1. Father of trigonometry Hipparchus.

2. In India, the father of trigonometry is Aryabhata .

3. Pythagoras theorem (Baudhayan theorem): In a right triangle, the square of length
of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of lengths of the other two
sides.
4. 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 900 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
5. Some pythagoran triplets C
(3,4,5),(5,12,13),(6,8,10),(7,24,25),(8,15,17),(10,24,26)
(20,21,29)

NAMING THE SIDES IN A RIGHT TRIANGLE: 0

90
𝜃
AC = Hypotenuse
A B
BC = Opposite side of angle A (𝜃)

AB = Adjacent side of angle A (𝜃)

(𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑁𝑜 − 271)

Identify “Hypotenuse”, “Opposite side” and “Adjacent side” for the given angles in the

given triangles.
P
1. For angle R
Sol: Hypotenuse=PR

Opposite side of angle R=PQ

Q R
Adjacent side of angle R=RQ

2. (i) For angle X

Z
Sol: Hypotenuse=XY

Opposite side of angle X=ZY

Adjacent side of angle X=XZ X Y

(ii) For angle X

Sol: Hypotenuse=XY
Opposite side of angle Y=ZX
Adjacent side of angle Y=YZ
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 Write lengths of “Hypotenuse”, “Opposite side” and “Adjacent side” for the given angles

in the given triangles.

Sol: 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 900

𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 (From Pythagoras theorem) C

𝐴𝐵2 + 42 = 52
𝐴𝐵2 + 16 = 25 4 cm 5 cm
𝐴𝐵2 + 16 = 25
𝐴𝐵2 = 25 − 16 0
90
𝐴𝐵2 = 9 = 32
B A
AB=3 cm
1. For angle C
Hypotenuse=AC=5 cm
Opposite side of angle C=AB=3 cm
Adjacent side of angle C=BC=4 cm.
2. For angle A
Hypotenuse=AC=5 cm
Opposite side of angle A=BC=4 cm
Adjacent side of angle A=AB=3 cm.

(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 )𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 C

(i) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 = =
(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓) ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶

(Length of) the side adjacent to angle A AB

(ii) cos A = =
(Length of) hypotenuse AC

(Length of )the side opposite to angle A BC 0

(iii) tan A= = 90
Length of the side adjacent toangle A AB

(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓) ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 A B

(iv)cosec A= =
(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 )𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐵𝐶

(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 )ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶
(v)sec A = =
(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐴𝐵

(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 )𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐴𝐵

(vi) cot A = =
(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 )𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐵𝐶

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 RELATION SHIP BETWEEN TRIGONOMETERIC RATIOS:

1 1
(𝑖) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = , 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴
1 1
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = , 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 × 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
1 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 = , 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
(𝑖𝑣) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴, = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴

(𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑁𝑜 − 274)

1. Find (i) sin C (ii) cos C and (iii) tan C in the adjacent triangle

Sol: 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 900 C

𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 (From Pythagoras theorem)

5 cm

𝐴𝐵2 + 52 = 132 0
90
𝐴𝐵2 + 25 = 169 B A

𝐴𝐵2 = 169 − 25

𝐴𝐵2 = 144 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √144 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 12 𝑐𝑚

𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐶 𝐴𝐵 12
(𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 = = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 13
12
∴ sin C =
13

𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐶 𝐵𝐶 5
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶 = = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 13
5
∴ cos C =
13

𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐶 𝐴𝐵 12
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐶 = = =
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜∠𝐶 𝐵𝐶 5
12
∴ tan C =
5

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 2. In a triangle XYZ, Y is right angle, XZ = 17cm and YZ = 15 cm, then find (i) sin X
Z
(ii) cos Z (iii) tan X

Sol: In ∆XYZ , ∠Y = 900

15 cm
0
XY 2 + YZ 2 = XZ 2(From Pythagoras theorem) 90
Y X
2 2 2
XY + 15 = 17

XY 2 + 225 = 289

XY 2 = 289 − 225

XY 2 = 64 ⇒ XY = √64 ⇒ XY = 8 cm

𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝑋 𝑌𝑍 15
(𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑋 = = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑋𝑍 17

𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝑍 𝑌𝑍 15
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑍 = = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑋𝑍 17

𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝑋 𝑌𝑍 17
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑋 = = =
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝑋 𝑋𝑌 8

3. In a triangle PQR with right angle at Q, the value of  P is x, PQ = 7 cm and QR = 24

cm, then find sin x and cos x. R

Sol: In ∆PQR , ∠Q = 900

PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 (From Pythagoras theorem)

24 cm

PR2 = 72 + 242 0
90
𝑥
2
PR = 49 + 576 P
Q 7 cm
PR2 = 625 ⇒ PR = √625 ⇒ PR = 25 cm

Side opposite to angle 𝑥 RQ 24

sin 𝑥 = = =
Hypotenuse PR 25

Side adjacent to angle 𝑥 PQ 7

cos 𝑥 = = =
Hypotenuse PR 25

271)
(𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑁𝑜 − 274)

