Department of Mathematics
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
Amaravati
Course: Mathematics for computing-1 Tutorial Sheet - 2
Course Code: 22MAT110
Subspace & Span:
𝑎 0
1. Determine whether the set of all 2 × 2 matrices of the form with the
0 𝑏
standard matrix addition and scalar multiplication form a vector space.
𝑎 𝑏
2. Determine if the set 𝐻 of all matrices of the form is a subspace of 𝑀2×2 .
0 𝑑
3. Determine whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.
(a) A vector is any element of a vector space.
(b) A vector space must contain at least two vectors.
(c) The set of positive real numbers is a vector space if vector addition and scalar
multiplication are the usual operations of addition and multiplication of real
numbers.
(d) If u is a vector and k is a scalar such that 𝑘𝑢 = 0, then it must be true that k = 0.
(e) In every vector space the vectors −1 𝑢 and −𝑢 are the same
(f) A subspace is also a vector space.
(g) A subset 𝐻 of a vector space 𝑉 is a subspace of 𝑉 if the zero vector is in 𝐻.
4. Consider the vector space 𝑉 = 𝑅3 , Which of the following are subspaces of the
vector space 𝑉
(a) 𝑆 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
(b) 𝑆 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
(c) 𝑆 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 0
(d) 𝑆 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 : 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑄
(e) 𝑆 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 : 𝑧 ≠ 0
(f) 𝑆 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 : 𝑥 = 0 .
(g) 𝑆 = 𝑥, 0,0 : 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
(h) 𝑆 = 𝑥, 1,1 : 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
(i) 𝑆 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 : 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
5. Determine which of the following are subspaces of a vector space of all 𝑛 × 𝑛
matrices 𝑀𝑛𝑛
(a) The set of all diagonal 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrices.
(b) The set of all 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrices A such that det(A) = 0.
(c) The set of all 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrices A such that tr(A) = 0.
(d) The set of all symmetric 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrices.
(e) The set of all diagonal matrices.
6. Which of the following sets are subspaces?
a. Let 𝑊 be the set of points inside and on the unit circle in the xy-plane. That is, let
𝑥
𝑊 = 𝑦 : 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ≤ 1 Find a specific example, two vectors or a vector and a
scalar to show that 𝑊 is not a subspace of 𝑅2 .
b. The set of 2 × 2 matrices such that the determinant is zero.
c. The set of solutions 𝑦(𝑥) that satisfy 𝑦'' − 3𝑦' + 2𝑦 = 0.
d. The set of solutions 𝑦(𝑥) that satisfy 𝑦'' − 3𝑦' + 2𝑦 = 3𝑥.
−4 −3 −5
e. Is 𝑣 =2 in the span of 𝑆 = 0 , 0 ?
5 2 1
19 3 −5 1
f. Is 𝑣 = 10 in the span of 𝑆 = −1 , 0 , 7
−1 2 1 −4
L.I – L.D - Basis and Dimension
1. Determine whether the vectors 𝑣1 = 1, − 2,3 , 𝑣2 = 5,6, − 1 , 𝑣3 = (3,2,1) are
linearly independent or linearly dependent in 𝑅3
2. Determine whether the vectors 𝑣1 = 1,2,2, − 1 , 𝑣2 = 4,9,9, − 4 , 𝑣3 = (5,8,9, −
5) are linearly independent or linearly dependent in 𝑅3
3. Determine the all values of 𝑐 such that the vectors 𝑣1 = 1,2,3 , 𝑣2 = 2,1,3 and
𝑣3 = (0, 𝑐, 3) are linearly dependent.
2 0 9 −5
4. Find the linearly independent vectors among −1 , 0 , 9 , −7 .
0 7 −9 9
5. Determine whether the set ℬ is a basis for the vector space 𝑉:
𝑉 = 𝒫2 (ℝ), ℬ = 1 + 𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑥2 , 1 + 𝑥2
7. Show that the following matrices do not form a basis for 𝑀22
1 0 2 −2 1 −1 0 −1
, , , .
1 1 3 2 1 0 1 1
8. Show that the set of vectors is not a basis for 𝑅3 .
(a) { 2, 3, − 1 , 4, 1, 1 , 0, − 7, 1 }
(b) { 1, 6, 4 , 2, 4, − 1 , −1, 2, 5 }
9. Find a basis for the subspace of ℝ3 that is spanned by the vectors 𝑣1 = (1, 0, 0), 𝑣2 =
(1, 0, 1), 𝑣3 = (2, 0, 1), 𝑣4 = (0, 0, −1).
10. Find a basis for the subspace of ℝ4 that is spanned by the vectors 𝑣1 = (1, 1, 1, 1),
𝑣2 = (2, 2, 2, 0), 𝑣3 = (0, 0, 0, 3), 𝑣4 = (3, 3, 3, 4).
