Police Intelligence

Itis the end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration,
and interpretation
of all available information regarding the activities of criminals and other law
violators for the
purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling them to
commit crime.

Historical Backgrounds
Delilah - a biblical personality, she was able to gain information by using her
beauty and charm, she
was responsible for the fall of Samson, a known Israelite leader and enemy of the
Philistines.
Frederick The Great - Father of organized military espionage. This Prussian
master was able to classify his agents into four classes: common spies, double
spies, spies of consequence, and persons
which are involuntarily lead to undertake espionage.
Alexander The Great - A Greek Conqueror, was able to identify those who are
disloyal to him by
ordering the opening of communication letter of his men and was successful in
uplifting the esprit de
corps and morale of his men. He devised the first letter sorting and opening to
obtain information.
Gen. Romano Sertorius- the Roman commander who possessed a white fawn and
allowed it to
become widely known that he derived both secrets and guidance from the fawn. His
intelligence
agents credited their information to the supernatural power of animals.
Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar- the Great Moguland sagacious
master of Hidustan
employed more than 4,000 agents for the sole purpose of bringing him the truth
that his throne might
rest upon it.
Napoleon Bonaparte- according to him one spy in the right place is equivalent to
20,000 men in
the [Link] maintained military intelligence and secret political police service in all
over Europe.
Genghis Khan- a Mongol who used intelligence to conquer China and invade
Cathay. He instructed
his generals to send out spies and used prisoners as sources of information. They
collected
information on the weaknesses of rivals by posting themselves as disguised
merchants.
Hannibal- known as one of the greatest Roman enemy who ruled and conquered
Rome for 15
years by obtaining common street knowledge by posing as a beggar to gather
first hand
information on the pulse of the people. His famous feat was at the outbreak of the
Second Punic
War when he marched an army which included was elephants from Iberia to
Northern Italy.
Military historians consider Hannibal as the father of strategybecause his greatest
enemy, Rome,
came to adopt the elements of his military tactics in its own strategic arsenal.
Julius Caesar - in his time, the staff of each legion includes the speculators who
served as an
information collecting agency. The Speculators were the first intelligence personnel
to appear in a
military organization. Military success of the Romans was aided by the
communication system.
Made use of pigeons as carrier which made intelligence transmittal very fast.
Karl Schulmeister - known as Napoleon's Eye, he was credited for establishing
counter
intelligence against spies. He is a master of deceit who used black mail to obtain
vital information to
identify the enemy's of Napoleon.
Alfred Redl- one of the most brilliant, homosexual intelligence agent. A
double spy who while
working as intelligence director of Austria and Hungary, spied for the
[Link] 1913, his
treason was discovered and he was forced to commit suicide. His treason lead to
the death of
500,000 agents and soldiers combined in his 13 years espionage episode.
Sun Tzu - author of the art of war. A Chinese philosopher who takes into account
practical view in
battle. According to him foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits nor from gods
nor from
analogy with past events nor from calculations. He further asserted that if you
know thy enemy
and know thyself, you need not fear the results of a hundred of battles.
Notable Intelligence Organizations
1. Inter-Service Intelligence, (ISI) Pakistan
The Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (Inter-Services Intelligence) is the
premier intelligence service of Pakistan, founded in1948. It has responsibilities of
collecting information
of critical national security and intelligence assessment for Government of Pakistan.
2. Central Intelligence Agency, (CIA) United States
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is most prominent and familiar among other
United States
National Security Agency (NSA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and Federal
Bureau of
Investigation (FBI). CIA has been founded in 1947, considered as an independent
and top
agency in the whole [Link] prime functions includes acquiring and analyzing
information
about foreigners, public relations for required data and underground operations at
the
direction of the president of United States. The agency headquarter is located in
Langley,
Virginia, a few miles west of Washington.
3. Secret Intelligence Service, (MI6) United Kingdom
MI6 formally known as the Secret Intelligence Service was created just before the
World War I
for the possible reach the activities of the Imperial German government. MI6 has
been closely
involved in various conflicts in 20th and 21st centuries but not officially
acknowledged till
1994. The secret front lineof Britain`s national security has responsibilities to keep
close eye
on internal and external terror activities, organizations and countries which could
harm
national defense and state security.