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 In a right angle triangle ABC, right angle is at C. BC + CA = 23 cm and BC  CA = 7cm,

then find sin A and tan B. B

Sol: BC + CA = 23 cm------(1)

15 cm
BC  CA = 7cm---------(2)
0
90
(1)+(2)⇒ 2 BC=23+7=30 cm
30 C A
BC = = 15cm 8 cm
2

(1)⇒ 15 + CA = 23 ⇒ CA = 23 − 15 ⇒ CA = 8 𝑐𝑚

𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐶 = 900

𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 (From Pythagoras theorem)

𝐴𝐵2 = 82 + 152

𝐴𝐵2 = 64 + 225 = 289

𝐴𝐵 = √289 = 17 𝑐𝑚

Side opposite to ∠A BC 15
sin A = = =
Hypotenuse AB 17

Side opposite to ∠B AC 8
tan B = = =
Side adjacent to ∠B BC 15

4
(i) sin x = does exist for some value of angle x ?
3

Sol: We know that in right angled triangle side is less than hypotenuse.

𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
⇒ <1
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
4 4
Given sin x = >1 .So, sin x = does exist for some value of angle x .
3 3

(ii) The value of sin A and cos A is always less than 1. Why?

Sol: We know that in right angled triangle side is less than hypotenuse.

𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
⇒ <1
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
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 So, sin A and cos A is always less than 1 .

(iii) tan A is product of tan and A.

Sol: Which is wrong. Since tan A means the tangent value of angleA.

(𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒
(𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜 − 275)
− 271)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
1. 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 ?
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴

Sol: yes

Side opposite to ∠A
sin A Hypotenuse Side opposite to ∠A
= = = tan A
cos A Side adjacent to∠A Side adjacent to∠A
Hypotenuse

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
2. 𝐼𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 ?
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴

Sol: yes

𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜∠𝐴
= = = cot 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
3
Example-1. If tan A = , then find the other trigonometric ratio of angle A.
4

3 BC
Sol: tan A = =
4 AB

BC=3, AB=4 C

𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 900
0
3
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 (From Pythagoras theorem) 90

𝐴𝐶 2 = 42 + 32 A 4 B

𝐴𝐶 2 = 16 + 9

𝐴𝐶 2 = 25 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = √25 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 5

𝐵𝐶 3 𝐴𝐶 5
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = =
𝐴𝐶 5 𝐵𝐶 3
𝐴𝐵 4 𝐴𝐶 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = =
𝐴𝐶 5 𝐴𝐵 4
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 𝐴𝐵 4
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 = =
𝐵𝐶 3

Example-2. In ABC and PQR, if A and P are acute angles such that sin A = sin P

then prove that A =P . C Q

BC QR
Sol: we have sin A = and sin P =
AC PQ
0
0 90
90
Given sin A = sin P
A B P R
BC QR
= = k (say)
AC PQ

BC = k. AC and QR = k. PQ

By using Pythagoras theorem

𝐴𝐵 √𝐴𝐶 2 − 𝐵𝐶 2 √𝐴𝐶 2 − 𝑘 2 𝐴𝐶 2 √𝐴𝐶 2 (1 − 𝑘 2 ) 𝐴𝐶
= = = =
𝑃𝑅 √𝑃𝑄 2 − 𝑄𝑅 2 √𝑃𝑄 2 − 𝑘 2 𝑃𝑄 2 √𝑃𝑄 2 (1 − 𝑘 2 ) 𝑃𝑄

𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, = =
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑅

Then ABC ∼ PQR (S.S.S similarity)

Therefore, A  P (by CPST)

Example-3. Consider a triangle PQR, right angled at R, in which PQ = 29 units, QR = 21

units and PQR = , then find the values of (i) cos2 + sin2 and (ii) cos2  sin2.
Q
Sol: In ∆PQR , ∠R = 900
𝜃
PR2 + QR2 = PQ2 (From Pythagoras theorem) 21
0
PR2 = PQ2 − QR2 90

P R
PR2 = 292 − 212

PR2 = 841 − 441 = 400 ⇒ PR = √400 ⇒ PR = 20

𝑃𝑅 20
sin 𝜃 = =
𝑃𝑄 29

𝑄𝑅 21
cos 𝜃 = =
𝑃𝑄 29

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 21 2 20 2 441 400 441 + 400 841
(𝑖 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2  + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2  = ( ) +( ) = + = = =1
29 29 841 841 841 841

21 2 20 2 441 400 441 − 400 41

(𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠  − 𝑠𝑖𝑛  = ( ) − ( ) =
2 2
− = =
29 29 841 841 841 841

1. In right angle triangle ABC, 8 cm, 15 cm and 17 cm are the lengths of AB, BC and CA

respectively. Then, find out sin A, cos A and tan A.

