YEAR 12 TRIAL EXAMINATION 2024

MATHEMATICS EXTENSION 1
MARKING GUIDELINES

Section I
Multiple-choice Answer Key
Question Answer Question Answer
1 D 6 B
2 B 7 C
3 A 8 B
4 D 9 A
5 A 10 C

Questions 1 – 10

Sample solution
1. Domain: 3. 1+ t2 2t
sec θ + tan θ = +
−1 ≤ 3 x ≤ 1 1− t2 1− t2
1 1 1 + 2t + t 2
− ≤x≤ =
3 3 1− t2
Range:
(1 + t )2
π π =
− ≤ sin −1 ( 3 x ) ≤ (1 − t )(1 + t )
2 2
1+ t
−π ≤ 2 sin −1
( 3x ) ≤ π =
1− t
2. d f ′( x) 4. 5
arccos f ( x )  = − If tan A = − and A is in the fourth quadrant
dx 2 12
1 −  f ( x ) 
 π  5 12
d 2  − < A < 0  , then sin A = − and cos A = .
arccos ( 2 x )  = −  2  13 13
dx  1 − ( 2x)
2
sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A
2  5  12
= − = 2× − ×
1 − 4x 2
 13  13
120
=−
169
5. dy x 0,=
When= y 0: x2
=1 + x + y 2 + xy 2 tan −1 y= x +
dx 02 2
=1 + x + y 2 (1 + x ) tan −1 0 =0 + +c
2  x2 
=y tan  x + 
= (
(1 + x ) 1 + y 2 ) 0= 0 + c  2 

dy c=0
∫ 1 + y 2= ∫ 1 + x dx
x2
tan −1 y =x + +c
2

6. dy dy
From the slope field, = 0 when y = x and is undefined when y = − x , so the differential equation that best
dx dx
dy x − y
describes the given slope field is = .
dx x + y
Questions 1 – 10 (continued)

Sample solution
7. To the right are the curves of y = sin 2 x and
y = cos 2 x , noting both have a period of π units. The
shaded area in each graph is exactly half that of the
bounding rectangle drawn using rotational symmetry
or by dissecting and rearranging, and is therefore
each equal to π square units.
2
x 1 (1 − cos 2 x ) and cos 2=
Note: sin 2= x 1 (1 + cos 2 x )
2 2

Compressing either graph by an integer factor of m

(or n) will simply introduce more complete cycles of
the graph, but the area under each graph from x = 0
to x = π will remain to be half of the bounding
rectangle, i.e. π square units.
2

π π π π
An algebraic approach confirms, for any integer k: π
∴ ∫ sin 2 ( mx ) = ∫ cos 2 ( mx ) = ∫ sin 2 ( nx ) = ∫ cos 2 ( nx ) =
π π
0 0 0 0
2
∫ sin ∫ cos
2 2
kx dx kx dx
0 0
π π
1 1
2 ∫0 2 ∫0
= 1 − cos 2kx dx = 1 + cos 2kx dx With this equality in mind,
π π
1 1  1 1  m>n
= x + sin 2kx  = x − sin 2kx 
2  2k 0 2  2k 0 π π
∴ m ∫ sin 2 x > n ∫ cos 2 x
1 1  1 1 
= π + sin 2kπ − 0   π − sin 2kπ − 0  0 0
2 2  2 2 
π π
=
2 2

8. The only configuration for a , b and a + b to all be unit vectors is:

   

( a and b interchangeable)
 
In either case, the long diagonal of this rhombus is a − b , of which the length is 3 using right-angled trigonometry.
 
Questions 1 – 10 (continued)

Sample solution
9. Let q = 1 − p be the probability of failure. q
n−2r

For this quantity to be independent of n and r, the value of  

 p
P( X = r) n
C r pr qn−r should be constant regardless of the choice of n and r. This occurs if
= q q
P ( X= n − r ) n
C n−r pn−r qr either = 0 or = 1 .
p p
q n−2r
=
p n−2r q q
If = 0 , then q = 0 and p = 1 , but 0 < p < 1 , so ≠ 0 .
n−2r p p
q
=  q 1
 p Therefore = 1 , implying p = q . Since p + q =
1 , then p= q= .
p 2

10. By the geometry of vector projections, if a = −b , then proja b = b and projb a = a . Similarly, if a is parallel to b , then
       
proja b = b and projb a = a . The projection of a vector onto another vector that is parallel to it will result in the original
   
vector.

