Internship at

CHANAKYA INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE,

COIMBATORE

submitted for the partial fulfillment.

for the degree of

Master of Arts in
PSYCHOLOGY
2019-2021

SUBMITTED BY
ANLIN ROMY

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Ms. MUKTI SINGH THAKUR

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

The Bhopal School of Social Sciences

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

[Link] TITLE PAGE REMARKS

NO

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

2 INTRODUCTION 4

3 HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTION 6

4 THEORY 8

5 THERAPIES 15

6 CASE STUDY 25

7 CONCLUSION 46

8 REFERENCES 47

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to enabling me to complete this internship report on

COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY.

To have a Successful completion of any type of work requires help from a number of sources. I convey
my sincere gratitude to Department of Psychology who given the opportunity to do this internship. I
want to thank some of my friends who helped me throughout. I want to thank Ms. MUKTI SINGH
THAKUR (OUR PROFESSOR) who helped me throughout when in need. I wanted to thank some of my
friends who helped me throughout when in need.

Also, I want to thank the Chanakya Institute, Coimbatore for providing such an excellent internship
with excellent facilitator Mr. Aadil Sir, Because of which I could acquire good knowledge in counselling
field.

THANK YOU

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Introduction to Internship
An internship is a period of work experience offered by an organization for a limited period of time.
They are typically undertaken by students and graduates looking to gain relevant skills and experience
in a particular field.

An internship consists of an exchange of services for experience between the intern and the
[Link] addition an internship can be used to build a professional network that can assist with
letters of recommendation or lead to future employment opportunities.

Internship can be paid, unpaid, or partially paid (in the form of stipend). Internship may be part-time or
full time and are usually flexible with student’s schedules. In simple words an internship is a short-term
work experience offered by companies and other organization for people usually students, but not
always to get some entry level exposure to a particular industry or [Link] is as much of a learning
experience as it is work. Ideally interns spend their time working on relevant projects, learning about
the field, making industry connections, and developing both hard and soft skills. Internships sometimes
even lead to full time job offers.

Internships are structured, supervised opportunities for extended in depth, out of class, field bases
discovery [Link] involve the direct, hands-on application of classroom learning [concepts, theories,
knowledge, skills] to situations in real world contexts. Internships are one form of experiential learning
[others include service learning, study abroad, undergraduate research].

Companies also use internships as talent pipelines to fill their own full-time positions. For employers,
internships are a lot of things: a super-extended interview, a training program, and (frequently) a smart
way to hire for open roles. This means some college students can walk into their senior years with job
offers in hand (and therefore have a much less stressful last year at school).

It helps with self-discovery, career exploration, professional preparation. Provide real world experience
to those looking to explore or gain the relevant knowledge skills required to enter into a particular career
field.

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Objective
As an intern, you get a chance to work side by side with accomplished industry professionals and get a
pretty good idea of what an entry-level role might entail. You will not only gain real work experience,
but also meet and learn from the pros. and will start to build your own network, from your fellow interns
to seasoned leaders.

In short, internships can help to figure out what we want to do with our career and then make it easier
to land your first full time job. The aim of the internship provides a direction to the activities, helps to
focus on a result and to assess the result achieved. Helps us to develop competency in the provision of
individual psychotherapy. Will develop competency in group therapy. Will develop competency in
intake assessment and diagnosis, will develop competency in crisis intervention, Will develop
competency in outreach and consultation, Will develop competency in provision of supervision, Will
develop competency in use of mental health assessment tools.

Ways to find internship opportunities are as follows

[Link] campus resources

[Link] online

[Link] at your favorite organizations

Tips for getting an internship

[Link] looking early

[Link] your resume and cover letter in shape.

3. prepare for those interviews.

[Link] your network

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 History of the Institute
CHANAKYA MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE
Chanakya is a one-step platform for all your emotional and mental health needs. They provide one to
one online video therapy sessions for all kind of issues you face. a cause for concern of humanity and
step towards creating a brighter future.

Their mission is to promote optimal mental health through advocacy, education and support. Their
planning includes a cause for concern of humanity and a step towards creating a brighter future. Their
vision is a society where a mental wellness is the foundation of a healthy community

They provide therapy/counselling sessions for relationship problems like parenting. marriage
counselling, post breakup problems and emotional management issues like depression, anxiety issues,
negative thinking child abuse and many more.

Our facilitator Mr. k Mohamed Aadil who is young and dynamic faculty in the department of
psychology. He has specialized in counseling psychology. He is certified art therapist and Indian sign
language interpreter. As a psychologist he aspires to efficiently employ his skills and knowledge into
practice and contribute significantly to the ecosystem. He gained experience as an intern at different
domains such as special education, human resource management and counseling and guidance. He has
volunteered with multiple organizations namely ‘make a difference’, ‘compassionate clowns’ and
‘human library Bangalore’, thoughts and talks’ and rendered his psychosocial support as a core team
[Link] a part of his journey with make a difference ,he trained more than 100 children on life skills
as ‘lead facilitator and mentor’ in dream camp-2017 and [Link] has supported multiple individuals
during the covid-19 pandemic by providing free counseling services to handle their distress .he served
as the secretary of psychology association in PSG college of arts and sciences, during the academic year
2016-17 and ‘deputy representative’ of pg. department of psychology in Jain university, during the
academic year 2019-20. He exhibits his command over language by writing poems and short stories in
the context of emotional wellness and building core values.

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 Theory

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COUNSELLING

Counselling is more for adjustment and emotional problems. Counselling it the process that occurs
when a client and counselor set aside time to explore difficulties which may include the stressful or
emotional feelings of the client, the act of helping the client to see things more clearly, possibly from a
different view -point. this can enable the client to focus on feelings, experiences or behavior, with a
goal of facilitating positive change. Counseling is a relationship of trust confidentiality is paramount to
successful counseling. Professional counselors will usually explain their policy on confidentiality. They
may however, be required by law to disclose information if they believe that there is a risk to life.

For example:

 loneliness
 Values for life
 Joyful
 Inclusion
 Pioneer
 Being Proactive
 Aiming for excellence
Counseling is not giving advice, being judgmental, attempting to sort out the problems of the client,
expecting or encouraging would behave if confronted with a similar problem in their own life. Getting
emotionally involved with the client. Looking at a client’s problems from your own perspective, based
on your own value system. Counselling is a helping approach that highlights the emotional and
intellectual experience of a client: how a client is feeling and what they think about the problem they
have sought help for. Counselling is a type of talking therapy that allows a person to talk about their
problems and feelings in a confidential and dependable environment. A counselor is trained to listen
with empathy [by putting themselves in your shoes]. they can help you deal with any negative thoughts
and feelings you have. Counseling aims to help you deal with and overcome issues that are causing
emotional pain or making you feel [Link] can provide a safe and regular space for you to talk
and explore difficult feelings. The counselor is there to support you and respect your views. they won’t
usually give advice, but will help you find your own insights into and understanding of your problems.