Sol: AB=8 cm, BC=15 cm, CA=17 cm C

Here CA is hypotenuse. Therefore B=900

𝐵𝐶 15
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = = 15 cm
𝐴𝐶 17 cm
0
𝐴𝐵 8 90
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = =
𝐴𝐶 17 A 8 cm B
cm
𝐵𝐶 15
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = =
𝐴𝐵 8

2. The sides of a right angle triangle PQR are PQ = 7 cm, QR = 25cm and P = 900

respectively

Then find, tan Q − tan R.

R
Sol: 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅, 𝑃 = 90 0

PR2 + PQ2 = RQ2 (From Pythagoras theorem)

PR2 = RQ2 − PQ2 90

0

P
PR2 = 252 − 72 Q 7 cm

PR2 = 625 − 49 = 576 ⇒ PR = √576 ⇒ PR = 24 cm

PR 24
tan Q = =
PQ 7

PQ 7
tan R = =
PR 24

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 24 7 24 × 24 − 7 × 7 576 − 49 527
tan Q − tan R = − = = =
7 24 7 × 24 168 168

3. In a right angle triangle ABC with right angle at B, in which a = 24 units, b = 25 units
C
and

 BAC = . Then, find cos  and tan . 0

90
Sol: a=BC = 24 units, b =AC= 25 units A B
𝜃
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 900

𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 (From Pythagoras theorem)

𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 − 𝐵𝐶 2

𝐴𝐵2 = 252 − 242

𝐴𝐵2 = 625 − 576 = 49 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = √49 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝐴𝐵 7
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = =
𝐴𝐶 25
𝐵𝐶 24
tan 𝜃 = =
𝐴𝐵 7
12
4. If 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = , then find sin A and tan A.
13 C
12 𝐴𝐵
Sol: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = =
13 𝐴𝐶
0
AB=12, AC=13 90

A 12 B
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 900

𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 (From Pythagoras theorem)

𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 − 𝐴𝐵2

𝐵𝐶 2 = 132 − 122

𝐵𝐶 2 = 169 − 144 = 25 ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = √25 ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

C
5. If 3. tan A=4, then find sin A and cos A.
4
4 𝐵𝐶
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = =
3 𝐴𝐵 0
90
Let 𝐵𝐶 = 4 , 𝐴𝐵 = 3
A B
3
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 ( 𝑝𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚)
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9
 𝐴𝐶 2 = (3)2 + (4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25
𝐴𝐶 = √25 = 5
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴 𝐵𝐶 4
sin 𝐴 = = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 5
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴 𝐴𝐵 3
cos 𝐴 = = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 5
6. In ABC and XYZ, if  A and  X are acute angles such that cos A = cos X then
show that A = X.
AB XY
Sol: we have cos A = and cos X =
AC XZ

C Z
Given cos A = cos X
AB XY
= = k (say)
AC XZ 0
90
0 90
AB = k. AC and XY = k. XZ
A B X Y
By using Pythagoras theorem

BC √AC2 − AB 2 √AC 2 − k 2 AC2 √AC2 (1 − k 2 ) AC

= = = =
YZ √XZ 2 − XY 2 √XZ 2 − k 2 XZ 2 √XZ 2 (1 − k 2 ) XZ

AC AB BC
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, = =
XZ XY YZ
then ABC ∼ XYZ (S.S.S similarity)

Therefore, A  X (by CPST)

7 (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
7. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑡  = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑖) (𝑖𝑖) .
8 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

7 𝐴𝐵
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = =
8 𝐵𝐶

𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 72 + 82 = 49 + 64 = 113
C
𝐴𝐶 = √113
𝐵𝐶 8 𝐴𝐵 7
sin 𝜃 = = , cos 𝜃 = =
𝐴𝐶 √113 𝐴𝐶 √113 8
0
90
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝜃
(𝑖 )
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) A 7 B

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 8 8
(1 + ) (1 − )
√113 √113 (√113 + 8)(√113 − 8) 113 − 64 49
= = = =
7 7
(1 + ) (1 − ) (√113 + 7)(√113 − 7) 113 − 49 64
√113 √113

8
1+
1 + sin 𝜃 √113 √113 + 8
(𝑖𝑖 ) = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 7 7
√113
8. In a right angle triangle ABC, right angle is at B, if tan A = √3 then find the value of

(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C (ii) cos A cos C  sin A sin C.
C
√3 𝐵𝐶
Sol: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = =
1 𝐴𝐵

√3
BC=√3 , AB=1
0
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 ( 𝑝𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚) 90
2 A 1 B
𝐴𝐶 2 = (1)2 + (√3) = 1 + 3 = 4

𝐴𝐶 = √4 = 2

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴 𝐵𝐶 √3
sin 𝐴 = = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 2
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐴 𝐴𝐵 1
cos 𝐴 = = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 2
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐶 𝐴𝐵 1
sin 𝐶 = = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 2

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ∠𝐶 𝐵𝐶 √3
cos 𝐶 = = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 2

