood as a Pre-industrial societies, also known as
network of social relations. Thus, traditional or pre-modern societies, are
social relationship implies mutual human societies that existed before the
awareness. advent of industrialization.
 Cooperation and division of labor- Food Production- through human and animal
division of labor involves the labor- is the main economic activity
assignment to each unit or group of Divided between their levels of technology
specific shares of common tasks. and methods for food gathering
 Society is dynamic- no society can Subdivisions: hunting and gathering, pastoral,
even remain constant for any length of horticultural and agricultural
time.
 Social control- Absolute freedom HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY
makes man`s life like other animal  Daily collection of plants and hunting
beings. So, society has its own ways of wild animals
of controlling the behavior of its  Move around in search for food
members. (e.g informal,-customs,  Do not build permanent settlements
folkways, manners, traditions, formal-  Need for mobility limits the size of
laws, constitution, ordinances, population- fewer than 60 people
resolutions)  Statuses within group are relatively
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY equal
 Composed of people  Decisions reached through general
 Mutual awareness, continuous agreement
reciprocal interaction and inter  Family forms of the social unit-
relationship among members requires the family to carry out most
 Likeness and differences (e.g. social functions- production and labor
similarities in needs, activities, ideals, PASTORAL SOCIETY
values) or (e.g differences like looks,  Rely on domesticated animals to meet
personality, talents, attitudes, etc.) food needs
 Members have cooperation and share  Nomadic life- herds from pasture to
common interest pasture
 Desires are satisfied and interests  Can support larger populations
fulfilled with joined efforts promoting  Divisions of labor- how work is divided-
solidarity and social cohesion is much more complex
 Responsibilities held by means of  Production of goods encourage trade
division of labor and delegation of  Hereditary chieftainship- typical form of
authority government
 Members shows a pattern of HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
interdependence necessary to most  Fruits and vegetables grown on
social needs garden plots
 Technology and complexity similar to
INTERDEPENDENCE OS SEEN AMONG pastoral societies
GROUPS, COMMUNITIES, SOCIETIES  Rotating plots they can occupy an area
AND EVEN NATIONS. over a long period of time
  Semi-permanent or permanent for mass literacy creates need for
settlements (30 -2000 people) programs of mass education system
 More complex division of labor  Religion: scientific ideas challenge
 Inequalities in wealth and power religious beliefs
 Hereditary chieftains  Brings people more freedom to
 Economic and political systems are compete for social positions
more developed- more settled way of  Preindustrial: ascribed statuses
life.  Industrial: achieved; more control over
their social position in the social
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY structure
 Animals used to plow fields
 Technological innovation allows for POST INDUSTRIAL SOCITIES
planting of crops than possible when  Economy is involved in providing of
human labor is used information, goods and services
- Irrigation  United States and Western Europe
- Terracing: cutting of fields into - 73% of the workforce in the US,
sides of hills 2% agricultural and 25% in the
 Support large populations production of goods
 Specialized roles:  Social Changes
- Power often falls into one or few - Standard of living and quality of
individuals life improve as wages increase
- Hereditary monarchy - Place strong emphasis on
 Abandon barter system- exchange of science and education
goods and service - Technological advances are key
 Develop system of writing; keep to future prosperity
records - Rights of individuals and search
 Sharp status difference first arise: for personal self fulfillment take
landowners or peasants added importance
- Landowners: power and wealth - Strong emphasis on social
- Peasants: do all the work equality and democracy
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
 Emphasis shifts from food production IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING SOCIETY
to the production of manufactured
goods. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR
 Made possible by changes in  By examining societal structures and
production methods norms, we gain insights into why
- Preindustrial: animal human individuals and groups behave the way
labor; small and slow they do in various social contexts.
- Industrial: machines; a lot and
fast FOSTERING CULTURAL AWARENESS
 Increase the amount of food produced, AND APPRECIATION
increases population size  Learning about different cultures and
 Reduces the demand for agricultural societies helps cultivate empathy,
laborers understanding, and appreciation for
 Size of the workforce increases as diversity, promoting tolerance and
new technologies make it possible to respect for others.
produce a wide variety of goods
 Changes the role of various social ADDRESSING SOCIAL PROBLEMS
institutions  Sociological research helps identify the
 Preindustrial: family is primary; root causes of social problems such as
production and education are family poverty, crime, and substance abuse,
responsibility enabling communities to develop
 Industrial: production and education targeted interventions and solutions.
take place outside of the home; need
 deals with the process of learning the
natural and physical world.