4. Federal Security Services, (FSB) Russia
The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB) is the principal security
agency of
the Russian Federation and the main successor agency to the USSRs Committee of
State
Security (KGB).
5. Bundesnachrichtendienst, (BND) Germany
The Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), Federal Intelligence Service was established
prior to
World War II to spy the enemiesstrategies and plans, headquartered in Pullach near
Munich.
The main objective of Agency is surveillance of sensitive issues referred to domestic
and foreign
intelligence.
6. Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), Australia
The Australian Secret Intelligent Service (ASIS) agency has been founded in 1951 by
the
executive power of the Commonwealth, the mission of ASIS is Protect and promote
Australias
vital interests through the provision of unique foreign intelligence services as
directed by
Government.
7. Ministry of State Security (MSS), China
The Ministry of State Security (MSS) is the intelligence-security agency of the
Peoples Republic
of China, the headquarters located near the Ministry of Public Security of the
Peoples Republic
of China in Beijing. MSS is working parallel to the public security bureaus but has
non-state
security matters often collaborate both for the large extent. The Agency was
established in 1937
which has been founded in 1949 by Communist Part of China, collected antithetical
information
for civil war in China.
8. The Institute For Intelligence and Special Operation (MOSAD), Israel
MOSSAD is the intelligence agency of Israel, most active organization in the country
committed
to collect intelligence involved in counter-terrorism and various covert operations.
The director
of agency is bound to report activities to the head of state Prime Minister of
[Link] to
others MOSSAD is considered as most powerful agency due to scarce widened
resources, the undercover agents has been present in various countries to collect
the valuable information for
the country. Mossads most notorious unit is the Special Operations Divisionor
Metsada
which has involved in many assassinations and secret operations worldwide.
9. General Directorate For External Security - France external intelligence
agency, operating
under the direction of the French Ministry of Defense.
10. National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) is the primary
intelligence gathering and
analysis arm of the Philippine government, in charge of carrying out overt,covert,
and clandestine intelligence programs. Its motto is: Kaalaman ay Kaligtasan
(translated:
"Intelligence is Security").
[
Presently, NICA is in close coordination with the CIA, Mossad, Secret
Intelligence Service and intelligence services of ASEANcountries to counter the
threat
of terrorism.
Types of Police Intelligence/General Activities of Police Intelligence
1. Police Strategic Intelligence- is processed information which is long ranged in
nature. It is
used to describe and define criminals and their activities as well as provide insight
of their
Modus Operandi.
2. Police Line Intelligence- an intelligence that is immediate in nature. Such
information must
be updated to provide effective aids in police operations.
3. Police Counter Intelligence- it is an activity which is intended to build an
organization
against the enemy by ensuring loyalty of its members through stringent background
investigation. It also seeks to deny the enemy of any information consisting of
passive and
active intelligence measures. This is also known as Negative Intelligence. - phase of
intelligence covering the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of hostile
foreign
activities and the protection of information against espionage, subversion and
sabotage.
4. National Intelligence- it is the integrated product of intelligence developed by
all
governmental branches and departments concerning the broad aspect of national
security
and policy. It is used to coordinate all the activities of the government in developing
and
executing integrated and national policies and plans.
5. Undercover Works- is an investigative process in which disguises and pretext
cover and
deception are used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for the purpose of
determining
the nature and extent of any criminal activities that maybe contemplating or
perpetuating.
Functional Classification of Police Intelligence
1. Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT)- production of intelligence essential to the
prevention of
crimes and the investigation, arrests, and prosecution of criminal offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence (INSINT)- refers to the knowledge essential to
the
maintenance of peace and order. Keeping peace within the borders of a
sovereign state or
other self-governing territories, generally by upholding the national law and
defending
against internal security threats
3. Public Safety Intelligence (PUSINT)- refers to the knowledge essential to
ensure the
protection of lives and properties.