(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C

√3 √3 1 1 3 1 3 + 1 4
= × + × = + = = =1
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
(ii) cos A cos C  sin A sin C
1 √3 √3 1 √3 √3
= × − × = − =0
2 2 2 2 4 4

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME SPECIFIC ANGLES:

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 450 :

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11
 C
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∠𝐵 = 900 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐶 = 450 0
45
Therefore AB=BC=𝑎 (equal angles opposite sides are equal) 𝑎
0 0
45 90
Then 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 = 2𝑎2
A B
𝑎
𝐴𝐶 = √2𝑎2 = 𝑎√2
𝐵𝐶 𝑎 1 𝐴𝐶 𝑎√2
sin 450 = = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 450 = = = √2
𝐴𝐶 𝑎√2 √2 𝐵𝐶 𝑎
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 1 𝐴𝐶 𝑎√2
cos 450 = = = sec 450 = = = √2
𝐴𝐶 𝑎√2 √2 𝐴𝐵 𝑎
𝐵𝐶 𝑎 𝐴𝐵 𝑎
tan 450 = = =1 cot 450 = = =1
𝐴𝐶 𝑎 𝐵𝐶 𝑎
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 30O AND 600 :

∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 A

𝑎
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐷𝐶 =
2

𝑎
∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 300
𝑎 𝑎√3
0 2
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵 , ∠𝐷 = 90

2 2 2
𝑎2 3𝑎2
2
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐷 = 𝑎 − = 0
4 4 60
B 𝑎 D C
3𝑎2 𝑎√3 2 𝑎
𝐴𝐷 = √ =
4 2

𝑎√3
𝐴𝐷 𝑎√3 √3
sin 600 = = 2 = = 1 2
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 2𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 600 = =
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 600 √3
𝐵𝐷 𝑎 1
cos 600 = = 2= = 1 2
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 2𝑎 2 sec 600 = = =2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 600 1
𝑎√3 1 1
𝐴𝐷 2 = 𝑎√3 = √3 cot 600 = =
tan 600 = = 𝑎 tan 600 √3
𝐵𝐷 𝑎
2

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 𝑎
0 𝐵𝐷 𝑎 1 1 2
sin 30 = = 2
= = cosec 300 = = =2
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 2𝑎 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 1
𝑎√3 1 2
𝐴𝐷 𝑎√3 √3 sec 300 = =
cos 300 = = 2 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 300 √3
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 2𝑎 2
𝑎
𝐵𝐷 𝑎 1 1 √3
tan 300 = = 2 = = cot 300 = 0
= = √3
𝐴𝐷 𝑎√3 𝑎√3 √3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 30 1
2

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 0O AND 90O :

𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐼𝑓 ∠𝐴 = 00 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝐶 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑎

𝐵𝐶 0 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛00 = = =0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 00 = = = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝐶 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛00 0
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 1 1
cos 00 = = =1 sec 00 = = =1
𝐴𝐶 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 00 1
𝐵𝐶 0 1 1
tan 00 = = =0 cot 00 = = = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐴𝐵 𝑎 tan 00 0

RIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 0O TO 90O:

A 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

2 1 3
√ =√ √
0 1 1 4 2 4 4
√ =0 √ = √ =1
4 4 2 1 √3 4
= =
√2 2
1 1 √3
sin A 0 1
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 √2 2
sin 𝐴 1 not
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 0 1 √3
cos 𝐴 √3 defined
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 not defined √3 1 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 √3
1 2 not
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 1 √2 2
cos 𝐴 √3 defined
1 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 not defined 2 √2 1
sin 𝐴 √3

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What can you say about the values of sin A and cos A, as the value of angle A increases
from 0o to 90o ?

(i) If A ≥ B, then sin A ≥ sin B. Is it true ?

(ii) If A ≥ B, then cos A ≥ cos B. Is it true ? Discuss

Sol: (i) Yes, If A ≥ B, then sin A ≥ sin B is true.

(ii) No, If A ≥ B, then cos A ≤ cos B

Example-4. In ABC, right angle is at B, AB = 5 cm and ACB = 30o . Determine the

lengths of the sides BC and AC.
A
Sol: Given AB=5 cm and ACB=30o

5 cm
𝐴𝐵
tan 300 = 0
𝐵𝐶 90 0
30
1 5 B C
=
√3 𝐵𝐶

𝐵𝐶 = 5√3 𝑐𝑚

𝐴𝐵
sin 300 =
𝐴𝐶
1 5
=
2 𝐴𝐶

𝐴𝐶 = 5 × 2 = 10 𝑐𝑚

Example-5. A chord of a circle of radius 6cm is making an angle 60o at the centre. Find the

length of the chord.

Sol: Radius of circle OA=OB=6cm and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 600 O

O
𝑂𝐶 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑂𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 0
30 B
∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 300 A C
𝐵𝐶
From ∆𝐶𝑂𝐵 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛300 = 0
𝑂𝐵 90
1 𝐵𝐶 6
= ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = = 3𝑐𝑚 C B
2 6 2
Length of the chord AB= 2BC= 2 × 3𝑐𝑚 = 6𝑐𝑚

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Example-6. In PQR, right angle is at Q, PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm. Determine QPR and

PRQ.