Counselling is the process that occurs when a client and counsellor set aside time in order to explore
difficulties which may include the stressful or emotional feelings of the client. the act of helping the
client to see things more clearly, possibly from a different view point. this can enable the client to
focus on feeling, experiences or behavior with a goal to facilitating positive change.

According to the American counselling association “counselling is a professional relationship that

empower individuals, families and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education and
career goals.

MEANING

Counselling is the service offered to the individual who is undergoing a problem and needs
professional help to overcome it. the problem keeps him disturbed high and under tension and unless
solved his development is hampered.

Counselling therefore is a more specialized service requiring training in personality development and
handling exceptional groups of individuals.

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Counselling techniques involve active listening, emphatic understanding releasing the pent up

INPUT

The core conditions for effective counselling are:

Empathetic counselling

Respect for client

Potentials to lead their lives

Congruence and geniuses

STEPS A COUNSELLOR DOES ARE: -

 Analysis
 Diagnosis
 Prognosis
 Prescription/counselling
 Follow up

TYPES OF COUNSELLING

• DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING
• NON-DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING
• ECLECTIC COUNSELLING

Counselling can take place:

Face to face

Individually or in a group

Over the phone

By email, using a specialized computer programme

AREAS OF COUNSELLING

WORKPLACE COUNSELLING

What is work place counselling?

1. Provides employees with a safe place to discuss issues

2. Short term [8 one hour’s session]

3. Work place counselors are mindful of the context in which the employees work

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4. Understand home environment of employees

5. Integrative in nature.

What is work environment?

[Link] condition in which an employee operates.

2. physical condition

[Link]

[Link] interactions at workplace

5. physical condition of the building

What is work related stress?

• Work demands exceed the persons capacity and capability to cope.

• Can be caused by various events

• What one person may perceive as stressful another may view as challenging

Depends on the job, the person’s psychological make up and other factors

CAUSE AND EFFECTS OF WORK-RELATED STRESS

CAUSES EFFECTS
Unhealthy relationship High absenteeism
Long hours High turnover
Heavy workload Poor performance and productivity
Changes within the organization Poor motivation
Insufficient skills Home life conflict
Inadequate working environment Health problems
Harassment Employee burnout
Discrimination
Crisis incident

How to reduce work related stress?

Primary intervention

• Flexible working hours

• Increasing employee participation

• Creating clear promotion and reward pathways

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• Eliminating physical hazards

Secondary intervention

• Training and education of employees

• Routine health surveillance

Tertiary intervention

• Providing medical care and employee assistance programs

• Return to work plans

Job stress models

1. Diathesis stress model

a. Distinction between stressful job condition and individual stress.

b. Associated to the difference of job demands and resource.

c. High tolerance may not lead to problem

d. Outstrips the individual’s diathesis then problems ensue

[Link] reward imbalance model.

• Relation between efforts and rewards

• High levels of effort and low rewards leads to stress

• Absence of reward program makes employees get motivated and underperform

• Tangible or intangible

[Link] control support model.

• Low levels of work-related autonomy and high workload is harmful

• Leads to job strain

• Disagreeable workplace environments

• Lack of autonomy

• Difficult relationship with coworkers

• Lack of career growth

• Harassment

[Link] environment fit model

• Match between a person his/her work environment

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• The job profile should be in accordance to skill-sets

• Misfits unwanted needs

• The greater the gap or misfit between the person and work environment, the greater the strain

[Link] characteristics model

• Skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback

• Essential to sense of meaningfulness and knowledge acquisition.

• Positive characteristics: motivation, satisfaction

• Negative job characteristics -absenteeism drop in productivity

What is work- family conflict?

Unhealthy balance which forces a person to place work demands above and beyond the demands and
needs of family, or alternatively.

ROLE CONFLICT

DIRECTIONS

• Work to family conflict[wfc]

• Family to work conflict[fwc]

Causes of work family conflict

• Changes in the structure of the family

• Extended family care responsibilities

• More with less

• Career advancement

How to reduce work family conflict

• Time management

• Separate problem from the person

• Open and qualitative communication

• Sharing of family responsibilities

• Better working environment

• Flexible working hours

• Bring the home to work involve family

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MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS

• Health and safety policies and practices

• Recognizing and rewarding

• Improve emotional resilience

• Offer training

• Implement morning briefings

• Offer quick areas

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 Therapies

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 ❖ Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT)
❖ Dialectic Behavior Therapy (DBT)
❖ Psychodynamic Therapies
❖ Humanistic Therapies
❖ Rational emotive behavioral therapy
❖ Group therapies
❖ Couples, relationship or family therapy
❖ Mindfulness based therapies
❖ Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing [EMDR]
❖ Motivational counselling
❖ Life coaching
❖ Telephone counselling
❖ Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy
❖ Bibliotherapy
❖ Family therapy
❖ Solution focused brief therapy
❖ Pre-marital counselling

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a short-term therapy technique that can help people find new ways to
behave by changing their thought patterns. Engaging with CBT can help people reduce stress, cope with
complicated relationships, deal with grief and face many other common life challenges. cbt works on
the basis that the way we think and interpret life’s events affects how we behave and, ultimately, how
we feel. studies have shown that it is useful in many [Link] is a problem specific, goal-oriented
approach that needs the individual’s active involvement to succeed .it focuses on their present-day
challenges, thoughts and behaviors.

CBT is a collaborative therapy, requiring the individual and counselor to work together. According to
the American psychological association [APA] the person eventually learns to become their own
therapist. CBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person’s thoughts, beliefs, attitudes
affect their feelings and behaviors.

CBT can have a positive impact on how people feel and act and equip them with coping strategies that
help them deal with [Link] aims to help you identify and explore the ways your emotions and
thoughts can affect your actions. It’s largely based on the idea that your thoughts, emotions, and actions
are connected. some of the most popular techniques used in CBT are:

[Link] goals
[Link] discovery and questioning
[Link]
[Link] talk
[Link] restructuring
[Link] recording
[Link] activities and situation exposure
4D APPROACH

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 1. Detect
2. Debate
3. Decide
4. Discard and change

How Do They Work?

By looking at how we can react differently to our thoughts and feelings (for example, challenging
negative thoughts) and how changing the way we behave can help us feel better (for example trying
new activities).

What are they based on?

They are based on scientific methods.

What form do they take?

Sessions are clearly structured. the therapist directs the conversation. they are focused on current
problems and practical solutions.

How long do they take?