If a = b , there is no guarantee that projb a = proja b . One instance for when projb a = proja b is the trivial case where
     
a = b . Another instance is if a is perpendicular to b . In this instance, proja b = 0 and projb a = 0 , making
       
proja b = projb a .
 

In fact, whenever a is perpendicular to b , proja b = 0 and projb a = 0 , the lengths of a and b are irrelevant.
       

Algebraically,
proja b = projb a
 
 b⋅a   a ⋅b 
    a =    b
 a ⋅ a    b ⋅b  
   

Trivial if a = b . Otherwise, suppose a is parallel to b , then a = kb for some constant k.

     

proja b = projb a
 
 b⋅a   a ⋅b 
    a =    b
 a ⋅ a    b ⋅b  
   
 b ⋅ kb   kb ⋅ b 
    kb =     b
 kb ⋅ kb    b ⋅ b  
   
1  b ⋅b   b ⋅b 
    kb = k     b
k  b ⋅b    b ⋅b  
   
1= k

That is, a = b , once again resulting in the trivial case.

 

 b⋅a   a ⋅b  b⋅a a ⋅b
If a is not parallel to b , then     a =     b only if = =  0 , i.e. a ⋅ b =0 , meaning that a is
   a ⋅ a    b ⋅b   a⋅a b ⋅b   
       
perpendicular to b .

Section II
Question 11

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(a) dx dx 1 • 2 – correct solution
∫ 16 + 25 x 2 = 16 ∫
25 x 2 • 1 – recognises the primitive
1+ is an inverse tangent
16
5 function
dx
1 4
20 ∫  5 x 2
=
1+  
 4 
1  5x 
= tan −1   + c
20  4 
(b) 3 • 3 – correct solution
( )
2
=V π ∫ 3 x − x 2 dx
0
• 2 – correctly integrates an
3
appropriate integrand
= π ∫ 9 x 2 − 6 x3 + x 4 dx • 1 – correct integral for the
0 volume of the solid of
3 revolution
 3x 4 x5 
= π 3 x 3 − + 
 2 5 0

 3 × 34 35 
= π  3 × 33 − + − 0
 2 5 
 243 243 
= π  81 + + 
 2 5 
81π
= cubic units
10
(c) a ⋅b • 2 – correct solution
cos θ =  
a b • 1 – correctly evaluates a ,
  
=  
( )(
6 i − j ⋅ −3i + 2 j
 
) b or a ⋅ b
  
6 i − j − 3i + 2 j
   
6 × ( −3) + ( −1) × 2
=
2 2
62 + ( −1) × ( −3) + 22
−20
=
37 × 13
 −20 
θ = cos −1  
 481 
= 156° ( nearest degree )
Question 11 (continued)

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(d) (i) tan 3 A tan ( 2 A + A )
= • 2 – correct solution
tan 2 A + tan A • 1 – correctly applies the
= tangent of a compound
1 − tan 2 A tan A
angle formula
tan 3 A − tan 3 A tan 2 A tan A =
tan 2 A + tan A
tan 3 A − tan 2 A − tan A =
tan A tan 2 A tan 3 A
(ii) tan 3 A − tan 2 A − tan A =
0 • 2 – correct solution
tan A tan 2 A tan 3 A = 0 • 1 – correctly finds some
valid values of A
=tan A 0= tan 2 A 0 = tan 3 A 0
= π
A 0,= 2 A 0, π , =
2π 3 A 0, π , 2π ,3π
π π 2π
= A 0,= ,π A 0, , ,π
2 3 3
π
A≠ as this is not well-defined for the original problem with a tan φ term.
2
π 2π
∴A=0, , ,π
3 3
(e) (i) 3sin x − 5cos x ≡ A sin ( x − α ) • 2 – correct solution
= A sin x cos α − A cos x sin α • 1 – correct value of A or α

Equating coefficients of the sin x and cos x terms gives A sin α = 5 and
A cos α = 3 .