Sol: Given PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm

𝑃𝑄 3 1
cos 𝑃 = = = = cos 600
𝑃𝑅 6 2
P
So, QPR = 60o

3 cm
𝑃𝑄 3 1
sin 𝑅 = = = = sin 300
𝑃𝑅 6 2 0
90
So, PRQ = 300 Q R

1 1
Example-7. 𝐼𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴  𝐵) = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐴 + 𝐵) = , 00 < 𝐴 + 𝐵 ≤ 900 , 𝐴 >
2 2

𝐵, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵.
1
Sol: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴  𝐵) = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 300
2

⇒ 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 300 ----------(1)

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐴 + 𝐵) = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 600
2

⇒ A + B = 600 ----------(2)

(1)+(2)⇒ 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 300 + 600

900
⇒ 2A = 900 ⇒ A = = 450
2

Substitute A = 450 value in (2)

450 + 𝐵 = 600

⇒ 𝐵 = 600 − 450 = 150

∴ 𝐴 = 450 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 150

EXERCISE - 11.2

1. Evaluate the following.

(i) sin 450 + cos 450

Sol: sin 450 + cos 450

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15
 1 1 2 √2 × √2
= + = = = √2
√2 √2 √2 √2
cos 450
(𝑖𝑖 )
sec 300 +𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 600

𝑐𝑜𝑠 450
𝑆𝑜𝑙:
𝑠𝑒𝑐 300 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 600

11
√2
√2 1 √3 √3
= = = × =
2 2 4 √2 4 4√2
+
√3 √3 √3

sin 300 + tan 450 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 600

(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
cot 450 + cos 600 − sec 300

𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 450 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 600

𝑆𝑜𝑙:
𝑐𝑜𝑡 450 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 600 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 300
1 2
+1−
2 √3 = 1
=
1 2
1+ −
2 √3

(iv) 2 tan245o + cos230o  sin2 60o.

Sol: 2 tan245o + cos230o  sin2 60o.

2 2
√3 √3
= 2 × (1)2 + ( ) − ( ) = 2 × 1 = 2
2 2

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 600 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 600

(v)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 300 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 300
2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 600 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 600 (2)2 − (√3) 4−3 1 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: = = = = =1
2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 30 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 302 0 2 2 1 3 4 1
1 √3 +
( ) +( ) 4 4 4
2 2

2. Choose the right option and justify your choice.

2 tan 300
(i)
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 450

1 2
2×
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 300 √3 √3 2 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 2 0
= 2
= = = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 300
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 45 1 + (1) 2 2 × √3 √3

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 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 450
(ii)
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 450

1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 450 1−1 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙: == = =0
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 450 1+1 2

2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 300
(iii)
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 300
1 2 2
0 2×
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 30 √3 √3 √3 2 3 3 √3 × √3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: = = = = × = = = √3
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 300 1 2 1 2 √3 2 √3 √3
1−( ) 1−
3 3
√3

3. Evaluate sin 60o cos 30o + sin 30o cos 60o . What is the value of sin (60o + 30o). What

can you conclude?

Sol: sin 600 cos 300 + sin 300 cos 600

√3 √3 1 1 3 1 3 + 1 4
= × + × = + = = =1
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4

𝑠𝑖𝑛(600 + 300 ) = sin 900 = 1

Conclusion: 𝑠𝑖𝑛(600 + 300 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 600 𝑐𝑜𝑠 300 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 𝑐𝑜𝑠 600

sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

4. Is it right to say cos(600 + 300 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 600 𝑐𝑜𝑠 300 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 600 𝑠𝑖𝑛 300

Sol: cos(600 + 300 ) = cos 900 = 0

1 √3 √3 1 √3 √3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 600 𝑐𝑜𝑠 300 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 600 𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 = × − × = − =0
2 2 2 2 4 4

∴ cos(600 + 300 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 600 𝑐𝑜𝑠 300 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 600 𝑠𝑖𝑛 300

cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B

5. In right angle triangle PQR, right angle is at Q and PQ = 6cms  RPQ = 60o .

Determine the lengths of QR and PR. R

Sol: In PQR , Q=900

PQ = 6cms  RPQ = 60o 0 0

90 60
𝑃𝑄 P
0 Q 6 cm
𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 =
𝑃𝑅
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17
 1 6
=
2 𝑃𝑅
6×2
𝑃𝑅 = = 12
1