KNOWLEDGE
 expertise and skills acquired by a
ENHANCING PERSONAL AND person by experience or education
PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS  theoretical or practical understanding
 Understanding social dynamics and of a subject that is gained through
communication patterns improves complex cognitive processes such as
interpersonal skills, enabling perception, learning, memory,
individuals to navigate relationships experience and integument.
and interactions more effectively in  comprehension of realities of the
both personal and professional universe
settings.  knowledge is a familiarity awareness
for understanding of someone or
CONTRIBUTING TO PERSONAL GROWTH something such as facts, information,
AND DEVELOPMENT descriptions, or skills which is acquired
 Studying society encourages critical through experience or education by
thinking, reflection, and self- perceiving just covering or learning
awareness, fostering personal growth  it did also refer to theoretical or
and a deeper understanding of one's practical understanding of the subject
place in the world. - implicit - practical skills or
expertise
CREATING INFORMED CITIZENS - explicit – theoretical
 A well-informed citizenry is essential for understanding of a subject
democracy to function effectively. - it could be more or less
Sociological education equips systematic
individuals with the knowledge and  knowledge acquisition involves
skills to engage in informed civic complex cognitive. processes,
participation and contribute positively to perception, communication and
society. reasoning. while knowledge is also
said to be related to the capacity of
SCIENCE acknowledgement in human beings
RELATION BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND  Epistemology - branch of philosophy
SCIENCE that deals with knowledge
- “ scientia” – knowledge
- Systematic enterprise that TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
builds and organizes knowledge THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
in the form of testable  acquired through thinking and
explanations and predictions intellectual reasoning
about the world.
 Philosophical view: PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE
- Science is an attempt to  gained through experience
understand, explain and predict  applied in performing some tasks
the world we live in.
 Religion also attempts to understand SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
the world but it is not considered as  body of reliable knowledge that can be
science logically and rationally explained
SCIENCE AS AN IDEA
 includes ideas, theories and all DISCIPLINES:
available systematic explanations and  PURE SLIENCE (basic knowledge)
observations about natural world - concerned with basic facts and
SCIENCE AS AN INTELECTUAL ACTIVITY principles in science
 a subject, or a discipline a field of
study, or a body of knowledge that
 - it may be Natural science, PSEUDO-SCIENCE
Physical science, Chemical - some supposedly scientific theories
science that did not classify the tests and thus
didn't deserve to be called as science
 APPLIED SCIENCE at all.
- use of facts and principles of - If theory it falsifiable, then it is science,
basic science for practically
otherwise it is pseudo-science.
doing and making things.

AIM OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY

NON-SCIENCE
Explaining the events of nature in a
- Anything that does not follow the
reproducible way and to use these findings to
accepted principles and rules that
make we useful predictions.
science follows.
FEATURES OF SCIENCE - Anything that cannot be studied by
- can we experiment to prove scientific science
concepts - Anything that the science is not
- construction of theories is possible possible to explain.
- scientific theory should te falsifiable - Examples Ethics, Morals, Religion and
WHO IS A SCIENTIST Religious Values
- anyone who is doing - there are the areas beyond the realm
something(experiments) in science is (territory) of science
NOT a scientist - such concepts are not testable
- is the only one who try to explain the - these concepts are based on faith and
results in terms of general theory belief
rather than simply recording the results SCIENTIFIC TEMPER
of experiments and observation in a - also called as scientific attitude
notebook. - scientific temper includes:
o application of logic and
How scientists solve the secrets of Nature? reasoning and more importantly
- through science by SCIENTIFIC the avoidance of bias and
METHOD preconceived notions in arriving
- define a question to investigate decisions
- make predictions. o scientific temper becomes
- gather data particularly valuable while
- analyze the data deciding what is best for the
- draw conclusions community or the nation.
- formulation of Theory (scientific theory) o has to be an inherent quality
EMPIRICISM
FUNDAMENTAL FEATURE OF SCIENTIFIC - a philosophical doctrine
THEORY - proposed by carl Gustav Hempel
Scientific Theory should be FALSIFIABLE - pursuit (hunt) of knowledge by
- to call a theory falsifiable is not to say observation and experiment
that is false. Rather it means that the - holds that our sense gives us
theory makes some predictions that knowledge
are capable of being tested against - knowledge comes from experience
experiences. If these predictions turn
out to be falsified or wrong, then the TECHNOLOGY
theory has been disapproved. - comprised of the products and
processes created by engineers to
SCIENCE VS. PSEUDO-SCIENCE meet our needs and wants
TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE
- study of our human-made world - study of our natural world
- deals with “what can be” - deals with “what is”
EXAMPLE: clothing, vehicles, food

TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY POSITIVE IMPACTS

INFORMATION Information is stored for

- allows us to send signals easy access.
around the world
EXAMPLES: Television, Internet,
Satellite, Gps, cell phones
COMMUNICATION Digital cameras allow you
- giving or exchanging to edit and print only the
information pictures you like.
EXAMPLES: Magazines, DVD's
photography, video games
BIOTECHNOLOGY Health – improves quality
- transform living things into of life, vitamins, vaccines
products or new forms of life and medications.
EXAMPLES: Genetic, engineering,
bionics
AGRICULTURAL Fertilizers – can make
- produces plants and animals for plants produce more food
food, fiber and fuel per acre.
EXAMPLES: Irrigation, food
preservation, weed and insect control
MEDICAL X-rays – makes it easier to
- creates tools to treat disease diagnose injuries.
and injury
EXAMPLES: Lasers, prostheses,
ultrasound medications
ENVIRONMENTAL Recycling – improves
- creates tools to minimize the water and air quality.
effect of technology on the
development of living things
EXAMPLES: hybrid vehicles,
conservation, waste management
(recycling)
PRODUCTION
- is the manufacturing of physical
goods on an assembly line and
the construction of structures on
the job site
MANUFACTURING New products help to
- changes natural or synthetic make our life easier and
materials into usable products increase leisure time.
 TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY POSITIVE

