3 The Seeq tissue and enclosed by an ith a storage make up the seed coat, ively acces The " se associated MH collective imordia of futu a boatcs sertet of eee tes stony shells at in which Pe sve derived fron Gardine membranes and sof an embryo Play protect sunet has defined seed as “a unit contai jn murient SiUstUres are already established and which sembeddeG™ fn ring plants bear seeds, Megas oes immediately preceeding i’. Seed cat ats assed. Al few Under suitable In pasPOFangium, Morphologically, ripened ovule SB ive or dorMAN” 1's typical seed has comin Seed is a miniature plant. Each seed encloses a0 7-0 joan adult plant. Onditions the embryo becomes active and germinates 10 V7 the following parts - adi made up of two 1. Seed Coat : It is i ing of the seed and Sin and papery : rotective covering of ich is thin and Pal E ‘ Testa, which is usually hard, and (b inner, called Tegmens WichIS! ay which water enters There is a small opening at one end of the seed coat mature, integumented layers : (a) outer, called called micrOP) funiculus. A large the seed. The stalk of the sc wan nh ihe set aac FLA) ee Aficilus: ths s Scar is located near the middle of one edge, where the seed breaks TW 1 ecents the base of the called hilum. There is a ridge beyond the hilum opposite the mictoP Funiculus which is fused with the integuments and is called raphe. Batis: 2. Embryo : Embryo is a young plant enclosed in a seed coat ee two. Sometimes they saa ne Cotyledons : These are leaves of embryo. The hey remain thin and papery. The rials and become fleshy. When they do not st ‘elon ode and open out like a ye cotyledons are hinged to an axis (tigellum) at a point called (B) Tigettum : It is the main axis of the embryo, One Re ligpointed and protrudes out of cotyledons. This lies next to micropyle and is called ry root). The other end of tigellum is the feathery plumule (first apical bud portion of axis lying between the cotyledonary node and plumule is called epic 0 called hypocotyl. 3. Endosperm : It is a food-laden tissu 0 the embryo on all sides. In some seeds, the endosperm is f 1 Such seeds are called endospermic (albuminous) seeds. In some seeds it is consut g stages by the developing cotyledons and such seeds do not have end at maturit h (ex-albuminous) seeds. § All parts enclosed by seed coat are calledThe Seed A. Exalbuminous Seeds (Non-endospermic seeds) a 1. Pea seed (Pisum sativum) : Pea seeds are round. Bach seed is attac the fruit by a stalk called funicle. The point of attachment of funicle to s hilum is an opening of the size of a Pinhole, called micropyle. The seed is Dorsal Ventral covered by seed coats of light colour. The “4” outer tough seed coat is called testa and the inner thin and delicate seed coat is called tegmen which is adherent to the inner wall of testa and not distinguishable in the mature seed. Enclosed by the seed coat is present the kemel. The kernel includes two thick cotyledons with stored food. The two cotyledons are hinged to an axis (tigellum) so that they open like a book. One end of the tigellum is pointed and protrudes out of the cotyledons and. lies next to the micropyle. It is radicle or rudimentary root. The protruding radicle lies under the pouch-like expansion of seed coat. The other end of the tigellum is the feathery plumule which develops into shoot. The plumule lies enclosed by two cotyledons (Fig. 3.1). The portion of the tigellum just below the cotyledonary node (between radicle and node) is called hypocotyl and the portion just above (between plumule and node) is called epicotyl. Gram (Cicer arietinum) (Fig. 3.2), Bean (Hindi—sem) (Dolichos lablab), pig. 3.1 Pea seed : A. Pea pod opened to show position of: Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Cucurbits- B. Diagrammatic section through seed and placentay gourd, Cucumber, etc., are almost similar C. Whole seed, D, The kernel after removal of seed in organization. E. Kernel with cotyledons dissected, F. Removed s B. Albuminous Seeds In these seeds food is not stored in two cotyledons, but in endosperm which is mature seed and the cotyledons are thin acting only as food sucking organs, eg., Ci communis), Papaya (Carica papaya), Cotton. am 1. Castor Seed : The seed coat is a hard shell of a mottled black or brown colour. The hilt almost hidden by an outgrowth, the carunele. Caruncle is a proliferation of tip of outer integun is spongy and absorbs water readily. There is a distinct raphe running longitudinally down t from hilum. Inside the hard seed coat, there is a white papery membrane which is a tem nucellus and is called perisperm. Inside the perisperm is present a fleshy, slightly flatt mass of tissue, the endosperm. The endosperm encloses the embryo. The embryonic af seed coat, eme! afer removal of Fig. 32 Gram seed : A. Whole seed, B. The Kem’ © cee reper epent canis ih é ‘One end of the ¢ nia he ental Patol whch me Stes called radicle protrudes oy iedons. z _ igelly "OF the Fig. 33 Castor seed : A. Whole seed, B. Kernel afer removal of seed coat, (C. Whole seed cut into half showing position of embryo MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SEEDS (A) Albuminous (Endospermic) Seeds Most of the common monocotyledonous seeds are albuminous, eg, Maize, Wheat, Rice. In all carp and testa are fused together so the grains ofthese plants are actually fruits (caryopsis). The micropyle and hilum are not seen because ofthe pericarp. The bulk of the grain is filled with endosperm and the embryo. ‘comparatively small space on one side of the grain. te neti sroove along the ventral If the grain is cut longitudinally into two, and the smaller portion the embryo. On lum (single cotyledon of monocots). ‘Opposite to the scutellum a d. On the flat face embryo are fused are of yellowishThe Seed brown colour, In a vertical section of grain two regions are well differentiated, the endosperm and embryo. On the upper and lateral part the embryo is a shield-shaped structure called scutellum (single cotyledon). The tissue of the scutellum adjacent to the endosperm form the epithelium (glandular tissue secreting enzymes, which digest food from endosperm). Lateral to the scutellum is the short axis, the lower part of which is radicle covered by a sheath called coleorhiza and upper part of it is plumule (showing a number of young leaves) sheathed by coleoptile. The region between cotyledonary node and base of coleoptile (first internode) is called mesocotyle (Fig. 3.5). 3. Coconut (Cocos nucifera) : The fruit is a drupe with shining, brown, thin epicarp, fibrous mesocarp and the hard-shelled endocarp. There are three eye-like scars on the shell below one of which, the embryo lies. On breaking open the shell, the seed if found covered by a dark brown seed coat which is adherent to the keel, The kernel including the endosperm is white (Fig. 3.6). er Remnants 23 Pericarp & ‘Seed coat ‘Aleurone layer 7 3 E Fig. 3.4 Seed (Fruit) of Wheat : A. Whole grain, B. Embryo showing a part of endosperm in L.S. Starchy Aleurone layer ndosperm Base of style Plumule Radicle Colenrhiza ‘Scutellum Kemel stalk (cotyledon) 3.5 Monocotyledonous albuminous seed (fruit of maize) : A, Maize cob, B. Grain (fruit) of maize, C. L.S. of maize grain (fruit)onous album ino 5, showing 5° Monocotyled 1, BLS. sh Fig. 36 hanging shel, Bs A. Trop of (B) oe Seeds Exalbuminous seeds, ¢. nee ; s e.g Poth ‘ Alisma. Alisma seed shows a curved embryo GERMINATION 1 changes that take place from the time under suitable ww when placed the seedling becomes 05, Amorphophallus, (Fig. 3.) ie are included al conditions ry, viable seed starts to gro’ s of germination to the time when establi stablished on the substratum. Conditi ditions Necessary for Germination conditi a itions that are necessary for germination are as follows : A Evternal Factors Ny Micropyle Funiculus Fig. 3.7 : Monocotyledonous exalbuminous seed of Alisma rey SerareyStructure of See, ds ibryo encl consisting of an em - honey ‘or integuments. OSed by (ie. seed plants) €-8. angiosper,, CHAPTER 12 ised ovules legu 12.1, Seed is the product of fertl Protective seed coat or coats developed from ang lis the characteristic structure of spermatophyta : gymnosperms. within the fruit whit ‘Angiosperms are closed seeded plants. sds © enclosed Waves and notennic Bymnosperm seeds are naked ic. seeds are exposed 0” CAPE sed Within the fruit as fruits are not formed. In both the cases seeds consists of :— Testa ot be present) mot present) and (2) Perisperm (may or may not present) Seed coat (s) ‘Tegmen (may or may 1 Seed (1) Endosperm (may or may Plumule ‘Kernel ‘Axis (tigellum) —=G Radicle bi ae Ce (s) The seeds of angiosperms maybe monacledonous and dctledons scoring to Jedonous and di the number of cotyledons present. Monocotyledonovs ani CTT Tht a in are of two types, viz, exalbuminous (non-endospermic) i according to the food (endosperm or perisperm) stored in the cotyledons i.e. within the embryo or the food stored outside the embryo respectively. 12.2. Structure of Dicotyledonous Exalbuminous Seeds : 1. Gran seep (Cicer arietinum, Papilionaceae)—Fig. 12.1, A Gram seeds are broader at one end and pointed at the other end i.e. they are more or less triangular in outline. Seed coat oX Tegmen Plumule Seed Axis (tigellum) —~< Kernel — Embryo —~< Radicle Cotyledon (2) (a) Seed coats are two and distinct—outer testa and inner tegmen. Testa is brownish in colour, thick and leathery whereas inner tegmen is whitish, thin papery and adherent to the testa. On one side of the projected end, there is a scar showing the position of stalk attachment which is the hilum and very near below the hilum a small triangular pore is seen—this is the micropyle, the ridge present on the testa is the strophiole. (b) Kernel—On removing the seed coat it is obtained. In this type of seed kernel is the embryo which consists of two thick fleshy (i) cotyledons and (ii) an axis or tigellum. Cotyledons are attached to this axis. The upper end of the axis with crowded immature leaves is the plumule (gives rise to shoot) and the lower end lying towards the pointed end of the seed is known as the radicle (gives rise to root). The point of attachment of the