COUNTER INTELLIGENCE OPERATION
Is also called CI investigation. It is an activity that constitutes the value of the CI
workload, and
includes specific investigation of individual and incidence which for the most part
are conducted in
an overt but discreet manner.
Mission
1. Detection- identify the threat
2. Evaluation- analyzing the data plan
3. Counter action and prevention- recommend counter measures in neutralizing
the target
Types of Counter Intelligence
1. Passive CI Measures - protection of classified and sensitive information against
unauthorized
access through secrecy communication security and other safeguards.
1. Active CI Measures - are those measures which seek actively to block enemies
effort to
gain information or engage in espionage, subversion and sabotage.
Categories of Counter Intelligence Operations
1. Military Security - it encompasses the measures taken by a command to
protect itself against
espionage, enemy operation sabotage, subversion, or surprise.
2. Port Boundary and Travel Security - application of both military and civil
security measures
for counter-intelligence control at point of entry and departure, international
borders and
boundaries.
3. Civil Security - active and passive counter-intelligence measures affecting the
non-military
nationals permanently or temporarily residing in an area under military jurisdiction.
4. Special Operations - counter subversion, sabotage and espionage.
5. Combat Intelligence-A kind of intelligence required by the commander to
provide for planning
and conduct tactical and administrative operation in counter insurgency. This
pertains to
knowledge of People, weather, enemy and Terrain (PWET) used in planning and
conducting tactical
and administrative operation in a counter insurgency.
Other Categories of CI Operation
1. Counter Human Intelligence (HUMINT)- seeks to overcome enemy attempts
to use human
sources to collect information or to conduct sabotage and subversion which includes
CI Special
Operations, Liaison, Counter Security, CI Screening.
2. Counter Imagery Intelligence (IMINT)- includes action taken to determine
enemy signal
intelligence and related capabilities and activities. These actions include
surveillance radar,
photo thermal and infrared systems. This primarily includes interpretation of
photographs from
aerial units. Sometimes this is termed as PHOTINT.
3. Counter Signal Intelligence (SIGINT)- determines enemy signal intelligence
and related
electronic warfare capabilities. It also assesses friendly operations to identify
patterns, profiles,
and develop and recommend counter measures.
THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
(PCPAD)
1. Planning and direction
2. Collection
3. Processing
4. Analysis and production
5. Dissemination
PLANNING
The intelligence officer must have a thorough knowledge of the available sources of
information, the
collecting agencies and type of information the latter can provide.
Priority Intelligence Requirement- an item of intelligence or information of the
characteristics of
the area of operations and the enemy which the commander feels he needs before
he can reasonably
arrive at a decision. Also known as Essential Element of Information.
COLLECTION
The intelligence officer must have thorough knowledgeof the available sources of
information
and collectingagencies and the type of information they can provide.
Methods of Collection (overt and covert intelligence)
1. Overt- open sources. 99% of the information collected are coming from open
sources.
Examples: Information taken from enemy activity, civilians, captured documents,
etc.
2. Covert- closed/secret sources. Only 1% of information are obtained from covert
operation.
Examples: surveillance, elicitation, surreptitious entry, etc.
Persons as Sources of Information
Informants (assets)- people selected as sources of information whichcould be
voluntary or in
consideration of a price.
a. Informant- gives information without any consideration.
b. Informer- gives information in exchange of a reward or a price.
Types of Informants
1. Anonymousthose who gives information through telephone with the hope that
the
informant cannot be identified.
2. False Informant - reveals information of no consequencesor value.
3. Self-Aggrandizing - moves around the center of criminals delight in surprising
the police
about bits of information.
4. Double Crosser - wants to get more information from the police more than
what he gives.
5. Special/legitimate informant- those who gives information concerning
specialized cases.
Usually they are regarded with a special treatment by the operatives.
6. Voluntary informant- gives information freely and willfully as a witness to a
certain act.
7. Recruited informant- a person who is selected, cultivated, and developed into
a continuous
source of information.
8. Rival elimination informant- an informant who gives information to eliminated
rivalry.
