SECTION 1: PYTHON PROGRAMMING

1. Read a text file line by line and display each word separated by a #

“We open a file, read every line, break it into words, and join them with
# like friends holding hands.”

# Program 1: Read a text file line by line and display each word
separated by #

# Open the file in read mode

file = open("[Link]", "r")

# Read each line one by one

for line in file:

# Split line into words

words = [Link]()

# Join words using '#' and print

print('#'.join(words))

# Close the file

[Link]()

Explanation:

 .split() breaks a line into words.

 '#'.join(words) glues them back with #.

 Loop ensures we read line by line.

2. Read a text file and display number of vowels, consonants,

“We count how many A, E, I, O, U and how many big and small
letters are dancing in the file.”

# Program 2: Count vowels, consonants, uppercase, lowercase

vowels = 'aeiouAEIOU'

vowel_count = consonant_count = upper_count = lower_count = 0

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:

for line in file:

if [Link]():

if ch in vowels:

vowel_count += 1

else:

consonant_count += 1

if [Link]():

upper_count += 1

elif [Link]():

lower_count += 1

print("Vowels:", vowel_count)

print("Consonants:", consonant_count)

print("Uppercase letters:", upper_count)

print("Lowercase letters:", lower_count)

Explanation:

 .isalpha() checks if it’s a letter.

 .isupper() and .islower() check letter case.

 We simply count as we go.

3. Remove all lines containing the letter 'a' and write them to
another file

“We look for lines with ‘a’ and put them in a new home (new
file).”

# Program 3: Remove all lines containing 'a' and write them to another
file

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:

lines = [Link]()

with open("[Link]", "w") as outfile:

for line in lines:

if 'a' not in line:

print("Lines without 'a' have been written to [Link]")

Explanation:

 Reads all lines first.

 Writes only those that don’t contain 'a'.

4. Create a binary file with name and roll number. Search for
roll number and display details

“We put students’ name and roll in a magic box (binary file).
Then we open the box and find who’s there.”

# Program 4: Binary file with name and roll number

import pickle # used for binary file handling

# Data entry

records = []

for i in range(3):

name = input("Enter name: ")

roll = int(input("Enter roll number: "))

[Link]({'name': name, 'roll': roll})

# Write data to binary file

with open("[Link]", "wb") as file:

[Link](records, file)

# Search part

roll_search = int(input("Enter roll number to search: "))

found = False

with open("[Link]", "rb") as file:

data = [Link](file)

for rec in data:

if rec['roll'] == roll_search:

print("Name:", rec['name'])

found = True
if not found:

print("Roll number not found.")

Explanation:

 pickle helps us store Python objects in binary format.

 We store a list of dictionaries.

 Later, we search for a specific roll number.

5. Create binary file with roll, name, marks. Input roll, update
marks

“We look up a student by roll number and change their marks—

# Program 5: Update marks in a binary file

import pickle

# Step 1: Create and save data

students = [

{"roll": 1, "name": "Amit", "marks": 80},

{"roll": 2, "name": "Ravi", "marks": 90},

{"roll": 3, "name": "Sita", "marks": 85}

with open("[Link]", "wb") as f:

[Link](students, f)

# Step 2: Update marks

roll_search = int(input("Enter roll number to update marks: "))

new_marks = int(input("Enter new marks: "))

with open("[Link]", "rb") as f:

data = [Link](f)

for student in data:

if student["roll"] == roll_search:

student["marks"] = new_marks
 print("Marks updated!")

# Step 3: Save again

with open("[Link]", "wb") as f:

[Link](data, f)

Explanation:

 We open the file, read data, modify it, and save it again.

 It’s like editing a notebook entry.

6. Write a random number generator (1 to 6) — Dice Simulation

“We roll an invisible dice and print what number comes up.”

# Program 6: Dice Simulation

import random

# Generate random number between 1 and 6

dice = [Link](1, 6)

print("Dice shows:", dice)

Explanation:

 [Link](1,6) picks any number between 1 and 6 like a dice

7. Implement a stack using list

“A stack is like a lunchbox — last thing you put in, comes out
first.”

# Program 7: Stack using list

stack = []

def push():

element = input("Enter element to push: ")

[Link](element)

print("Stack:", stack)

def pop():

if not stack:
 print("Stack is empty!")

else:

print("Popped element:", [Link]())

def display():

print("Current Stack:", stack)

while True:

print("\[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]")

choice = int(input("Enter choice: "))

if choice == 1:

push()

elif choice == 2:

pop()

elif choice == 3:

display()

elif choice == 4:

break

Explanation:

 append() = push

 pop() = remove last

 Stack works on LIFO (Last In, First Out).

8. Create a CSV file with user-id and password, then read &
search

“We save user details in a table (CSV), and later find their
password.”

# Program 8: CSV File - user-id & password

import csv

# Write data to CSV

with open("[Link]", "w", newline='') as file:

writer = [Link](file)
 [Link](["userid", "password"])

for i in range(3):

uid = input("Enter user id: ")

pwd = input("Enter password: ")

[Link]([uid, pwd])

# Read and search

search_id = input("Enter user id to search: ")

found = False

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:

reader = [Link](file)

next(reader) # skip header

for row in reader:

if row[0] == search_id:

print("Password:", row[1])

found = True

if not found:

print("User not found!")

Explanation:

 [Link] saves user-id/password.

 [Link] helps to read it back.

SECTION 2: DATABASE MANAGEMENT

1. Create a student table and perform SQL operations

“We make a table for students and play with it — adding,

Example (using SQLite in Python):

# Program 9: SQL Operations with Python

import sqlite3

# Connect to database (creates file if not exists)

cursor = [Link]()

# Create table

[Link]('''

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS student(

roll INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,

name TEXT,

marks INTEGER

''')

# Insert data

[Link]("INSERT INTO student VALUES(1, 'Amit', 85)")

[Link]("INSERT INTO student VALUES(2, 'Ravi', 90)")

[Link]("INSERT INTO student VALUES(3, 'Sita', 75)")

[Link]()

# ALTER example - Add new column

[Link]("ALTER TABLE student ADD COLUMN grade TEXT")

# UPDATE example

[Link]("UPDATE student SET marks = 95 WHERE roll = 2")

# ORDER BY example

for row in [Link]("SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY marks

print(row)

# GROUP BY example (find average marks)

for row in [Link]("SELECT AVG(marks) FROM student"):

print("Average Marks:", row[0])

# DELETE example

[Link]("DELETE FROM student WHERE roll = 3")

[Link]()

print("Database operations completed successfully!")

Explanation:

 sqlite3 lets us use SQL inside Python easily.

 We use standard SQL commands:

 ALTER, UPDATE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, DELETE.