Treatment is usually short term and for a set length of time between 6 and 24 one-hour sessions.

When are they practiced?

These are being used more often in the NHS, especially for treating common problems such as
depression and anxiety.

What are they helpful for?

A range of problems including depression anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, managing long term
illness, eating disorder, post-traumatic stress and schizophrenia. NICE recommend CBT for all these

Who will they suit?

People who want a therapy that works towards solutions, with clear goals and using practical techniques.

What are some of the variations?

Cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy.
"CBT was amazing-it was so simple .my diagnosis is bipolar disorder and I had very low self-esteem
and lack of confidence in my future. I had about 15 sessions over a year. the psychologist showed me
how to notice what I was thinking and then how I felt afterwards, and to realize you can choose your
own thoughts. I thought they were just random thoughts there to make my life a misery. but I learnt that
any time I could stop and say: why am I thinking that?"
"I had a CBT therapist but I think she probably used lots of different things in fact it didn't feel like she
was using anything -it felt like a natural process rather than anything very medical or clinical."

Dialectic behavior therapy (DBT)

DBT combines some of the methods of CBT with meditation techniques .it involves individual therapy
and group therapy. NICE recommends DBT for persistent binge eating disorder and people with
personality disorders who self-harm.

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Psychodynamic therapies

How do they work

By exploring how your personality and early life experiences influence your current thoughts, feelings,
relationships and behavior. once you have this extra understanding, you can practice more helpful ways
of dealing with difficult situations.

What are they based on?

Originally the ideas of the neurologist and psychotherapist Sigmund Freud, with many changes over
the last 100 years.

What form do they take?

The therapist works with you to understand your thoughts, feelings, relationships, behavior, dreams and
fantasies

How long do they take?

Usually between several months and several years, although shorter term versions are available.

When are they practiced?

Often privately and in some charities. They're available on the NHS in some areas.

What are they helpful for?

Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, long term physical health problems, eating disorders and
addictions. NICE recommends psychodynamic therapy for people experiencing depression alongside
other complex illness.

Who will they suit?

People interested in self exploration who are willing to devote lots of time and energy to it.

What are some of the variations?

Psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, analytical psychology,
Jungian or Freudian analysis, focal psychodynamic therapy (NICE recommends this for treating
anorexia nervosa)
"I was quite severely depressed as a teenager. I tried various antidepressants and some CBT based stuff,
but nothing was helping. finally, my GP suggested that I try psychotherapy at my local mental health
unit."
"At first, I was skeptical couldn't see how sitting in a room with a stranger was going to help. I was
quite a nightmare, trying to prove to my therapist and myself that the therapy would fail. but with
psychodynamic therapy, the therapist is prepared to sit and wait out that part with you. she started
helping me link the way I was thinking, feeling and behaving to what might have gone on when I was
younger and that really made sense.

❖ Humanistic therapies

How do they work?

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 By taking a whole person approach to your problem, using a range of theories and practices to
help you develop.

Where did they come from?

They were developed to offer an alternative to psychodynamic and behavioral therapies,
focused on developing your full potential.

What form do they take?

These therapies explore your relationship with different parts of yourself (such as your body,
mind, emotions, behavior and spirituality) and other people (for example family, friends,
society or culture) and support you to grow a live to the full.

How long do they take?

Therapy can be short or long-term depending on the issues you need to cover, but usually at
least several months.

Where are they practiced?

Therapists working for the NHS or charities and private therapists offer these therapies

What are they helpful for?

Humanistic therapies tend to treat specific problems-such as depression, anxiety or addiction-
as chances for you to develop and grow. therapists work with any issue causing difficulties in
your life.

What are some of the variations?

Person centered counselling (NICE recommends this for children and young people with mind
depression and sometimes for people with schizophrenia), transpersonal psychology, body
psychotherapy, gestalt therapy, psychosynthesis, integrative psychotherapy, existential psychotherapy,
transactional analysis, psychodrama personal construct therapy

"I was referred to a person that deals with people who turn to alcohol because of psychological
problems' was in a state of a constant panic and had been drinking to keep those feelings at bay. There
was not a set formula to the sessions. We would get just go and get a cup of coffee and I would talk
about what was bothering me with person centered counselling the therapist steers you through finding
out more about yourself and developing confidence.

RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY

Albert Ellis once said that the best years of your life are the ones in which you decide your problems
are your own you don’t blame them on your mother, the ecology, or the president. you realize that you
control your own destiny.
Rational emotive behavior therapy also known as REBT is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy
focused on helping clients change their irrational beliefs. It is also useful to treat self in case of any such
behavioral problems.
WHY REBT IS POPULAR?
REBT is popular because it makes sense to most people and they can do use it.

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REBT helps them better manage their thoughts feelings and behavior so it is ideal for people with
multiple, interacting psychological and addictive problems.
REBT BASIC
According to REBT our attitudes, our beliefs our thoughts the way we think about events and the
meanings we give to them directly and affect how we feel and behave this is commonsense to most
people, making REBT more user friendly than other therapies.
REBT teaches that even though people are determined to some extend by their genetic genes their
upbringing, their family background etc., they can change.
REBT focuses on techniques rather than insight, it teaches people how to change.
REBT encourages them to accept their limitations while working on self-change.

POSTULATES
[Link] are not disturbed by things but rather by how they view things.
2. all emotional problems come from irrational thinking.
[Link] people hold irrational feeling about themselves or the world at large problems results.
[Link] cause of the problem is that people is that people mistakenly blame external events for their
unhappiness.
RATIONAL THINKING
-Reflects preferences rather than demands
-is flexible
-is realistic
-is functional, helpful useful in terms of someone long term goals and values.
-doesn’t mean cold and calculating.

ABC MODEL
A- Activating events, something happens in the environment around you.
B- Belief you hold, a belief you hold about the events or situation.
C- Consequences, the emotional response resulted

ABC DIAGONISTIC STEP

A. Activating -he yelled at me
B belief – I can’t believe he dared to yell at me that’s totally unprofessional, he should never have
acted the way I can’t stand it, I want a drink 9and I have to have what I want when I want it I can
get away with it, it won’t matter.
C consequences -anger, drinking, etc.
DE
D -Disputation to challenge irrational beliefs
E-Effective new beliefs replace the irrational ones.
REBT SELF APPLICATION
REBT’s comprehensive approach works best for individuals deserving a scientific, present focused
and active treatment for coping with life’s difficulties rather than one which is mystical, historical
and largely passive.
It’s been said that only you can upset yourself about events, the events themselves no matter how
desirable, can never upset you.
FOUR SIMPLE PRINCIPLES
1 you are responsible for your own emotions and actions.