9. Mercenary informant informant who gives information for remuneration or
compensation.
10. Women informant she could be an associate of the syndicate. She uses her
body, charm and beauty to obtain more information.
11. Frightened Informanthe may be one of the lesser gang members who runs to
the police when his gang mates are about to be involve in dangerous situation or
when the gang he belongs is hot on the police trail. They are considered as the
weakest link in the composition of the criminal chain.
12. Automatic informant- those by virtue of their official positions are expected or
obligated to furnish information openly to the investigation unit in normal course of
their duty.
Types of AgentsUsed in Collecting Information
1. Agent of Influence - agent who uses authority to gain information.
2. Agent in Place -agent who has been recruited within a highly sensitive target
who is just
beginning a career or has been long insider.
3. Penetration Agent - agent who have reached the enemy, gather
informationand able to get back
without being caught.
4. Expendable Agent - agent who leaks false information to the enemy.
5. Double Agent - an enemy agent who has been taken into custody turned
around and sent back
where he came from as an agent of his captors.
Mole - also known as sleeper agent. Tasked with monitoring an organization or
individual. A mole
can spend years in the same place only responding to missions when assigned.
They are trained to
be visible but to keep their motives unknown.
The spies themselves are mostly considered as traitors, and traitors come in
amazing variety of
forms:
1. Inadvertent spies- people with loose lips, careless security attitudes.
2. Defectors- people fleeing the rule of their own country.
3. Walk-ins- people who look for an extra income.
4. Undercovers- people who have made the plea bargain with law enforcement.
5. Recruits- people tricked, bribed, or blackmailed.
6. Double agents- people caught spying against you.
False Flag-a pretension on the part of the case officer where he holds a nationality
whom the
target expects to be friendly to the targets own interest.
Example: a Chinese businessman thinks he is working for the Republic of China
when he is really
spying for Taiwan.
Dead Drop- a place usually a dumpster or public garbage can where materials are
discarded and
later picked up.
PROCESSING/ANALYSIS- is the stage in which the collected information is
subjected to review in
order to satisfy significant facts andderive conclusions there from.
Accuracy of Information (CODE: CPPDIT)
1 - Confirmed By Other Sources
2 - Probably True
3 - Possibly True
4 - Doubtfully True
5 - Improbable
6 - Truth Can Not Be Judged
Reliability of Information (CODE: CUFNUR)
A - Completely reliable
B - Usually Reliable
C - Fairly Reliable
D - Not Usually Reliable
E - Unreliable
F - Reliability Cannot be Judged
Evaluation of Source of Information
T- Direct observation by Commander/Chief of Unit
U- Report by resident agent
V- Report by PNP/AFP Troops
W- Interrogation of captured enemy
X- Observation of government/civilian employee
Y- Member of the populace
Z- Documentary
Example: SPO3 Juan Cruz evaluated the information gathered as completely
reliable, source
probably true. What is the information`s evaluation rating?
Answer:A-2
PO1 Juan Cruz submitted an intelligence report evaluated as B-5. What is the
interpretation of this
evaluated intelligence report?
Answer:Information is usually from a reliable source and is improbable.
DISSEMINATION
Processed information or intelligence data are disseminated to end users, common
methods of
disseminating intel data are conferences, briefing and person to person
[Link] this process,
consider the factors of timeliness, correctness and security.
KINDS OF COVERT OPERATIONS
1. SURVEILLANCE - is the covert, discreet observation of people and places for the
purpose of
obtaining information concerning the identities or activities of subjects.
Surveillant - is the plainclothes investigator assigned to make the observation.
Subject - can be a person, place, property and vehicle, group of people,
organization, or object.
Safe house - refers to place where agents meet each other for purposes of
debriefing and reporting.
Decoy - a person or object used by the subject in an attempt to elude the
surveillant.
Convoy - an associate of the subject who follows him to detect surveillance.
Log - chronological records of activities that took place in the establishment under
surveillance.
Made- when the subject under surveillance becomes aware that he is under
observation.
Burn out- identity of the undercover has been know by the subject.