∴ 𝑃𝑅 = 12 𝑐𝑚

𝑄𝑅
tan 600 =
𝑃𝑄

𝑄𝑅
√3 =
6

𝑄𝑅 = 6√3 𝑐𝑚

6. In XYZ, right angle is at Y, YZ = x, and XZ = 2x then determine  YXZ and YZX.

Sol: ∠𝑌𝑋𝑍 = 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑍𝑋 = 𝛽

𝑌𝑍 𝑥 1
sin 𝛼 = = = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛300
𝑋𝑍 2𝑥 2
Z
sin 𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛300
∴ 𝛼 = ∠𝑌𝑋𝑍 = 300
𝛼 + 900 + 𝛽 = 1800 (angle sum property) x
0
300 + 900 + β = 1800 90
𝛽 = 1800 − 1200 = 600 X Y

∴ 𝛽 = ∠𝑌𝑍𝑋 = 600
7. Is it right to say that sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B? Justify your answer.
Sol: sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 is not correct
Justification:

Let 𝐴 = 300 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 600

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin(300 + 600 ) = sin 900 = 1

1 √3 1+√3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = sin 300 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 600 = + =
2 2 2

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) ≠ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵

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 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + = 4 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒?
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
For which value of 00 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 900 , above equation is not defined?
cos 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
+ =4
1 − sin 𝜃 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Sol: + =4
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
cos 𝜃(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
2
=4
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
cos 𝜃(1 + sin 𝜃 + 1 − sin 𝜃)
=4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝐶𝑂𝑆 𝜃 × 2
=4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
2
=4
cos 𝜃
2 1
cos 𝜃 = = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠600
4 2
∴ 𝛳 = 600
For 𝛳 = 900 the equation is not defined.

Since sin 900 = 1 .So, 1 − sin 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 900 = 1 − 1 = 0

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES:

If the sum of two angles is 900 then they are called complementary angles.
C
The complementary angle of 𝛳 is (900 − 𝛳)

Example: show that sin (900 − 𝜃)= cos 𝜃. 900 − 𝜃

Sol: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∠𝐵 = 900 and ∠𝐴 = 𝜃 𝜃 90

0

A B
Then ∠𝐶 = 900 − 𝜃
𝐴𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (900 − 𝜃) = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐴𝐶

𝑠𝑒𝑐350
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 − 8. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 550
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 sec A = cosec (900 − A)

𝑠𝑒𝑐350 = cosec (900 − 350 )

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 sec 350 = cosec 550

𝑠𝑒𝑐350 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 550

= =1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 550 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 550
Example-9. If cos 7A = sin(A  6o ), where 7A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

Sol: : Given cos 7A = sin(A  6o )

cos 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (900 − 𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (900 − 7𝐴) = sin(A  60 )

(900 − 7𝐴) and (A  60 ) are acute angles

Therefore 900 − 7𝐴 = 𝐴  60

𝐴 + 7𝐴 = 900 + 60

8𝐴 = 960

960
𝐴= = 120
8
Example-10. 𝐼𝑓 sin A = cos B , then prove that A + B = 900 .

Sol: : Given that sin A = cos B cos 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (900 − 𝜃)

sin 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (900 − 𝐵)

Since A and 900 − 𝐵 are acute angles.

A = 900 − 𝐵

 A + B = 900

Example-11: Express sin 810 + tan 810 in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between
00 𝑎𝑛𝑑 450 .

Sol: sin 810 + tan 810 sin 𝜃 = cos(900 − 𝜃)

= cos(900 − 810 ) + cot(900 − 810 ) tan 𝜃 = cot(900 − 𝜃)

= cos 90 + cot 90
𝐵+𝐶
Example-12. If A, B and C are interior angles of triangle ABC, then show that sin ( )=
2
𝐴
cos
2

Sol: Given A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC then

A+B+C= 1800

Dividing by 2 on both sides we get

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 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐶 1800
+ =
2 2 2

𝐵+𝐶 𝐴
= 900 −
2 2
On taking sin ratio on both sides
𝐵+𝐶 𝐴
sin ( ) = sin (900 − )
2 2

𝐵+𝐶 𝐴
sin(900 − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
sin ( ) = cos
2 2

1. Evaluate
𝑡𝑎𝑛360
(i) tan 𝜃 = cot (900 − 𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑡540

𝑡𝑎𝑛360 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (900 − 360 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑡540

𝑆𝑜𝑙: = = =1
𝑐𝑜𝑡540 𝑐𝑜𝑡540 𝑐𝑜𝑡540
(ii) cos 120 − sin 780
𝑆𝑜𝑙: cos 120 − sin 780
sin 𝜃 = cos(900 − 𝜃)
= cos 120 − cos(900 − 780 )
= cos 120 − cos 120
=0
(iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 310 − sec 590