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 [Link] harmful emotions and dysfunctional behavior are the product of your irrational thinking.
[Link] can leave more realistic views and with practice make them a part of you.
4. you will experience a deeper acceptance of yourself and greater satisfaction in life by
developing a reality-based perspective.

Group therapies

In groups led by a facilitator (someone who helps to introduce members of the group to each other.
NICE recommends group therapy for people with OCD and for children and young people with mild
depression.
"In group therapy you don't just talk about yourself, you are listening to other people- that takes the
burden off your problems. You realize you are not the only one.

Couples, relationship or family therapies

Couples or families work with a therapist to sort out difficulties in their relationships. NICE
recommends family therapy for anorexia nervosa, depression in children and families of people with
schizophrenia. NICE recommends couples therapy if partners have tried individual therapy and this has
not helped.
Interpersonal therapy
This explores how to link mood with the way you relate to the people close to you. NICE recommends
this for people with eating disorders and various forms of depression

Mindfulness based therapies

A therapy that combines talking therapies with meditation .it helps people reduce stress, switch off from
difficult thoughts and feelings and make changes. NICE recommends this treatment to prevent people
who have had depression from experiencing the same problems again. other versions of this treatment
include mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness based cognitive therapy.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

A way of stimulating the brain through eye movements which seems to make distressing memories feel
less intense .it is used for a range of traumas, including past sexual, physical or emotional abuse,
accidents and injuries, phobias, addictions and fear of performing in public.

Motivational counselling
A way of talking about things you may be sensitive about things you may be sensitive about that doesn't
feel threatening. The therapy focuses on your hopes and ambitions and problems that could stop you
reaching your goals. NICE recommends this for people with a mental health problem who have
problems with alcohol or substance misuse.

Life coaching
This uses empowering, motivational methods to help you reach goals or make changes.

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Art therapies
These therapies encourage you to express how you feel through art (painting, drawings, music, theatre
or dance). art can help you work out how to tackle difficulties, release emotions and understand yourself
better.
Telephone counselling
This offers an easy way of talking to a therapist if you do not want to meet a face-to-face counsellor or
if you can't find [Link] is sometimes provided by employers and charities. online or email counselling
is another option.

Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy

No talking required you work through a series of exercises on your computer screen and learn self-help
techniques for managing in your life. NICE recommends beating the blues for mild moderate
depression, and fear fighter for panic and phobia.

Bibliotherapy
Health professionals prescribe self-help books which you can borrow from your local library. they will
usually offer you these alongside other treatment. NICE recommends these fear anxiety and obsessive-
compulsive disorder and sometimes for depression.

FAMILY THERAPY
A type of psychotherapy designed to identify family patterns that contributes to a behavior disorder or
mental illness and help family members break those habits. family therapy involves discussion and
problem-solving sessions with the family. some of these sessions may be as a group, in couples, or one
on one .in family therapy, the web of interpersonal relationships is examined and ideally,
communication is strengthened within the family.
If your family is going through a tough time -whether it’s from stress, anger or grief family therapy can
make a [Link] can help couples, children, or members of an extended family learn to communicate
better and work through conflicts.
Problems in your family can affect all areas of family members lives, you and your loved ones might
notice trouble cropping up at work, at school, or in everyday interactions with other people. when it
feels like the issues in your family are too big for you to handle -and aren’t getting better -it may be
time to see a family therapist. they can help you find new ways to manage struggles, conflicts and
challenges.
Families can benefit from therapy when they experience any stressful event that may strain family
relationships, such as financial hardships, divorce, or the death of a loved [Link] addition it can be
effective in treating mental health concerns that impact the family as a whole, such as depression,
substance abuse, chronic illness and food issues or everyday concerns like communication problems,
interpersonal conflict or behavioral problems in children and adolescents.
It aims to promote understanding and collaboration among family members in order to solve the
problems of one or more individuals.
Example explained was of bhavan’s family therapy.
3 different paradigms of self: -Autonomous self, relation self, narrative self. How they express
themselves, you have to talk, focus and deal the problem and deal it with .as a counselor contracting is
very important three levels are as follows: -
[Link]

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2. professional
[Link]
Administrative-charge for complete session, availability, session, fees.
Professional -confidentiality, relations-totally professional we can continue the part.
Psychological contract -lot of home to do, you have to do

SOLUTION FOCUSED BRIEF THERAPY[SFBT]

It places focus on a persons present and future circumstances and goals rather than past experiences ,in
this goal oriented therapy, the symptoms or issues bringing a person to therapy are typically not
[Link] aims to help people experiencing difficulty find tools they can use immediately to manage
symptoms and cope with challenges, is grounded in the belief that although individuals may already
have the skills to create change in their lives ,they often need help identifying and developing those
skills .it was developed by Steve de Shazer and insoo Kim berg in collaboration with their colleagues
at the Milwaukee brief family therapy center beginning in the late [Link] is future focused ,goal
directed ,and focuses on solutions ,rather than on the problems that brought clients to seek therapy.
It is a short-term goal focused evidence based therapeutic approach, which incorporates positive
psychology principles and practices, and which helps clients change by constructing solutions rather
than focusing on problems, in the most basic senses is a hope friendly, positive

LEVELS OF LISTENING
• Preoccupied listening
• Combative listening
• Inclusive listening
• Analytical listening
Therapies in general has different orientation, like psychoanalysis is retro analysis

PRE-MARITAL COUNSELLING
Premarital counseling is a type of therapy that helps couples prepare for marriage. premarital counseling
can help ensure that you and your partner have a strong, healthy relationship -giving you a better chance
for a stable and satisfying marriage. This kind of counseling can also help you identify weakness that
could become problems during marriage. Premarital counseling is often provided by licensed therapists
known as marriage and family therapists. these therapists have graduate or post graduate degrees and
many chose to become credentialed by the American association for marriage and family therapy.
counseling might be offered through religious institutions as well .in fact, some spiritual leaders require
premarital counseling before conducting a marriage ceremony.
Pre-marital counseling can help couples improve their relationships before marriage. you will be
encouraged to discuss topics related to marriage, such as: -
[Link]
2. communication
[Link] and values
[Link] in marriages
5. affection and sex
[Link] to have children
[Link] relationships
[Link] making
[Link] with prayer

