Military Institute of Science & Technology
Electrical Machine Lab
EECE-206
Experiment No: - 01
Experiment Name: - Regulation of the Transformer in Various Loads.
OBJECTIVE
To study the voltage regulation of the transformer with varying loads.
To study transformer regulation with resistive, inductive and capacitive loading.
DISCUSSION
The load on a large power transformer in a sub-station will vary from a very small value in the
early hours of the morning to a very high value during the heavy peaks of maximum industrial and
commercial activity. The transformer secondary voltage will vary somewhat with the load and,
because motors and incandescent lamps and heating devices are all quite sensitive to voltage changes,
transformer regulation is of considerable importance. The secondary voltage is also dependent upon
whether the power factor of the load is leading, lagging or unity. Therefore, it should be known how
the transformer will behave when it is loaded with a capacitive, an inductive or a resistive load. If a
transformer were perfect (ideal) its windings would have no resistance. Furthermore, it would require
no reactive power (vars) to set up the magnetic field within it. Such a transformer would have perfect
regulation under all load conditions and the secondary voltage would remain absolutely constant. But,
practical transformers do have winding resistance and they do require reactive power to produce their
magnetic fields. The primary and secondary windings possess, therefore, an overall resistance A and
an overall reactance X. The equivalent circuit of a power transformer having a turn ratio of 1 to 1, can
be approximated by the circuit shown in Figure 1. The actual transformer terminals are P1 P2 on the
primary side and S1 S2 on the secondary. In between these terminals we have shown the transformer
as being composed of a perfect (ideal) transformer in series with impedance consisting of R and X,
which represents its imperfections. It is clear that if the primary voltage is held constant, then the
secondary voltage will vary with loading because of R and X. An interesting feature arises with a
capacitive load, because partial resonance is set up between the capacitance and the reactance X so that
the secondary voltage E2 may actually tend to rise as the capacitive load value increases.
S1
P1 R X
T1
GEN E1 E2 Load
P2
Transformer S2
Figure-1
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Equipment Required:
Sl No Name of the Equipment No/Set
Mobile Work Station 01
Single Phase Transformer 01
Resistive Load 01
Capacitive Load 01
Inductive Load 01
AC Ammeter 02
AC Voltmeter 02
Power Supply 01
Connection Leads 01
CAUTION!
High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power on!
The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!
0 - 0.25 A (ac) Transformer
I1 I2
4 A 1 5 A
0-100V (ac)
E1 V V E2
ZL
0 – 250 V (ac)
0 – 250 V (ac)
N 2 6
Load
PS
(1 - Transformer connected )
Figure-2
PROCEDURE:
Using your Single-Phase Transformer, Power Supply, Resistive Load, AC Ammeter and AC
Voltmeter, connect the circuit shown in Figure-2.
a. Place all of the Resistive Load switches in their open position for zero loads current.
b. Turn on the power supply and adjust for exactly -100V ac as indicated by voltmeter E1.
c. Measure and record in Table -1 the input current I1, the output current I2 and the output
voltage E2.
d. Adjust the load resistance ZL to 4800Ω. Make sure that the input voltage remains at exactly
100V ac. Measure and record I1, I2 and E2.
e. Repeat (d) for each of the listed values in Table -1.
f. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
E1 (V ac) ZL (ohms) I1 (mA ac) I2 (mA ac) E2 (V ac)
∞ (No Load)
4800
2400
100V
1600
1200
960
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Table-1
3. a. Calculate the transformer regulation, using the no-load and full-load output voltages
from Table-1.
b. Does the primary winding VA equal the secondary winding VA for every value of load
resistance in the Table? Explain. Yes/ No.
4 a. Repeat procedures using the Inductive Load in place of the resistance load.
b. Record your measurements in Table-2.
E1 (V ac) ZL (ohms) I1 (mA ac) I2 (mA ac) E2 (V ac)
∞ (No Load)
4800
2400
100V
1600
1200
960
Table-2
5 a. Repeat procedures 2 using the capacitive load in place of the Inductive Load.
b. Record your measurements in Table-3.
E1 (V ac) ZL (ohms) I1 (mA, ac) I2 (mA, ac) E2 (V ac)
∞ (No Load)
4800
2400
100V
1600
1200
960
Table-3
6. You will now construct an output voltage E2 vs. output current I2 regulation curve for each type
of transformer load.
a. Plot your recorded values of E2 (at each value of I2 listed in Table-1) on the graph paper.
b. Draw a smooth curve through your plotted points. Label this curve“resistive load”.
c. Repeat (a) for the inductive (Table-2) and capacitive (Table-3) loads. Label these curves
“inductive load” and “capacitive load”.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Explain why the output voltage increases when capacitance loading is used.
2. A transformer has very low impedance (small R and X):
a) What effect does this have on the regulation?
b) What effect does this have on short-circuit current?
3. Very large transformers are sometimes designed not to have optimum regulation properties in
order for the associated circuit breakers to be within reasonable size. Explain.
4. Will transformer heating be approximately the same for resistive, inductive or capacitive loads
of the same VA rating? Explain. Yes /No.
5. Why regulation of Transformer is negative value for Capacitive Load? Explain.
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