( A sin α )2 + ( A cos α )2 =
52 + 32
A2 sin 2 α + A2 cos 2 α = 25 + 9
( )
A2 sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 34
A2 = 34
=A 34 ( since A > 0 )

A sin α 5
=
A cos α 3
5
tan α =
3
5
α = tan −1  
3
 
= 59°2′ ( nearest minute )

∴ 3sin x −=
5cos x 34 sin ( x − 59°2′ ) ( nearest minute )
(ii) 3sin x − 5cos x =
−1 • 2 – correct solution
34 sin ( x − 59°2′ ) =−1 • 1 – correctly find a valid
value of x
−1
sin ( x − 59°2′ ) =
34
x − 59°2′ =−9°52′ , 189°52′
x = 49°10′ , 248°54′ ( nearest minute )
Question 12

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(a) (i) • 1 – correct solution
(30 3 )
2
Initial
= speed + 152

= 2700 + 225
= 2925
= 54 m/s ( nearest m/s )
(ii)  15  • 1 – correct solution
angle of projection = tan −1  
 30 3 
= 16° ( nearest degree )

(iii) v=

(t ) (30 3 ) i + (15 − 9.8t ) j • 2 – correct solution
• 1 – correctly finds either the
r=

(t ) (30 3t ) i + (15t − 4.9t ) j + c
2
horizontal or the vertical
component of the
position vector
r ( 0 ) = 50 j , therefore c = 50 j :
   
r (t )
=

( 30 3t ) i + (50 + 15t − 4.9t ) j
2

(iv) Greatest height occurs when y ( t ) = 0 : • 2 – correct solution

• 1 – correctly finds the time
15 − 9.8t = 0 when greatest height is
9.8t = 15 achieved
t = 1.53 s ( 2 d.p.)

y (1.53) = 50 + 15 × 1.53 − 4.9 × 1.532

= 61.48 m ( 2 d.p.)
(v) y = 0 when 50 + 15t − 4.9t 2 =
0: • 1 – correct solution

−15 ± 152 − 4 × ( −4.9 ) × 50

t=
2 × ( −4.9 )
= 5.07 s ( 2 d.p.)
Question 12 (continued)

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(b) (i) • 2 – correct solution
• 1 – correctly identifies the
vertical asymptotes and
( x, ±1) on the reciprocal
graph

(ii) =y f ( x ) 
translate
2 units right
→
= y f ( x − 2 ) 
reflect what's right of
the x -axis onto the left
→
= y f ( x − 2) • 2 – correct solution
• 1 – recognises a horizonal
translation of 2 units to
the right
– recognises a reflection in
the y-axis

The order of the transformations is important, careful not to confuse the

solution with:
=y f ( x ) 
reflect what's right of
the x -axis onto the left
→
= y f ( x ) 
translate
2 units right
→
= y f ( x−2 )

=y f ( x ) 
reflect what's right of
the x -axis onto the left
→y
= f ( x ) 
translate
2 units down
→y
= f ( x )−2
Question 12 (continued)

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(c) (ii) (continued)
The order of the transformations is important, careful not to confuse the
solution with:
=y f ( x ) 
reflect what's below
the y -axis above
→
= y f ( x ) 
translate
2 units right
→
= y f ( x − 2)

=y f ( x ) 
reflect what's below
the y -axis above
→y
= f ( x ) 
translate
2 units down
→y
= f ( x) − 2

(d) (i) Without restrictions, DIFFERENCE is a 10-letter word, with 2 letter Fs and • 2 – correct solution
10! • 1 – arranges the letters of the
3 letter Es, therefore, there are = 302400 arrangements.
2!× 3! word without considering
all of the repeated letters
(ii) Group the Es together, arrange D, I, F, F, R, N, C, (EEE) in a row in • 2 – correct solution
8! • 1 – finds the total number of
= 20160 ways. Of these arrangements, one third of them will have both Fs
2! ways of arranging the
before the (EEE), one third of them will have both Fs after the (EEE) and the letters grouping the three
other third will have the (EEE) somewhere in between the two Fs. Therefore, Es into a string
the total number of arrangements satisfying the given criteria is – lists some valid cases
1 that satisfy the given
× 20160 = 6720 .
3 criteria and attempts to
evaluate the total number
of such arrangements
Alternatively, start with F (EEE) F and the remaining letters (D, I, R, N, C)
can be inserted in 4 × 5 × 6 × 7 × 8 =6720 ways. (This first of the remaining
letters can go in front of the first F, in between the first F and the EEE, in
between the EEE and the second F, or after the last F. Once the first of the
remaining letters has been inserted, the second of the remaining letters now
has 5 “spaces” in between already placed letters to be inserted into, etc.)
Question 12 (continued)

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(c) (ii) (continued)
Treating (EEE) as one item, there are 6 positions for the (EEE), place the Fs
(one on each side of the (EEE)) and arrange the remaining letters:
_ (EEE) _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 ×  6 ×  5! = 6 × 5!
F left F right remaining
of (EEE) of (EEE) letters

_ _ (EEE) _ _ _ _ _ 2 × 
 5 × 
5! = 10 × 5!
F left F right remaining
of (EEE) of (EEE) letters

_ _ _ (EEE) _ _ _ _ 3 × 
 4 × 
5! = 12 × 5!
F left F right remaining
of (EEE) of (EEE) letters

_ _ _ _ (EEE) _ _ _ 4 × 3 × 5! = 12 × 5!
_ _ _ _ _ (EEE) _ _ 5 × 2 × 5! = 10 × 5!
_ _ _ _ _ _ (EEE) _ 6 × 1× 5! = 6 × 5!