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10. time spent together
This helps partners improve their ability to communicate, set realistic expectations for marriage and
develop conflict resolution [Link] addition, premarital counseling can help couples establish a positive
attitude about seeking help down the road.
Trust, acronym -braving by brene brown
B- boundary
R- reliability
A-accountability
V-vault
I-integrity
N-non judgmental
G-generosity
Boundary in expenditure, spending time with the others
Reliability-keeping your words will build trust
Accountability-accountable for what you do, if you are wrong, agree to it
Vault-keeping secret, when someone trust you, because of they share with you
Integrity-maintaining your values every time
Example-if you say about cleanliness standard, maintain that all time, maintain stability
Non -judgmental -when someone shares do not judge them, building of trust will demolish
Generosity – don’t keep account of everything, maintain the boundary
These are the basic factors to build up the trust, an activity can be done while counselling is maintaining
eye to eye contact and make them share something or just look at each other, you can teach them 7
breath, deep breathing exercise 7 times. Other thing we can have is a hypothetical session if they are
romantic couple, if they are asked hypothetic question just see the reaction, you can ask them to switch
the role, this helps the client too realize, mirroring helps to connect emotionally, blind fold walk is
another technique which can be used

23 | P a g e
 Case Study

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 I CASE HISTORY
Identification data:
Name : M.I
Age : 26
Gender : Male
Place of birth : Pollachi
Domicile : Urban
Educational status : Masters in Primatology
Marital status : Single
Occupation : Student
Informant : Self
Referred by : Parents

Presenting complaints: Excessive anger and mood swings whenever he thinks about his future or
someone questions about his future.

History of present illness:

The act of getting aggressive and experiencing mood swings is known to have started since his 11th
standard. Though being the school topper in his tenth standard board exams, he couldn't maintain the
same success in his higher secondary and had to drop out of schooling. Ever since then, he has been
experiencing such mood swings. Though he managed to study through correspondence mode and build
a career of his interest (environmental conservation and forestry), he is not been appreciated or accepted
for his efforts and the position he holds. Till date, whenever his friends or family tries to bring down
his morale by questioning about his future, he experiences these problems.

VERBATIM

CLIENT (C): Hey! Are you free for a call now?

THERAPIST (T): Hey Yeah. Sure

C: My mom asked me to talk to you. We thought you could help me with my issues.

T: Definitely. I shall try my level best to help you.

C: I have been disturbed for a while now and I have no idea whom to talk to.

T: I understand. Before we start, I shall make one thing clear. This is a professional call. Whatever
information you share here, will stay within us. I wouldn't even disclose anything with your parents.
So, you can feel free to talk.

C: Yeah Sure. I get it.

T: Great. I would like to know about your issue in detail. Can you please elaborate?

C: I never had any issues until my 10th std. In fact, I had a beautiful relationship with my parents. I was
the topper scorer in my school. Everything was going fine.

25 | P a g e
T: Mm, okay

C: I had joined a residential school, far from home for my higher secondary. That was my first
experience, away from home.

T: I get it. Mm

C: I found it hard to adapt to the environment, so I used to take leaves often. But my parents were not
understanding of this and it led to issues between us.

T: What kind of problems arose?

C: I ended up arguing with my father and we even slapped me once.

T: Mm.

C: This went on for a while and I discontinued from that school and completed 12th from my old school.
I didn't score much. I was aspiring to be a doctor initially, but by the end of 12th grade I understood my
passion towards environment conservation and ended up choosing forestry.

T: That is a good thing to know.

C: It started off well. But in my second year, I experienced violent and severe ragging by my college
and hostel seniors and as a result of it, I had to drop out of college too. I started to intern at various
organizations that work for environmental conservation and completed my UG through distance
education.

T: Oh, okay.

C: My main issue is, whenever someone enquires about my future ideas or what I am going to be doing
in life, that triggers me a lot and I become aggressive, followed by mood swings.

T: Can you please elaborate on that a little?

C: So, when someone, like a friend or family member, starts a conversation about my future ideas and
goals, not everyone understands my perspective. So, I get irritated and become angry.

T: What happens when you become angry?

C: I sometimes cut off the conversation then and there and leave. I also show it to my parents.

T: What exactly do you feel or think when you are in such circumstances?

C: I think that I am a failure and I will never succeed in life. I choose things apart from mainstream
education and I think I won’t reach where I want to. And when I think this way, I automatically become
furious and I don’t want to talk to anyone.

T: What do you do then?

C: I sit alone in my room, isolate myself and sometimes I cry, sometimes I listen to soothing music, and
sometimes I sleep off.

26 | P a g e
T: Understandable. To add more clarity, can you add a little on what you are doing currently?

C: I am currently doing my masters in Primatology, from Oxford Brooks University, United Kingdom.
Based on the presenting complaints and verbatim, dispute the irrational beliefs of Mr. MI and help him
find effective and rational beliefs. You shall continue the verbatim and conclude the session.

27 | P a g e
 II CASE HISTORY
A 16 year old boy who was referred from police department so he was a good student he was performing
well in his academic till his 9th grade .following with his life events which changed his entire life upside
down so he is someone who grew in wealthy family and family is into business he too was interested
in it ever since he got to know about it, he was good in academics but one issue that he had ever since
childhood was he use to take money from home started with few coins then 10 or 20 bucks he used to
meet his needs through that and since it was only 10-20 bucks family didn’t had any problem with him
taking money ,you can ask whenever you want ,they were not strict with the condition, and he was
always someone who was fascinated by technology particularly gadgets so as a good performer he was
gifted a mobile phone by his parents, he use to upgrade his mobile phones so he was having a connection
with a shopkeeper in his locality he use to visit him often for one or the other reason, understanding the
boy is through well through family, and since he is very frequent there the shopkeeper gave him an
offer that he has lot of second hand mobile for sale and if the boy help him sell the mobile phone he
would also get a brokerage so he started marketing this phones from friends, in school, friends from
tuition, cousins and he earned large amount of 50000 bucks by doing this brokerage, shopkeeper told
that there is additional opportunities for him to earn but he was skeptical about it he wanted to enjoy
cash in hand so he avoided the offer and meanwhile this boy also had a habit of visiting an internet café
in his locality very frequently, and since he was a frequent customer ,the shopkeeper gave him an
isolated cabin and gave him access to porn sites and he was in no disturbance from the environment,
he had complete autonomy to work in the cabin. So again this shopkeeper offer that if he would invest
in his business he would expand his café and he would get something in return like for investment he
would get some percentage of profit as a return and it happens that both the owners of the shops are
friends already, and no since he know both of them and he was knowing to make money since he was
interested also he was interested in business, he agreed to it and given sum of 50000 rupees ,they said
they wanted more and demanded more around 1 lakh , in 6-7 months you will get return and you can
replace the money ,then he took courage went back home and his family had a habit of storing money
at home and so he took a sum of 1 lakh which the family couldn’t notice back then immediately so he
invested in internet café and went daily he got lot of access and because now he has invested in it ,he
had more access and visited porn sites in a day now these owners wanted to take advantage of this boy
and take him to another connection they [Link] they shared with him that he had opportunity to earn
more an be prepared tomorrow and the next day he was taken to a spa where prostitution was happening
it was an Centre which to the outer public it is spa but then internally they were running a prostitution
and he was forced to get into main prostitution that particular day he didn’t liked it .he wasn’t interested
initially but he somehow involved in it and he left the place and next time when they called him for the
same he said no am not interested in it .but it was too late because they have taken a video of him and
started to threaten that if he doesn’t join them now the video will be posted on and they would show
this to family and think of the consequences since nothing helped and he had to go there since he was
forced and also given drugs to indulge in this sexual practices .so later by the month of march the year
end taxing and balancing they found a 1 lakh is missing and everything was fine suddenly they thought
what if our son has done something and then they asked him ,he confessed them what ever happened
by the time he was very down in academics his teachers also raised complain to his parents. He couldn’t
perform well ,they were sure he will fail .he is totally devasted by this ,ten police charged case and then
this case came up then in therapy session he disclosed that he in state to take revenge of the café owner,
he had an attempt to a fire accident .all just made him to take revenge ,he’d now didn’t want to go

