Chapter I
Differentiation
1 Algebraic Limits and Continuity
2 Derivatives
Lecture 2: Algebraic Limits and Continuity
By the end of this lesson, we’ll able to:
understand about limits of a function of one
variable
continuity of function of one variable
1.1 Limits
Definition:
1.1 Limits
1.1 Limits
1.1 Limits
1.1 Limits
Def (Limits at Infinity): If the value of the function approach
the number as increases without bound, we write:
Similarly, we write when the function values
approach the number M as decreases without bound.
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
1.2 One-Sided Limits and Continuity
Practice
1. A magic trick You may have heard of a magic trick that goes
like this: Take any number. Add . Double the result. Subtract .
Divide by . Now tell me your answer, and I’ll tell you what you
started with. Pick a number and try it. You can see what is going
on if you let be your original number and follow the steps to
make a formula for the number you end up with.
2. CHECKING ACCOUNT The charge for maintaining a checking
account at a certain bank is $12 per month plus 10 cents for
each check that is written. A competing bank charges $10 per
month plus 14 cents per check. Find a criterion for deciding
which bank offers the better deal.
Basic Terminologies
Limits
One-sided limits: Left limit and right limit
Limits at Infinity
Infinite Limits
Continuity
Limits and Continuity
Exercises: (Bitt)
Limits: From Ex 19 to 80 (Pages 106-108)
Ex 19 to 36 (Page 118)
Ex 77 to 84 (Page 121)
Continuity: Ex 50 to 72 (Pages 119-120)
Lecture 3: Derivatives
Lecture 3’s goals: consolidating your knowledge
about derivative.
By the end of this lesson, you’ll be better able to:
understand the derivative concepts
understand the meaning of derivatives
practice the derivative calculation rules
LECTURE 3: DERIVATIVES
I. Definitions
Def 1: Let the function . The average rate of
change of with respect to , as changes from
to is the ratio of the change in output to the
change of input:
, where .
EXAMPLE 1: Let a function Find the
average of change as
a) changes from to .
b) changes from to .
=> want some measure to indicate the rate of
change at a point
Instantaneous rate of change
Given a function , the following value:
f ( x0 x) f ( x0 )
lim
x 0 x
If it does exist, measure the instantaneous
rate of change of at
Derivatives
Def 2: The derivative of a function at the
point is the slope of the tangent line at that point
f ( x0 x ) f ( x0 )
lim f '( x0 )
x 0 x
If exists, then we say that is differentiable at
point .
Def 3: We say that the function is differentiable on
the open interval if it is differentiable at each
point in .
Derivatives
EXAMPLE 1:
It is estimated that months from now, the
population of a certain community will be
.
a. At what rate will the population be changing with
respect to time months from now?
b. By how much will the population actually change
during the month?
The derivative calculation Rules: The power rule, the
Sum-Difference rules, The Product rule, Quotient rule,
chain rule.
Derivatives
EXAMPLE 2: The gross domestic product (GDP) of
a certain country was billion
dollars t years after 2000.
a. At what rate was the GDP changing with respect
to time in 2020?
b. At what percentage rate was the GDP changing
with respect to time in 2020?
Derivative of a Composite Function
Derivative of a Composite Function
Derivatives
EXAMPLE 3: The cost of producing units of a
particular commodity is
dollars, and the production level hours into a
particular production run is
units.
At what rate is cost changing with respect to time
after hours?
II. Higher-order Derivatives
Consider the function given by
y f ( x) x 3 x 2 x 5 x 7
6 4 3
Its derivative is given by:
y ' f '( x) 6 x 12 x 6 x 5. 5 3 2
The derivative function can also be differentiated. We can
think of the derivative of as the rate of change the slope of
the tangent lines of . It can also be regarded as the rate at
which is changing. We use the notation for the
derivative . That is, .
We call is second derivative of .
Continuing in this manner, we have
f '''( x) ( f ''( x))' (The third derivative of f)
'
n n 1
f ( x) f ( x) (for all n 4) (The nth derivative of f)
III. Differential Expression
Now suppose that we have a function given by
. A change in from to yields
a change in from to . This
change in is given by:
III. Differential Expression
Definition: For , we define , called the
differential of , by , and it is called the
differential expression of , by
Basic Terminologies
Increment of the function
Derivative
Differentiable on
Higher order derivatives
Derivative calculation rules
Differential expression