Chapter 2 Basic
Laws
030413100 การวิเคราะห์วงจรไฟฟ้า 1
(Electric Circuits Analysis I)
สอนโดย อ.ดร.วิวัฒน์ จึงธนศิริกูล
Ohm’s Law
Nodes, Branches and Loops
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Content
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
Parallel Resistor and Current Division
Wye-Delta Transformations
2
• The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of electric current; it is measured
in ohms (Ω).
Resistors • The resistance of any material with a uniform cross-sectional depends on cross-sectional area A and
its length ,
𝑙
• 𝑅 = 𝜌𝐴
𝑙
𝜌 R
𝐴 𝑙
𝑅=𝜌
𝐴
R : Resistance (Ohm ; Ω)
ρ : Resistivity (Ω-m)
l : length (m)
A : Cross section area (m2)
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Resistors (2)
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Resistors (3)
Tapped Variable Thermistor LDR
Potentiometer Light Decrease SMD
Resistance (Surface Mount Device)
Volume
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Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is
directly proportional to the current i flowing through the
resistor.
𝑣
• 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 → 𝑅 =
𝑖
• A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching zero.
• 𝑅→0
• An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching infinity.
• 𝑅→∞
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Conductance
• Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric current; it is measured
in mho or siemens (S).
1 𝑖
•𝐺= =
𝑅 𝑣
• Power dissipated by a resistor ;
𝑣2
• 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑖2𝑅=
𝑅
2 𝑖2
• 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣 𝐺=
𝑅
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Example In the circuit shown in Fig. 2.8, calculate the current i,
the conductance G, and the power p.
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Example A voltage source of 20 sin 𝜋𝑡 V is connected across a 5-kΩ
resistor. Find the current through the resistor and the power dissipated.
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Nodes, Branches, and Loops
• A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source
or a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
• 𝑏 =𝑙+𝑛−1
Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively
share a single node and consequently carry the same
current.
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and consequently have
the same voltage across them.
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Example Determine the number of branches, nodes and loops in the
circuit shown
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Kirchhoff’s Laws (KCL-Part)
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic
sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is
zero. 𝑁
𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑛=1
• where N is the number of branches connected to the
node and is the nth current entering (or leaving) the
node.
• The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of the currents leaving the node.
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Example The combined current is the
algebraic sum of the current supplied by
the individual sources.
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
(KVL-Part)
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states
that the algebraic sum of all voltages
around a closed path (or loop) is zero.
𝑀
𝑣𝑚 = 0
𝑚=1
• where M is the number of voltages
in the loop (or the number of
branches in the loop) and vm is the
mth voltage.
• Sum of voltage drops Sum of voltage
rises
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For the circuit
in Fig., find
v1 and v2.
Example
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Practice 1 Find v1 and v2 in the circuit of Fig.
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Practice 2 Determine vo and i in the circuit shown in Fig
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Example Find currents and voltages in
the circuit shown in Fig
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Homework 2
(Basic Laws1)
Find the currents and
voltages in the circuit shown
in Fig
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Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• 𝑣1 = 𝑖𝑅1 , 𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑅2
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Parallel Resistor and Current Division
• 𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑅1 = 𝑖2 𝑅2
• 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 → KCL at Node 𝑎
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Brainstorm!!!
Why????
What if, R1 >>> R2, VR1=?, VR2=?
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Example Find Req for the circuit shown in Fig.
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Example Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the
circuit in Fig.
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Delta Formation Wye Formation
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑅1 =
𝑅1 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎
𝑅𝑏 = 𝑅2 =
𝑅2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏
𝑅𝑐 = 𝑅3 =
𝑅3 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
Wye-Delta Transformation 25
Example Convert the ∆ network in Fig. to an equivalent Y
network.
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Practice Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit
in Fig. and use it to find current i.
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• Three lightbulbs are connected to a 9-V battery as shown
in Fig. Calculate: (a) the total current supplied by the
Application 1 Light bulb battery, (b) the current through each bulb, (c) the
resistance of each bulb.
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Application 2 DC Meter
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Application 2 DC Meter
Voltmeter Ammeters
Ohmmeters
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(a) 0-1A (b) 0-100mA (c) 0-10mA
Take the full-scale meter current as Im=1mA and the internal
resistance of the ammeter as Rm=50Ω
Homework 3
(Basic Laws 2)
Following the ammeter setup of
Fig, Design an ammeter for the
following multiple ranges:
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•
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