11. In each part, find a basis for the given subspace of ℝ4 and state its dimension:
(a) All vectors of the form (a, b, c, 0).
(b) All vectors of the form (a, b, c, d), where d = a + b and c = a − b.
(c) All vectors of the form (a, b, c, d), where a = b = c = d.
3 −6 0 3
12. Let 𝑢 = 2 , 𝑣 = 1 , 𝑤 = −5 , and 𝑧 = 7
−4 7 2 −5
(a) Are the set {𝑢, 𝑣}, 𝑢, 𝑤 , 𝑢, 𝑧 , 𝑣, 𝑤 , 𝑣, 𝑧 , and {𝑤, 𝑧} each linearly
independent? Why or why not?
(b) Does the answer to part (a) imply that {𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑧} are L.I.?
(c) To determine if {𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑧} is LD is it wise to check if say 𝑤 is a linear
combination of 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑧.
(d) Is {𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑧} LD?
Linear Transformation, Eigenvalues and
Eigenvectors:
1. Determine the characteristic roots (eigen value) and the corresponding characteristic
vectors (eigen vector) of the matrix
6 −2 2
(a) −2 3 −1 (Eigen value: 2, 2, 8)
2 −1 3
8 −6 2
(b) −6 7 −4 (Eigen value: 0, 3, 15)
2 −4 3
1 2 −2
(c) 1 2 1 (Eigen value: 1, − 1, 3)
−1 −1 0
4 1 −1
(d) 2 5 −2 (Eigen value: 3, 3, 5)
1 1 2
4 0 0
(e) −2 1 0 (Eigen value: 1, 4, 4)
5 3 4
1 1 1
(f) 1 1 1
1 1 1
5 −8 1
(g) 0 0 7
0 0 −2
2 3
(h)
3 −6
1 3 6 7
2. Is −2 an eigenvector of 3 3 7 ?. If so, find the eigen value.
1 5 6 5
2 1
3. Is −1 + √2 an eigenvector of ?. If so, find the eigen value.
1 1 4
6 −3 1
4. Is an eigenvalue of
5 𝐴 = 3 0 5.
2 2 6
5. Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer.
(a) A matrix 𝐴 is not invertible if and only if 0 is an eigenvalue of 𝐴.
(b) To find the eigenvalues of 𝐴, reduce 𝐴 to echelon form.
(c) If 𝐴𝒙 = 𝜆𝒙 for some vector 𝑥, then 𝜆 is an eigenvalue of 𝐴.
(d) A number 𝑐 is an eigenvalue of 𝐴 if and only if the equation 𝐴 − 𝑐𝐼 𝑥 = 0 has a
nontrivial solution.
(e) If the characteristic polynomial of a matrix A is 𝑝(𝜆) = 𝜆2 + 1, then A is invertible.
6. Let A be a 4 × 4 matrix having eigenvalues 1, 2, 3, 4. Find the trace and determinant
of the matrix 𝐵 = 2𝐴 + 𝐴−1 − 𝐼.
7. Check whether T is a linear transformation or not. If yes, then find the corresponding
standard transformation matrix that represents T :
(a) 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑥1 − 𝑥2)
(b) 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (3𝑥1 , 2𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 )
(c) 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 𝑥2 , 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )
(d) 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 1, 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )
(e) 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3) = (4𝑥1 , − 2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , −𝑥1 − 3𝑥2)
(f) 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 , − 𝑥3 , 4𝑥1 − 𝑥3)
(g) 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (2𝑥2, 𝑥1 + 𝑥3 )
First Order ODE:
1. Solve the following first order linear differential equations:
𝑑𝑦
(a) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3, y(0) = 1
𝑑𝑦
(b) x 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥3 , y(2) = 1
𝑑𝑦 π
(c) x 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = sin(𝑥), y( 2 ) = 1
𝑑𝑦
(d) 𝑑𝑥 + x𝑦 = 𝑥, y(0) =− 6
2. A new strain of bacteria is introduced into a nutrient-rich petri dish. The bacteria population grows
𝑑𝑃
according to the law 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝑃, where P is the number of bacteria at time t (in hours). The initial
population is 500 bacteria and after 6 hours, the population reaches 1,000.
(i) How many bacteria will be present after 12 hours?
(ii) How long will it take for the bacterial population to reach 1,500?
3. A small herd of deer is released into a protected forest where food and space are plentiful. The
𝑑𝑃
population of deer grows exponentially according to the law 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝑃, where P is the population at
time t (in years). Initially, there are 40 deer and surveys show that after 5 years, the population
reaches 90 deer.
(i) Estimate the population of deer after 8 years.
(ii) How long will it take for the deer population to reach 160?