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school since many of them knows his story and he is not able to perform well, not able to have eye
contact ,lives in dark room ,attempted suicide which was not successful ,he thinks he has no future now.

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 Activities

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UNDERSTANDING SELF

Activity 1 was based on beautiful which helped to analyze our positive which we hold in us.

Activity 2 was on river of life which helped to analyze our up-to-date experiences and helped to reflect
of life.

Activity 3 was on dream tree which helped to have awareness on our future plans.

Something which made us analyze and be aware of ourself, goals are dreams according to time.

ROLE PLAY

TITLE: Daughter got a tattoo and reached home, show the mothers reaction towards it.

Had a role play and analyzed how to deal with such situation and accept whatever is going around you.

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

Struggle or contest between people with opposing needs, ideas, beliefs, values or [Link] can be between
two people two families, groups, countries or even within one person (an internal conflict)

Example – two students got into a conflict which deciding topics for group presentation.

Why conflicts?

[Link] to live as a new people couple.

[Link] of a baby
[Link] of other children
4 a child going to school
5.a child becoming a young person.
6. a young person becoming an adult.
If not!
[Link] to a new house or country.
[Link] long distances to work.
[Link] in financial circumstances.
4. family business
[Link] laws related conflicts
[Link] conflicts
[Link] parent or step children’s conflicts
8. divorced parents.

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Methods to manage conflict

Assertiveness v/s co-operation

AVOIDER

When you are avoider, you are to assertive style.

Example-tortoise

ATTACKER

They will never listen you

Example – a child’s career and parents’ reaction

Another example is shark

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ACCOMODATOR

Assertiveness will be less and cooperation will be more

Example- teddy bear

NEGOTIATOR

Both assertiveness and cooperation will be same. It’s a deal which works on 50%

COLLABORATOR

Example -owl

There is a special character of owl i.e., it can rotate to 360-degree visual field and we human
have 270 degree. If you are a collaborator, you will look on each and every possibility to the
problem and try to solve. You will think of solution base, keeps on thinking solution until it is
the best choice there you stop, there is no selfishness here.

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A BROKEN POT

There is a saying that broken things cannot take back its shape. But broken can also mould and make to
some pleasing things, can turn if you value it.

Hence, according to the role play Mother was attacker and daughter was negotiator.

KEEP PUSHING

What happens if you keep fighting?

It drains out the energy.

[Link] invested in the relationship are you?

[Link] important is the issue to you?

[Link] you have the energy for the conflict?

[Link] you aware of the potential consequences?

[Link] you ready for the consequences.

[Link] are the consequences if you don’t engage in the conflict?

Example: -

Story of appreciation is from win and influence people by dale Karnik, a woman who is attending a
personality development class in church wherein she was given an assignment where the priest told
asks everyone to go back home and asks 6 negative qualities about them and their husband has to answer
to it and get 6 negative qualities about them so then she conveyed to her husband. He thought for a
minute and then said I will think about it and let you know tomorrow morning. And in night he thought
and thought if I say 6 negatives of wife then she might tell 1000 negatives of me instantly, so he thought
let me avoid the problem, the next day he ordered 6 flowers and it delivered and wrote small note that
he thought whole night and didn’t get any negatives about you rather it’s all positives .then he went to

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his work he came back in evening and she was very happy and hugged him as everyone in her class and
batchmates appreciated that this is the most lovable answer any one could [Link] appreciation that he
given didn’t lead to an unnecessary fight but rather things got better .

BREAK THE THREAD

A couple after marriage always had fights. a counselor just gave a thread and said to pull and in micro
seconds it just [Link] what should be done is when your wife pulls you just lean and when your
husband pulls wife just leans and then it cannot [Link] it’s almost like break the thread scenario, if
one just slightly bow down to the situation you can resolve it and save the relationships.

BC Concept

BELIEVE CONSEQUENCES
a) COMPLAIN
b) EMOTION
c)RATE THE EMOTION
d)POINT OUT THE HIGHEST EMOTION
e) WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BODY
f) COPING STRATEGIES
g) METAFEELING
e) RATING THEM

BC is the part of CBT, where we help them to understand how to deal with it

TO DRAW AN AQUARIUM
ART THERAPY [BASED ON SEMI PROJECTIVE TEST]
EXPLANATION
Fish -emphasize more on you
Plant -friends and family
Water-life
Fish
If face part of fish is sharp -communication of the person will be brutal, frank, blonde
If smooth curve-polished and diplomatic kind of communication
Tilted heart-love, compassionate
Direction of fish- if same you are on line with environment you are living
If different direction – no understanding with environment
Fins
Shows proactivity
Sharp and long positioned fins-detached /cutoff
Tiny fins-locomotor activity
Tail
Flexible, open to change
If no tail -no place for discussion

Eyes
If open eyes -observant, mindful

35 | P a g e
 If closed or not drawn -ignorant

Water
Pattern reality
If colored -living life to fullest
Level of water -happiness level

Bubbles
Inspiring individuals
Number -able to inspire people around your liveliness

Aquarium
Size of aquarium shows knowledge and confidence you cross
Open-ventilation
Corners -disturbed

Stones or pebbles
Grounded with reality
If not entire-tiny problems
Coral reef is plant part

Motor pipe
Need for external push, facilitator, mentor
castle – extra things show passion, shelter in life, security part.

TO DRAW A HOUSE, TREE AND A PERSON

HTP is a widely used semi projective test and held wide variety of applications
House, tree and a person are three different pictures to be drawn in individual sheets.
Interpretation is as follows: -
PERSON
HEAD
If its large (unusual)
Aggressive
Self-centered nature
High achievement aspiration
Excess of fantasy
Not satisfied with their own appearance.
If it’s too small
Withdrawn with intellectual /sexuality
Weak ego strength
Excessive worrier

36 | P a g e
If started drawing head first -it’s completely fine. But if its last then it indicates severe mental or
emotional disturbance, if omitted head drawing, then it fears of rejection, failure, suppress the
distributing thoughts. If head is out of alignment, then neurological or organic problem. Instead of
facing head drawn back side -not up for discussion /interaction.