Total number of ways = ( 6 + 10 + 12 + 12 + 10 + 6 ) × 5!

= 6720

There are 6 ways to leave 3 spaces between the Fs, the (EEE) can be placed
between the Fs in 1 way each:
F_ _ _ F _ _ _ _ _
_ F_ _ _ F _ _ _ _
_ _ F_ _ _ F _ _ _
_ _ _ F_ _ _ F _ _
_ _ _ _ F_ _ _ F _
_ _ _ _ _ F_ _ _ F

5 ways to leave 4 spaces between the Fs, the (EEE) can be placed between
the Fs in 2 ways each:
F_ _ _ _ F _ _ _ _  either: F (EEE) _ F _ _ _ _ or F _ (EEE) F _ _ _ _
_ F_ _ _ _ F _ _ _  either: _ F (EEE) _ F _ _ _ or _ F _ (EEE) F _ _ _
_ _ F_ _ _ _ F _ _ etc…
_ _ _ F_ _ _ _ F _
_ _ _ _ F_ _ _ _ F

4 ways to leave 5 spaces between the Fs, the (EEE) can be placed between
the Fs in 3 ways each.
3 ways to leave 6 spaces between the Fs, the (EEE) can be placed between
the Fs in 4 ways each.
2 ways to leave 7 spaces between the Fs, the (EEE) can be placed between
the Fs in 5 ways each.
1 way to leave 8 spaces between the Fs, the (EEE) can be placed between the
Fs in 6 ways each.
For each of these, 5! ways of arranging the remaining letters:

Total number of ways

= ( 6 × 1 + 5 × 2 + 4 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 2 × 5 + 1× 6 ) × 5!
= 6720
Question 13

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(a) ( 2n ) ! • 3 – correct solution
Let S ( n ) be the statement that 2 × 6 × 10 ×  × ( 4n − 2 ) =
n! • 2 – uses the inductive
hypothesis to attempt to
induce the required result
Show S (1) is true:
• 1 – shows the result is true
( 2 ×1)! for the base case
LHS = 4 × 1 − 2 RHS =
1!
=2
2!
=
1!
=2
∴ S (1) is true.

Assume S ( k ) is true, i.e.:

( 2k ) !
2 × 6 × 10 ×  × ( 4k − 2 ) =
k!

Prove S ( k + 1) is true, i.e.:

 2 ( k + 1)  !
2 × 6 × 10 ×  × ( 4k − 2 ) ×  4 ( k + 1) − 2  =
( k + 1)!
( 2k + 2 ) !
2 × 6 × 10 ×  × ( 4k − 2 ) × ( 4k + 2 ) =
( k + 1)!

LHS = 2 × 6 × 10 ×  × ( 4k − 2 ) × ( 4k + 2 )
( 2k ) !
= × ( 4k + 2 )
k!
( 2k ) !
= × 2 ( 2k + 1)
k!
( 2k + 1)!
= ×2
k!
( 2k + 1)! 2 ( k + 1)
= ×
k! k +1
( 2k + 1)!
= × ( 2k + 2 )
( k + 1)!
( 2k + 2 ) !
=
( k + 1)!
= RHS

∴ S ( k + 1) is true if S ( k ) is true.