Difference between surveillance and reconnaissance
1. Surveillance is continues while reconnaissance is intermittent (mission or
operation)
2. Reconnaissance has specific objectives while surveillance has general objectives.
Methods of Surveillance
1. Stationary Surveillance - also referred to as Fixed or Stakeout Surveillance
- is used when
you know or suspect that a person is at or will come to a known location, when you
suspect that
stolen goods are to be dropped or when informants have told you that a crime is
going to
be committed.
2. Technical- surveillance by the use of communications and electronic hardware,
gadgets, etc.
3. Moving Surveillance/Shadowing/Tailing - simply the act of following a
person.
Forms of Shadowing/Tailing
1. Loose Tail - employed where a general impression of the subject's habits and
associates is
required. It can be applied frequently or infrequently, or in varied occasions.
2. Rough Shadowing - employed without special precautions, subject maybe
aware of the
surveillance. Employed also when the subject is a material witness and must be
protected from
harm or other undesirable influences.
3. Close Tail - extreme precautions are taken against losing the subject is
employed where
constant surveillanceis necessary.
Methods of shadowing
1. One man- Extremely difficult and should be avoided, if unavoidable keep subject
in view at all
times.
2. Two man- two agents are employed to follow the subject.
3. ABC method- reduces the risk of losing the subject, affords greater security
agents detection
4. Progressive/ Leap frog method- poor chances of obtaining good results,
agents are stations at
a fixed point assuming that subject followed the same general route each day.
5. Combined foot- auto surveillance- employment of surveillant on foot and
agents in an
automobile.
2. CASING - it is the careful inspection of a place to determine its suitability for a
particular
operational purpose.
3. ELICITATION - the process of extracting information from a person believe to be
in possession of
vital information without his knowledge or suspicion. It is a system whereby
information of
intelligence value is obtained through the process of direct intercommunication with
one or more
parties who are unaware of the purpose of the conversation.
Two basic Devices
1. Approach used to start a conversation or to shift the direction of an existing
conversation.
a. Flattery
Teacher/Pupil- make the person express topics about him. Most people like to
talk about
themselves.
Kindred Sole- misery loves company. People express a need for recognition,
particularly
the lonely, the
neglected, the vain and those with feelings of inferiority.
Good Samaritan- do good deeds or favors for the source.
Partial- Disagreement Approach- seeks to produce talking by the word I am
not sure if I
fully agree
b. Provocation (ex. Convince me why you hate he current government
administration)
Teaser-bait make the source believe you know more than he knows on the
topic.
Joe blow- purposely disagree with the source to induce anger.
Manhattan from Missouri Approach- the elicitor adopts an unbelievable
attitude above
anything. He questions all statements and oppositions.
National Pride Approach- natural propensity of all persons to defend their
country and its
policies.
2. Probes- an attempt to obtain more information after the subject gives a vague,
incomplete
general response. It is used to sustain the conversation.
Completion- by inserting bits of factual information on a particular topic, the
source may
be influenced to confirm and further expand on the topic.
Clarity- a request for additional information where the source`s response is
unclear. Like
whay do you mean by.
Hypothetical- can be associated with a thought or idea expressed by the
source. Many
people who might not make a comment concerning an actual event may express an
opinion
on a hypothetical situation.
High Pressure Probe- it serves to pin down a subject in a specific area or it
may be used to
point out contradictions in what the subject has said.
4. EMPLOYMENT OF TECHNICAL MEANS
Bugging - the use of an equipment or tool to listen and record discreetly
conversation of other
people.
Wiretapping - a method of collecting information through interception of
telephone
conversation.
5. TACTICAL INTERROGATION - it is the process or method of obtaining
information from a
captured enemy who is reluctant to divulge information.
Interrogator- person who does the questioning
Interrogee- a person subjected for interrogation.
6. OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION - it is a method of collecting information by
just merely
using the different senses.
85% of our knowledge is gathered through sight
13% of your hearing
2% through the other senses
7. POTRAIT/PARLE- it is a means of using descriptive terms in relation to the
personal features of
an individual and it can be briefly described as a word description or a spoken
picture.