Hair

If they have too much emphasized on hair, it could denote sexuality, preoccupation with their sexual
thought, might have homosexual concept or they have hidden up, compensation of fear of sexual, if
elaborated too much [wavy], inclined towards sexually acting out, suffering from stress due to physical
relation. If heavy shading of hair anger of attacking [physically someone], the more darker more
aggression, if male patient and drawn long hair which doesn’t look proportionate -issues of sexuality.
If male omitted drawing hair feeling of sexual inadequacy.

Facial feature

If not added any feature, then they are withdrawn from environment, hostile, if they are over
emphasizing concerned about how they are projected out in society, if non-human features bizarre
feature, then it’s thought disorder, if they show their entire face, then there might be emotional feeling
undergoing

Eyes and eyebrows

If unusually large they are over sensitive to social, friendly, social outgoing, suspicious or have
paranoid. If it’s by end, drawn largely-homosexual tendency omitted drawing pupil -guilt about
pornography. If its unusually small or close eyes -introverted, introspective, self-observed. If orbit is
large and eye tends to be small -visual curiosity, watching everything. If just drawn small circle to eyes
-childish, immature attitude. If omitted drawing eyes -having lot of visual hallucination, poor
judgement, poor adjustment. If emphasis on eyes [highlighted]-suspicious and extremely paranoid. If
placed or drawn eyes wide -dramatic quality, extremely sensitive. If eyes placed on side of head -
paranoid

Ears and nose

Large and unusual ears -overly sensitive to criticism, auditory hallucination Omission of ears-healthy
and normal, minimal contact with environment. If they have marked question mark -mistrustful.
Focusing on nose – too much emphasize, depressive tendency Nostril indicated and emphasized -
respiratory factor, stress related illness. Omitted nose -weak, inadequate, low self-esteem. Drawn button
or triangle nose – immature, sharply pointed nose -acting out tendency Phallic nose- masculinity

Mouth and chin

Emphasized on mouth, overly dependent, overly indulged, verbally aggressive, when stressful behave
in immature manner and they could also be suffering from speech problem, eating disorder or alcohol
abuse. If client is young adult -poor self-confidence. If client is elderly person -unable to communicate.

37 | P a g e
If omitted mouth -depression, verbal aggression heard, difficulty in communication. If they draw full
lips -self dependent, sensuous. Lipstick like colors -self-centered Added objects in mouth -high sex
drive, need stimulation for oral region If single straight line instead of lips -issues with depression. If
slash line mouth-verbally aggressive, hypes critical, very sadistic. If shows teeth -immature, dependent
Chin emphasized -high energy level, covering weakness. If not -feeling of powerlessness

NECK AND ADAM’S APPLE

Short and thick-impulsive, stubborn and rigid, can’t keep impulses on control. Long -differentiate
feeling from intellectual ideas, well cultured, dissatisfaction with body, exceptionally long and thin neck
mental emotional, schizoid or paranoid. Avoided neck-Neurological disorder.

TORSO AND BODY

Slash line on body -suicidal tendency. Treated trunk unusual -masculine personality, feature.
Assymmetry-hysteriotic of limbs. Flat wide trunk [female]-concern of overweight, obese Large trunk -
unsatisfied needs or goals. Narrow -shy, schizoid. Omitted -organic condition severe, psychotic
disorder. Drawn rounded trunk-Passive, less aggressive, immature. While drawing [if its male client]-
psychosexually immature. Large breasts -over dependent on mother Male-oral addiction, cigarettes.
Female- large breasts- attention seeking narcissistic though identifies productive and dominant mother.
If [m] small- withstood by mother /rejected. Female-stingy towards children. Female omitted -they are
unaffectionate immature. If waist line -belt It shows artistic interest -irrational fear. If added genital part
drawn [non artists]-behavior problem, conduct disorder, poorly socially immature.

ARMS FINGERS

Broad arms -competent to achieve things. Arms behind back -aggressive attitude Folded arms -
suspicious, non-assertive Long and strong-arm General population-being ambitious. If elderly people -
frustrated and angry. Short arm -lack of ambitious, feeling insecure. Unattached arm to trunk -inferior.
Wing like arms/unusual-schizoid. If omitted hands -insecurity, inferiority Pockets-suspicious, diligent
behavior. Finger nails pointed /detailed -anger, hostility, Fewer than 5 fingers -feeling of inadequate.
More than 5 fingers -ambitious, aggressive, over achiever.

LOCOMOTOR PARTS

Legs

Chopped off from waist -feeling restricted, lack of autonomy. Crossed legs -defensive, cautious. Long
legs -need for independent, need for autonomy. Short legs -struck, immobile. Drawing front view -
honest, frank. Overdressed -attention seeker. Normal drawing -there are no problems to be discussed.

BACK VIEW-

Low trust, psychopathic tendencies. If client ask about doubt of clothing -disturbing in. Clothing big
for figure-self-hatred. Larger pockets, Female- dependent on mother. Male – very independent. Over
detaching of shoes. Male- sexually important of ageing.

HOUSE

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Shadow -anxious

Shrubs -insecure, self-protective barriers

Female -shrubs, happy go lucky

Spontaneously tree around -strong need for dependence.

Draw a blue print -severe conflict at home

Rear side -oppositional

They feel rejected -if different appearance of house.

Small house-psychologically disturbed

Female-self-controlled, self-disciplined

House left side [f] -psy-socially reserved

Presence of chimney -good adjustment

Emphasized too much on chimney -over concern with nurturance with home life, decline in intellectual
ability

If chimney is given different angle, then they have -immature behavior

Multiple chimney -intimacy issues

Omission -denotes lack of psychological warmth in house

Male -insecure about life

If more smoke in chimney -pressure from environment

Inner tension -smoke right to left -pessimist

Soke both direction -psychotic

If chimney in single line -shows lack of warmth.

Chimney and smoke -expressing

Door
Absence of door -distant from family relations, withdrawn, isolated
Door [lastly drawn]-not happy with relation with others.
Large door -overdependent, interest in need with others, open
Small door -backoff from others, reluctant to be socially open
Male -dishorse
Doors are locked -defensive, suspicious
Doors above baseline of house -involve with others.

39 | P a g e
 Open doors-need for emotional warmth
Roof -one roof, one wall -maintain acceptable social image.