Sol: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 310 − sec 590

sec 𝜃 = cosec(900 − 𝜃)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 310 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐( 900 − 590 )
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 310 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 310
=0
(iv) sin 150 sec 750
Sol: sin 150 sec 750
sec 𝜃 = cosec(900 − 𝜃)
0 0 0
= sin 15 × cosec(90 − 75 )
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 150 × cosec 150 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 150 × =1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 150
(i) tan 260 tan 640
tan 𝜃 = cot(900 − 𝜃)
0 0
Sol: tan 26 tan 64
1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 260 𝑐𝑜𝑡( 900 − 640 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃
= tan 260 × cot 260
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 1
= tan 260 × =1
tan 260
2. Show that
(i) tan 480 tan 160 tan 420 tan 740 = 1
tan 𝜃 = cot(900 − 𝜃)
0 0 0 0
Sol: tan 48 tan 16 tan 42 tan 74
1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 480 𝑡𝑎𝑛 160 𝑐𝑜𝑡( 900 − 420 )𝑐𝑜𝑡( 900 − 740 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 480 𝑡𝑎𝑛 160 𝑐𝑜𝑡 480 cot 160
1 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 480 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛 160 × ×
tan 480 tan 160
=1

(ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠360 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠540 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛540

Sol: 𝑐𝑜𝑠360 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠540 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛540

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = sin(900 − 𝜃)
= sin(900 − 360 ). sin(900 − 540 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛540

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛540 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛540

=0
3. If tan 2𝐴 = cot( 𝐴 − 180 )

Sol: tan 2𝐴 = cot( 𝐴 − 180 ) tan 𝜃 = cot(900 − 𝜃)

cot( 900 − 2𝐴) = cot(𝐴 − 180 )

900 − 2𝐴 = 𝐴 − 180

𝐴 + 2𝐴 = 900 + 180
1080
3𝐴 = 1080 ⇒ 𝐴 = ⇒ 𝐴 = 360 .
3
4. If tan A = cot B where A and B are acute angles, prove that A + B = 90o.

Sol: tan A = cot B

cot 𝜃 = tan(900 − 𝜃)
0
tan A = tan(90 −B)

A = 900 −B (since A and B are acute angles)

A + B = 90o
𝐴+𝐵 𝐶
5. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that tan ( ) = cot .
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐶
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (900 − )
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐶
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡
2 2
Given A,B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC then

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 A+B+C= 1800

Dividing by 2 on both sides we get

𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐶 1800
+ =
2 2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐶
= 900 −
2 2
On taking tan ratio on both sides
𝐴+𝐵 𝐶
tan ( ) = tan (900 − )
2 2
tan(900 − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃
𝐴+𝐵 𝐶
tan ( ) = cot
2 2
6. Express sin 75o + cos 65o in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0 o and
45o .

Sol: sin 75o + cos 65o 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = cos(900 − 𝜃)

= cos(900 − 750 ) + sin(900 − 650 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = sin(900 − 𝜃)

= cos 150 + sin 250

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES:

An identity is a mathematical equation which is true for all the values of the variables in
the equation.
C
Example: Prove the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1

Sol: 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 900

0
2 2 2 90
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 (Pythagoras theorem)
A B
Dividing each term by 𝐴𝐶 2 , we get
𝐴𝐵2 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐴𝐶 2
+ =
𝐴𝐶 2 𝐴𝐶 2 𝐴𝐶 2
𝐴𝐵 2 𝐵𝐶 2
( ) +( ) =1
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1
Example: Prove the identity 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 A = 1
Sol: 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 900 C
𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 (Pythagoras theorem)
Dividing each term by 𝐴𝐵2 , we get 0
2 2 2
90
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
+ = A B
𝐴𝐵2 𝐴𝐵2 𝐴𝐵2

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 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐴𝐶 2
1+( ) =( )
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 A = 1
Example: Prove the identity co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 A = 1
C
0
Sol: 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , ∠𝐵 = 90
𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 (Pythagoras theorem)
0
Dividing each term by 𝐵𝐶 2 , we get 90
𝐴𝐵2 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐴𝐶 2 A B
+ =
𝐵𝐶 2 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐵𝐶 2
𝐴𝐵 2 𝐴𝐶 2
( ) +1=( )
𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 A + 1 = co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A
co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 A = 1

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 A = 1 co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 A = 1

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 A co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 A

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 A = co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 1
sin 𝐴 = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 sec 𝐴 + tan 𝐴 = cosec 𝐴 + cot 𝐴 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
1 1
cos 𝐴 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 sec 𝐴 − tan 𝐴 = cosec 𝐴 − cot 𝐴 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴

Are these identities true for 0 0 ≤ A ≤ 900? If not, for which values of A they are true?

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 A = 1 co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 A = 1

Sol: sec 900 and tan 900 are not defined.
So, 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 A = 1 is not true for 900.
Cosec 00 and cot 00 are not defined.
So, co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 A = 1 is not true for 00.

