CHAPTER R: FUNCTIONS, GRAPH AND MODELS
R.1. Graphs and Equations
Definition: The graphs of an equation is a drawing hat represents all
ordered pairs that are solotions of the equations.
Eg: The graph of equation: x2 + y2 = 4 is a circle.
Mathematical models:
Eg: Compound interest (lãi kép/lãi gộp)
P: principal (vốn)
i: interest rate (tỉ lệ lãi suất) (written as a decimal number)
t: number or years
A: amount of money after t years
A1 = P + P.i = P(1 + i)
A2 = A1 + A1(1 + i) = A1(1 + i) = P(1 + i)2
A3 = P(1 + i)3
( )
nt
i
Generally: At = P(1 + t)t or A = P 1+ (n: number or periods per
n
year)
R.2 – R.3. Functions and Models
1.1. Functions
Definition 1: A function is a correspondence between a first set, called
the domain, and a second set, called the range, such that each member of
the domain corresponds to exactly one member of the range.
Denote: y = f (x)
x: independent variable or input
y: dependent variable or output
Eg: f (x) = x2 – 3x + 1
f (2) = -1; f (√ 3) = 4 - 3√ 3
Definition 2: The set D = {x ϵ R: f (x) is defined} is called the domain of
f.
The set I = {y: The equation y = f (x) has solution} is called
the range of f.
1.2. Increasing and decreasing functions
Def 3: Let a function y = f (x):
- A function is increasing if its graph moves upward from left to right.
More exactly, a function f is increasing if:
∀ x 1 , x 2 ϵ D: x 1 < x 2=¿ f ( x1 ) < f (x 2 )
- A function is decreasing if its graph moves downward from left to
right. More exactly, a function f is dcreasing if:
∀ x 1 , x 2 ϵ D: x 1 < x 2=¿ f ( x1 ) > f (x 2 )
+) Demand function: p = D(x)
p: price
x: The number of units of commodity be sold.
+) Supply function: p = S(x)
+) Revenue function: R(x) = (number of item sold)(price per item) =
x.p(x)
+) Cost function: C = C(x)
+) Profit function: P(x) = R(x) – C(x) = xp(x) – C(x)
Composition of Functions: Given functions f (u) and g(x), the
composition f (g(x)) is the function of x formed by substituting u = g(x) for
u in the formula for f (u).
Eg: f (u) = u2 + 3u + 1 and g(x) = x + 1.
f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = (x + 1)2 + 3(x + 1) + 1 = x2 + 5x + 5
1.4. The Graph of a Function
Def: The Graph of a Funcion f consists of all points (x; y) where x is in the
domain of f and y = f (x); that is, all points of the form (x; f(x)).
The Graph of y = c, or f (x) = c, a horizontal line, is the graph of a
function. Such a function is referred to as a constant function. The graph
of x = a is a vertical line, and x = a is not a function.
R.4. Linear Functions
Def: A linear function is a function of the form: y = mx + b (m ≠ 0).
+) m: slope or gradient
increasi
+) b: intercept with y y
ng
y = mx + b (m >
0)
b y = b (horizontal
line)
O decreasing x
y = mx + b (m
< 0)
Direct Variation: The variable y varies directly as x if there is some
positive constant m such that y = mx. We also say that y is directly
proportional to x.
y 2− y 1
m = tan α =
x 2−x 1
The equation of a straight line passed through two points M1(x1;y1),
M2(x2;y2):
y 2− y 1
y= (x – x1) + y1
x 2−x 1
Equation forms of a straight line:
+) Slope – intercept form: y = mx + b
+) Point – slope form: y = m(x – x0) + y0
+) General form: ax + by = c (a2 + b2 ≠ 0)