Since S (1) was shown true, by the principle of mathematical induction, S ( n ) is

true for all positive integers n.
Question 13 (continued)

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(b) (i) f ( 2) = 0 • 1 – correct solution
2 + ( a + 2) × 2 − 2 × 2 + b =
3 2
0
8 + 4 ( a + 2) − 4 + b = 0
8 + 4a + 8 − 4 + b =0
4a + b + 12 = 0
4a + b =−12
(ii) f ( −a ) =
0 • 1 – correct solution

( − a )3 + ( a + 2 ) × ( − a ) 2 − 2 × ( − a ) + b = 0
− a 3 + a 2 ( a + 2 ) + 2a + b = 0
− a 3 + a 3 + 2a 2 + 2a + b = 0
2a 2 + 2a + b = 0
(iii) Solving the equations from (i) and (ii) simultaneously: • 2 – correct solution
4a + b =−12 ⇒ b =−4a − 12 • 2 – finds the value of a or b
2
2a + 2a + b =0
2
2a + 2a − 4a − 12 =
0
2a 2 − 2a − 12 =
0
a2 − a − 6 =0
( a − 3)( a + 2 ) =
0
=a 3 ( since a > 0 )

b= −12 − 4a
= −12 − 4 × 3
= −24
(iv) f ( x ) = x3 + 5 x 2 − 2 x − 24 • 2 – correct graph
• 1 – correctly factorises
(
= ( x − 2 ) x 2 + 7 x + 12 ) f ( x)
=( x − 2 )( x + 3)( x + 4 )
Question 13 (continued)

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(c) (i) y = e kx • 2 – correct solution
y′ = ke kx • 1 – correctly finds y′ and
2 kx
y ′′ = k e y ′′ for y = e kx

If y = e kx is a solutions to y ′′ − 2 y′ − 3 y = 0 , then:
y ′′ − 2 y′ − 3 y =
0
k 2 e kx − 2ke kx − 3e kx = 0
(
e kx k 2 − 2k − 3 =
0 )
k 2 − 2k − 3 = 0 ( since e kx
≠0 )
(ii) k 2 − 2k − 3 =0 • 2 – correct solution
( k − 3)( k + 1) =
0 • 1 – correctly solves
−1, k =
k= 3 k 2 − 2k − 3 =0
– solves k 2 − 2k − 3 =0 to
determine solutions to the
Therefore, solutions to y ′′ − 2 y′ − 3 y = 0 of the form y = e kx are y = e − x and differential equation of
y = e3x . the form y = e kx

(iii) Suppose k1 = 3 (interchangeable without affecting the result). We

−1, k2 = • 2 – correct solution
need to show that
= y Ae −x
+ Be 3x
is also a solution to y ′′ − 2 y′ − 3 y = 0 . • 1 – correctly finds y′ and
y ′′ for
= y Ae − x + Be3 x
=y Ae − x + Be3 x
y′ = − Ae − x + 3Be3 x
y ′′ Ae − x + 9 Be3 x
=

( ) (
y ′′ − 2 y′ − 3 y Ae − x + 9 Be3 x − 2 − Ae − x + 3Be3 x − 3 Ae − x + Be3 x
= )
=Ae − x + 2 Ae − x − 3 Ae − x + 9 Be3 x − 6 Be3 x − 3Be3 x
=0

Therefore,
= y Ae − x + Be3 x is also a solution to y ′′ − 2 y′ − 3 y = 0 .

Alternatively, without recognising the substitution k1 = 3:

−1, k2 =

=y Ae k1x + Be k2 x
y′ = Ak1e k1x + Bk2 e k2 x
2 2
y ′′ = A ( k1 ) e k1x + B ( k2 ) e k2 x

y ′′ − 2 y′ − 3 y
2 2
( ) (
= A ( k1 ) e k1x + B ( k2 ) e k2 x − 2 Ak1e k1x + Bk2 e k2 x − 3 Ae k1x + Be k2 x )
2 2
= A ( k1 ) e k1x − 2 Ak1e k1x − 3 Ae k1x + B ( k2 ) e k2 x − 2 Bk2 e k2 x − 3Be k2 x
2 2
= Ae k1x ( k1 ) − 2k1 − 3 + Be k2 x ( k2 ) − 2k2 − 3
   
0 since k1 and k2 are solutions to k 2 − 2k − 3 = 0 by definition

Therefore,
= y Ae k1x + Be k2 x is also a solution to y ′′ − 2 y′ − 3 y = 0 .
Question 14

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(a) • 2 – correct solution
( p + q) ⋅( p + q) + ( p − q) ⋅( p − q)
2 2
p+q + p−q
  2  2 =    2  2   • 1 – correctly demonstrates
p + q p + q the use of the identity
    2
p⋅ p + p⋅q +q⋅ p + q⋅q + p⋅ p − p⋅q −q⋅ p + q⋅q u = u ⋅u
=        2  2         
p + q
 
2 2 2 2
p + q + p + q
=   2  2 
p + q
 

=
2 p + q
2
(
2

2
2
)
p + q
 
=2

2 2 2
Note: p ± q ≠ p ± 2 p q + q . Deduct 1 mark if students utilised this.
     