TREE
Conflict over authoritative -warm and nurturing.
Types of trees
Apple tree -virtual desires to have children
Female -pregnant high possibility
Christmas tree – if its season all fine, unvented dependent feeling
Dead tree -therapy on prognosis.
They tend to cover their inferiority
Male – struggling for autonomy.
Tree -small dependent on mother, weak ego with low energy
Leaning to left -impulsive tendency
Leaning to right 0 desire to repress unpleasant memories, running away from past,
optimistic

SAPLING
Regressive, immaturity, shows anxiety regarding past.
Female- swing in tree -relax attitude non conservative thought process
Windblown tree-branches [open crown] cloud shaped
Stereotypical men character, dominant, striving, competent.
Closed crown, very tall branches -top of the paper-schizoid, back toward tree,
Turning upward-manic
Very large trunk [small branches]-frustrated with environment
Drawn a branch lowest part of trunk -immature, infantile

CROWN OF THE TREE

Cloud like -low energy level, act of fantasizing -childish avoidance reality-impulsive,
confusion type.
Curved line-enthusiastic, talkative, socially active
Shaded the crown -depressive, insecure mood
Leaves -absence of leaf [winter]ask the season. if purposely avoided leaf-empty in inner
side totally unhappy.
Leaves falling -fallen leaves. talk about being unable to confirm the social adjustment.
Female -reflect with menstrual and gynecological.
Male-try to appear fruitful, obsessive-compulsive tendency.

TRUNK
If animal peeping in the trunk, then its regression. being overly dependent.
Female -assertive and outgoing
Broad trunk -slow to comprehend
Horizontal movement
Male -being self-protective, curving lines-healthy, flexible, unconventional
Rigid and straight line-withdrawn

40 | P a g e
 If no symmetry -coordination issue, self-confident, being withdrawn and emptiness.
suffering psychosomatic illness, bizarre details -thought disorder
Labeling parts -emotional disorder
Spontaneous drawn
Clouds-anxious, fuse to drawn or complete the picture hostile negativism.
Shadow -anxious
Sun -inadequacy

41 | P a g e
 Experience Gained from Internship

42 | P a g e
Pointers Learned

Counselor should know to differentiate between right and wrong. should be a selective listener. Should
to know what should be taken from client and what should not be taken. learned about if a client comes
to us how should we deal and how to choose a client because in this era it's not necessary that a genuine
problematic person comes to you .it may happen sometimes that person tends to misuse your skills and
potential in some other way .so a counselor should always be in alert of everything happening around.
We got to know that this field is rare and you should use your capacity and capabilities to the best way
you can utilize. Gestalt psychology focuses on perception. It's said that you are you, and I am I, and if
by chance we find each other. it's beautiful if not it can't be helped. Christian Ehrenfels put up the world
gestalt first time that whole is greater than sum of its parts.

THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES
The 3 question techniques are:
1. What is the evidence of the belief?
2. How else can you interpret the situation?
3. If it is true, what are the implications?

Specifying automatic thoughts

[Link]
2. automatic thoughts
3. emotions
[Link] response
5. outcome.

COGNITIVE MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Early childhood experiences lead to basic beliefs about oneself and one's world.
AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS
This is a significant role in perceived thoughts.
COGNITIVE SCHEMAS
How individuals think about their world
Schemas develop early in life from personal experience and interaction with others

KEY CONCEPT OF COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS

1 All or nothing thinking
2 negative prediction
3 selective abstraction
4 minds reading
5 catastrophizing
6 over generalization
7 magnification and minimization
8 personalization
9 labelling and mislabeling

43 | P a g e
We had our real HTP thereafter done, interpreted and made a proper report to analyze.

ECG

E -Experiences
C-Contribute
G-growth

Experiences are the person wants to have in life, contribute is the list of things back, growth is how they
want to see themselves. What we want in future is experience

8 phase approach

1. History and treatment planning

2. Preparation
3. Assessment
4. Desensitization
5. Installation
6. Body scan
7. Closure
8. Devaluation

Diaphragmatic breathing

It is also known as belly breathing involves fully engaging the stomach, abdominal muscles, and
diaphragm when breathing. This means actively pulling the diaphragm down with each inward breath
.in this way, diaphragmatic breathing helps the lungs fill more efficiently. Breathing is a natural process
that usually occurs without conscious effort. However, the average breath tends to be shallow and does
not engage the diaphragm very much. During diaphragmatic breathing, a person consciously engages
their diaphragm in order to take deeper breaths. a person will notice their stomach rising and falling.
they will also feel an expanding or stretching sensation in the stomach, rather than solely in their chest
and shoulders.

DIFFERENT SET OF PROBLEM A COUNSELLOR GETS

PROBLEMS ADDRESSED
[Link] and career/work adjustment concerns
[Link] decisions about career and work and dealing with school -work retirement
transitions
3. relationship difficulties including marital and family difficulties
4. learning and skill deficits
[Link] management and coping with negative life events
[Link] problems

44 | P a g e
 [Link] with and adjusting to physical disabilities disease or injury
[Link] social adjustment
[Link] development of one’s identity
10. persistent difficulties with relating to other people in general
11. mental disorders

45 | P a g e
CONCLUSION

In your therapy session

1. What should contain?

2. How should the setup be?

Well ventilated room should be there, table is not preferred, empathy -act of listening style, priorities
wellbeing, ego of counselor should not be there. Build your network with psychiatrist, psychologist,
police, child care numbers, lawyers. Have basic connection with them. Referrals to psychiatrist, build
your network, should be able to handle the problem. Make use of techniques you learned in counseling;
minimum master’s degree should be there because clients are also knowledgeable so they really can ask
your credential.

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REFERENCES

1. Beels, C.C. (2002). notes for a cultural history of family therapy. family process 41[1],67-82.
[Link]
2. Steinglass, p. (1984) family systems theory and therapy: a clinical application of general
systems theory. psychiatricannals,14[8],582-586.
[Link]
3. Iveson, C. (2002). Solution-focused brief therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 8(2), 149-
156. DOI: 10.1192/apt.8.2.149.
4. Lutz, Anne bodmer, Anne [(2003). learning solution -focused therapy: An illustrated guide.
Arlington, Virginian: American psychiatric [Link] 978-0880-483834
5. Pichot, [Link] Dolan, y., teri (2003). solution-focused brief therapy: its effective use in agency
settings. Binghamton, New York: Haworth clinical practice press.p.12. ISBN 0-7890-1554-4
6. Ellis, albert ([Link] theories and practices of rational emotive behavior therapy and how they
have been augmented and revised during the last three decades. journal of rational emotive and
cognitive therapy,21(3/4)
7. [Link]
8. [Link]
9. [Link]
10. [Link]
11. [Link]
12. [Link]
13. [Link]
14. [Link]
15. [Link]
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17. [Link]

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