15
(i) If sin 𝐴 = , then find cos A
17
Sol: We know that 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1

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 2
15 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 1 − ( )
17
225 289 − 225 64
=1− = =
289 289 289

64 8
cos 𝐴 = √ ⇒ cos 𝐴 =
289 17
5
(ii) If tan 𝑥 = , then find 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥.
12

Sol: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2x−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 x = 1

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
5 2
= 1+( )
12
25
=1+
144
169
=
144

169 13
sec 𝑥 = √ ⇒ sec 𝑥 =
144 12
25
(iii) If 𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = , then find cot 𝜃.
7

Sol: co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 θ − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 θ = 1

𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 θ = co𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 θ − 1
25 2
=( ) −1
7
625
= −1
49
625 − 49
=
49
576
=
49
576 24
cot 𝜃 = √ ⇒ cot 𝜃 =
49 7

Evaluate the following and justify your answer.

sin 𝜃=cos(900 − 𝜃)
2 0 2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 15 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 75
(𝑖 ) sin 750 = cos(900 − 750 )= cos 150
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 360 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 540
cos 𝜃=sin(900 − 𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 150 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 750
𝑆𝑜𝑙 ∶ cos 360 = sin(900 − 360 )= sin 540
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 360 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 540
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 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 150 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 150 1
= = =1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 540 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 540 1
(𝑖𝑖 ) sin 50 cos 850 +cos 50 sin 850
cos 850 = sin 50
0 0 0 0
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 85 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 85
sin 850 = cos 50
0 0 0 0
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 50 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 50 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜃 = sec(900 − 𝜃)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) sec 160 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 740 − cot 740 tan 160
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 740 = sec(900 − 740 )
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 160 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 740 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 740 𝑡𝑎𝑛 160 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 160
0 0 0 0
cot 𝜃=tan(900 − 𝜃)
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 16 × 𝑠𝑒𝑐 16 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 16 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛 16 cot 740 =tan(900 − 740 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 160
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 160 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 160 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 A = 1
=1
Example-13. Show that cot  + tan  = sec  cosec 
Sol: LHS = cot  + tan 
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
= +
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
=
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1 1
= ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 . sec 𝜃
Example-14. Show that 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
2 4
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 A = 1
Sol: L.H.S=𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 − 15: 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 √ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃.
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = √
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)

=√
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)

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 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2
=√
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2
= √ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
=
sin 𝜃
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

1. Evaluate the following :

(i) (1 + tan  + sec ) (1 + cot  cosec )
Sol: (1 + tan  + sec ) (1 + cot  cosec )
sin 𝜃 1 cos 𝜃 1
= (1 + + ) (1 + − )
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 1
=( )( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 − 12
=[ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 1
=( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= =2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
(ii) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )2
Sol: (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 1+1 =2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
(iii) (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1)
Sol: (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 × =1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2. 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃)2 =
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃)2

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27
 1 cos 𝜃 2
= ( − )
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃 2
= ( )
sin 𝜃
(1 − cos 𝜃)2
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2
=
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
=
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
=
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

1 + sin 𝐴
3. Show that √ = sec 𝐴 + tan 𝐴
1 − sin 𝐴

1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
𝑠𝑜𝑙: √
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴

(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴)(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴)

= √
(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴)(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴)

(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴)2
= √
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

√(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴)2

=
√𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
=
cos 𝐴
1 sin 𝐴
= +
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴
= sec 𝐴 + tan 𝐴
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
4. Show that = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 − 1
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑜𝑙:
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 − 1
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
=
1
−1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
=
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
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 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
= (1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴) ×
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
1
5. Show that − cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃. sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
=
cos 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
=
cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃
= × sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
= tan 𝜃 . sin 𝜃
6. Simplify secA (1 sinA) (secA + tanA)
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 (1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴) (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)
1 1 sin 𝐴
= × (1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴) ( + )
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴
(1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴) (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)
= ×
cos 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
= =1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
7. Prove that (sin 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)2 + (cos 𝐴 + sec 𝐴)2 = 7 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴)2 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴)2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 2 sin 𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴. sec 𝐴
1 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 2 sin 𝐴 × + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 ×
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
2 2
= 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 + 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 + 1 + 2 + 2
= 7 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
= 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆

8. Simplify (1  cos) (1 + cos) (1 + cot 2 )

𝑆𝑜𝑙: (1  𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠) (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2  )
= (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 × =1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

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29
 9. If sec + tan  = p, then what is the value of sec  tan  ?
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)(sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃) = 1
1
sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
1
sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 =
𝑝
𝑘2 − 1
10. If cosec  + cot  = k then prove that cos  = 2
𝑘 +1
Sol: Given 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = 𝐾 --------(1)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜃 + cot 𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃) = 1
𝑘(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃) = 1
1
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃) = - --------(2)
𝑘
(1)+(2) (1)-(2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = 𝑘
1 1
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 ) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃) =
𝐾 (−) (+) 𝐾

1 1
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑘+ 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑘−
𝑘 𝑘
𝑘 2 +1 𝑘 2 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 =
2𝑘 2𝑘

2𝑘 cos 𝜃 𝑘 2 −1
sin 𝜃 = =
𝑘 2 +1 sin 𝜃 2𝑘

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2𝑘 𝑘2 − 1
sin 𝜃 × = ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑘 2 + 1 2𝑘
𝑘2 − 1
 cos 𝛳 = 2
𝑘 +1

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