(b) (i) u= 9 − h • 2 – correct solution
h= 9 − u • 1 – uses the given
substitution to express
h= ( 9 − u )2 the integrand in terms
dh of u
−2 ( 9 − u )
=
du

dh −2 ( 9 − u )
∫9− h
=∫
u
du

9
= 2 ∫ 1 − du
u
=2 ( u − 9 ln u ) + c1
2u − 18ln u + c1
=

( )
= 2 9 − h − 18ln 9 − h + c1 , for some constant c1

=18 − 2 h − 18ln 9 − h + c1

−18ln 9 − h − 2 h + c, where c =
= c1 + 18 is a constant

(ii) Since these are growing tress, • 1 – correct answer

dh
>0
dt
(
t 0.5 9 − h ) >0
18
9− h > 0
h <9
h < 81

From 9 − h , h ≥ 0 .

∴ 0 ≤ h < 81
Question 14 (continued)

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(b) (iii)
dh t
=
0.5
(9 − h ) • 3 – correct solution
• 2 – correctly integrates and
dt 18
16
substitutes the given
⌠ dh 1
t initial values into the
 = ∫ t 0.5 dt primitives
⌡ 9 − h 18 0
1 • 1 – correctly separates the
1 t 
16 1.5 t
variables of the
 −18 ln 9 − h − 2 h  = differential equation
  1 18  1.5 
 0 (constants can be on
t1.5 either side)
( )
−18ln 9 − 16 − 2 16 − ( −18ln 8 − 2 ) =
27
t1.5
−18ln 5 − 8 + 18ln 8 + 2 =
27
 8  1.5
27 18ln − 6  = t
 5 
2
  8  3
=t  27 18ln − 6  
  5 
= 16.4 years ( 3 sig. fig.)

(c) (i) Let X denote the binomial random variable that counts the number of rose • 1 – correct solution
bushes that produce pink flowers with parameters n = 10 , p = 0.15 , where p
is the probability of a particular rose bush sprouting pink roses.

P ( X= 3=
) 10
C 3 × 0.153 × 0.857
= 0.129833...
= 13% ( nearest per cent )
(ii) In n trials, • 2 – correct solution
P ( X ≥ 1) > 0.95 • 1 – establishes a suitable
inequation involving
1− P ( X =
0 ) > 0.95
binomial probability
P ( X= 0 ) < 0.05
n
C 0 × 0.150 × 0.85n < 0.05
0.85n < 0.05
n ln 0.86 < ln 0.05
ln 0.05
n>
ln 0.86
n > 18.4331...
n = 19

Therefore, at least 19 rose bushes need to be bought.

Question 14 (continued)

Sample solution Suggested marking criteria

(c) (iii) For X  Bin (125, 0.15 ) : • 4 – correct solution
• 3 – correctly applies z-score
=µ np
= σ 2 npq formulas
=125 × 0.15 =125 × 0.15 × 0.85
• 2 – evaluates mean and
= 18.75
= 15.9375 variance of the binomial
distribution
The binomial distribution of X can be approximated by the normal • 1 – evaluates mean or
distribution Y where Y  N (18.75 , 15.9375 ) . variance of the binomial
distribution

P ( 20 ≤ X ≤ 30 )
P ( 20 < X ≤ 30 ) =
≈ P ( 20 ≤ Y ≤ 30 ) ( without continuity correction )
= P (Y ≤ 30 ) − P (Y ≤ 20 )
 30 − 18.75   20 − 18.75 
= PZ ≤  − PZ ≤ 
 15.9375   15.9375 
≈ P ( Z ≤ 2.82 ) − P ( Z ≤ 0.31)
≈ 0.9976 − 0.6217
= 0.3759
= 37.6% (1 d.p.)

P ( 20 < X ≤ 30 ) =
P ( 20 ≤ X ≤ 30 )
≈ P (19.5 ≤ Y ≤ 30.5 ) ( with continuity correction )
= P (Y ≤ 30.5 ) − P (Y ≤ 19.5 )
 30.5 − 18.75   19.5 − 18.75 
= PZ ≤  − PZ ≤ 
 15.9375   15.9375 
≈ P ( Z ≤ 2.94 ) − P ( Z ≤ 0.19 )
≈ 0.9984 − 0.5753
= 0.4231
= 42.3% (1 d.p.)