8. UNDERCOVER OPERATION - also called Roping - is disguising one's own
identity or using an
assumed identity for the purpose of gaining the trust of an individual or organization
to learn secret
information or to gain the trust of targeted individuals in order to gain information
or evidence.
Cover - it refers to the changing, forging, or falsifying agent' real personality
including but not
limited to things, location, job and others that will be used in undercover
assignments.
Types of Cover
1. Artificial -altering the background that will correspond to the operation.
2. Multiple- includes different cover
3. Natural - actual or true background
Coding - the changingof message from plain clear text to unintelligible form, also
known as
encrypting.
Decoding - transforming of coded message into plain text, also known as
decrypting.
Cryptography - arts and science of codes and ciphers.
Crypto Analyst - refers to those persons who break intercepted codes.
Cryptographer - refers to a person who is highly skilled in converting message
from clear to
unintelligible forms by use of codes and ciphers.
SECURITY CLEARANCE - is a certification by a responsible authority that the
person described is
clear to access and classify matters at appropriate levels.
Interim Clearance - effective for 2 years.
Final Clearance - effective for 5 years.
Classified- to assign information by one of the four security classifications.
Compromise-means lose of security.
Compartmentation- the grant of access to classified matter only to properly
cleaved persons in the
performance of their official duties.
Declassify- removal of security classification.
Reclassify- act of changing the assignedclassification number.
Upgrading- act of assigning to a matter of higher classification to a classified
document.
Classifications of Documents
[Link] Secret - calls for the utmost degree of protection, Unauthorized revelation of
this materials
and information will cause extremely severe damage to the nation, politically,
economically, or
militarily.
Examples: political negotiations, military defense, war strategic plans, etc.
2. Secret - unauthorized disclosure of this documents or things may put at risk the
national
security, cause serious injury to the reputation of the nation. Examples: info about
intelligence operations, troop movements, order of battle, etc.
3. Confidential - Unauthorized revelation of which may be injurious to the
reputation of the nation
or governmental activity or will cause administrative humiliation or unnecessary
injury.
Examples: plans of government projects, routine intelligence reports, personnel
records, etc.
4. Restricted - this are information which should not be published or
communicated to anyone
except for official purposes. These records are daily files, routine in nature even if
lost or destroyed
will not affect operation or administration.
Examples: blotters, daily logbook file, etc.
Security Measures and Operations in Relation To Intelligence
1. Physical Security - the broadest type of security that is concerned with the
physical measures
designed to safeguard personnel and prevent unauthorized access to equipment,
facilities,
materials, documents and to protect them from espionage, sabotage, damage, or
theft.
2. Communication Security - the protection resulting from the application of
various measures
which prevent or delay the enemy or unauthorized person in gaining information
through
communication. This includes transmission, cryptographyand physical security.
3. Documentary Security - protection of documents, classified matters and vital
records from loss,
access to unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise through proper
storage and
procedure.
4. Personnel security - the sum total procedures followed, inquiries conducted
and criteria
applied to determine the work suitable to a particular applicant or the retention or
transfer of
a particular employee
Personnel Security Investigation - is an inquiry into the character, reputation,
discretion,
integrity, morals and loyalty of an individual in order to determine a person's
suitability for
appointment and access to classified matters.
Types of PSI
1. Local Agency Check - refers to the investigation of the records and files of
agency in the area of
principal residence of the individual being investigated: Mayor, Police, Fiscal where
the individual is
a resident.
2. National Agency Check - it consist of LAC supplemented by investigation of the
records and
files of the following agencies: PNP. ISAFP, NBI, CSC, Bureau of Immigration and
other agencies.
3. Background Investigation - a check made on an individual usually seeking
employment
through subject's records in the police files, educational institutions, place of
residence and former
employers.
Complete Background Investigation - a type of BI which is more
comprehensive, it consist of
detailed information regarding the subject.
Partial Background Investigation - investigation of the background of an
individual but limited
only to some of thecircumstances.