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY Provides s

- builds structures that support roads, cre
loads and protect us from the opportuniti
environment
EXAMPLES: houses, bridges, roads
MATERIALS New mate
- development of materials with reuse recy
outstanding combinations of environme
mechanical, chemical and
electrical properties that make
other advances possible
EXAMPLES: Mosquito repellent
clothing, artificial skin grafts, for burn
victims, advanced building materials
such as composite decking.
TRANSPORTATION Travelling
- provides a way for people, faster.
animals, products. and
materials to be moved from one
place to the next
EXAMPLES:
Flight - Airplane, rocket, spare shuttle
Land - Train, subway. automobile,
bicycle
Water - commercial, cruise ships
Non-vehicle - conveyor belts, pipeline
ENERGY AND POWER Without en
- Energy is the ability or capacity most tech
to do work not exist or
EXAMPLES:
Chemical Energy - Gasoline
Mechanical Energy - Motion
Thermal Energy - Steam
Electrical Energy - Electricity
Radiant Energy – Light

- Power is the rate at which the

energy is transformed to one
form to another
EXAMPLES:
Electrical Power – provides lights and
operate motors
Mechanical Power – moves
automobiles, trains and airplanes
Fluid Power – uses fluids to provide
motion
Hydraulic – uses a liquid
Pneumatic – uses a gas
NANOTECHNOLOGY Implanted
- Manipulating materials on an continuous
atomic or molecular level. adjust trea
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE Inca Civilization
Development of Science in Mesoamerica - made advanced scientific ideas considering
their limitations as an old civilization.
- Mesoamerica includes the entire area
of Central America from Southern The following were scientific ideas and tools
Mexico up to the border of South that they developed to help them in everyday
America. There is no doubt that the life:
Mesoamerican region is rich in culture
1. roads paved with stones
and knowledge prior to the arrival of its
European colonizers. 2. stone buildings that surmounted
earthquakes and other disasters
Maya civilization 3. irrigation system and technique for storing
water for their crops to grow in all types of
- one of the famous civilizations that
land
lasted for approximately 2,000 years.
- known for their works in astronomy 4. calendar with 12 months to mark their
- advanced understanding of astronomy religious festivals and prepare them for
into their temples and other religious planting season
structures
- Chichén Itzá in Mexico is situated at 5. the first suspension bridge
the location of the Sun during the 6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep
spring and fall equinoxes records that only experts can interpret; and
- celestial bodies was advanced for their
time, as evidenced by their knowledge 7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the
of predicting eclipse and using specially prized artistic achievements
astrological cycles in planting and Aztec Civilization
harvesting
- known for measuring time using two Some of their contributions are the following:
complicated calendar systems 1. Mandatory education
- developed the technology for growing 2. Chocolates
different crops and building elaborate 3. Antispasmodic medication
cities using ordinary machineries and 4. Chinampa
tools 5. Aztec calendar
- they built hydraulics system with 6. Invention of the canoe
sophisticated waterways to supply Development of Science in Asia
water to different communities India
- built looms for weaving cloth and - known for manufacturing iron and in
devised a rainbow of glittery paints metallurgical works
made from a mineral called mica - medicine
- first people to produce nubber – Ayurvenda – sytem of
products 3,000 years before traditional medicine
Croodyear received its patent in 1844 – Susruta Samhita – describes
- Mayan hieroglyphics different surgical and medicinal
- skilled in mathematics and created a procedures
number system - field of astrtonomy – developed
- developed the concept of zero and theories on the configuration of the
positional value, even before the universe
Romans did. - spherical self-supporting Earth
- year 360 days with 12 equal
parts of 30 days each
 - mathematics – standardize
measurement of length to a high
degree of accuracy and designed on
ruler (Mohenjodaro)
- Aryabhatiya

China
- Acupuncture
- Compass, papermaking, gunpowder
and printing tools
- Plough, wheelbarrow and propeller
- Different models of bridges, invented
the first seismological detector and
drydock facility
- Observed heavenly bodies to
understand weather changes and
seasons that may affect their daily
activities
- Used lunar calendars
- Seismology

Middle East Countries

- Golden age of Islam
- Al-jabr – algebra
- Arabic Numeral system
- Jabir ibn Hayyan – Father of
Chemistry
- Discovery of the contagious nature of
infectious diseases and the
introduction of clinical pharmacology

Development of Science in Africa

- Development of geometry
- Medical forerunner of chemistry
- Three types of calendars: lunar, solar
and stellar
- Metallurgy – metal tools used in their
homes
- The Lebombo Bone – oldest known
mathematical artifact
- Algebra, geometry and trigonometry