Quantitative

Research

DR. NELDA NACION

About PROBLEM 1

your prof
Give a striking overview of the
problem and explain it briefly.

PROBLEM 2
Elaborate on how this negatively
impacts people and their experiences.

PROBLEM 3
 THIS COURSE PROVIDES AN IN-DEPTH
EXPLORATION OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH METHODS, FOCUSING ON
DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND
INTERPRETATION.
STUDENTS WILL LEARN TO DESIGN

Quantitative RESEARCH STUDIES, USE STATISTICAL

TECHNIQUES, AND APPLY FINDINGS TO

Research
REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS. EMPHASIS IS
PLACED ON PRACTICAL APPLICATION
AND CRITICAL EVALUATION OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH.
Grading
System
Course Objectives
 Topics for week 1:
Introduction to Quantitative
Research
Topics for week 2: Research
Design and Methodology
Topics for week 3: Data
Collection Methods
Surveys and
Questionnaire
Research Instrument/
Questionnaire
Guidelines for
Questionnaire Design
Characteristics of a
good question
Examples of unbiased questions:
Do you watch Korean Novelas?
A GOOD QUESTION IS
UNBIASED Do you like classical music?
Are you in favor of legalizing
-It must not be worded in a divorce in the Philippines?
manner that it will influence the
respondent whether to favor or
not in a certain question.

-Should be stated in a neutral

language.
EXAMPLE OF BIASED
QUESTION:

Do you watch corny Korean

Novelas?
Do you like boring classical
music?
Are you in favor of destroying
the sanctity of marriage by
legalizing divorce in the
Philippines?
 SECOND EXAMPLE OF SIMPLE
CHARACTERISTIC OF A AND CLEAR QUESTION:
GOOD QUESTION
What is your average
grade last semester?
A good question must be clear How many units are you
and simply stated. enrolled in this
semester?
This is to make your question
easier to understand and more
likely to be answered truthfully.
EXAMPLE OF NOT SO
SIMPLE AND CLEAR
QUESTION:

What is your academic

performance last
semester?
How heavy is your
academic load this
semester?
 THIRD: A GOOD
QUESTION MUST BE
PRECISE Examples of precise questions:
In terms of mathematical ability, do
you think male and female are
equal?
Questions must not be vague. Did the restaurant staff smile while
It should indicate clearly the taking your order?
manner how the answers
must be given.
 EXAMPLE OF NOT SO
PRECISE QUESTION
LAST CHARACTERISTIC
(VAGUE)
OF A GOOD QUESTION

[Link] questionnaires lend themselves

Do you think male and female to easy analyses.
are equal?
Was the restaurant staff
friendly?
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE
THE LENGTH OF QUESTIONNAIRE SHOULD BE PROPER
ONE.
THE LANGUAGE USED SHOULD BE EASY AND SIMPLE.
THE TERM USED ARE EXPLAINED PROPERLY.
THE QUESTIONS SHOULD BE ARRANGED IN A PROPER
WAY.
THE QUESTIONS SHOULD BE IN LOGICAL MANNER.
THE QUESTIONS SHOULD BE IN ANALYTICAL FORM.
COMPLEX QUESTIONS SHOULD BE BROKEN INTO
FILTER QUESTIONS.
THE QUESTIONS SHOULD BE DESCRIBED PRECISELY
AND CORRECTLY.
 CATEGORIES OF SURVEY
QUESTION
OPEN QUESTION CLOSED QUESTION
An open question allows a free A closed question allows only a fixed
response. response.

Examples: Example:
What are the things you What is the first factor you
consider before buying a consider before buying a
cellphone? cellphone? Choose only one.
What do you think can be a. Price
done to reduce the volume
b. Brand
of plastic bags waste in
Cavite? c. Features
 TYPES OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
Are information collected from
Are information collected from published or unpublished sources
an original source of data, like books, newspapers, journals,
which is first-hand in nature. theses.
Examples are data collected
from interviews and surveys.
TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
MULTIPLE CHOICE Typically, you’d want your
QUESTIONS respondents to pick only one option.
This kind of multiple-choice question
This is the most popular type of is called a single-answer multiple-
survey question to ask your choice question.
audience. You provide
respondents with a list of However, in some cases, you might
answer options and they get to want them to give you multiple
choose one or more options answers. This kind of question is
from this list. called a multi-answer multiple
choice question.
TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
OPINION SCALE
QUESTION
An opinion scale survey question
provides respondents with a scale
of numbers as answer options.
These options range from 1 to 10,
0 to 100, 1 to 5, etc.
TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
LIKERT SCALE
QUESTIONNAIRE

This kind of question is a reliable

survey question to ask your
respondents to measure their
attitudes, perceptions, and opinions
about a certain topic.
TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
RANK ORDER
QUESTIONS

A rank order question provides your

respondents with a list of answer
options. This survey question type
allows them to compare the options
and rank them in order of priority,
importance, or value.
TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
DICHOTOMOUS
QUESTIONS

A dichotomous question (or a yes or no

question) requires only two possible
answers from your survey respondents:
yes/no, agree/disagree, or true/false.
TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
RATING QUESTIONS

Rating scale survey questions allow

your survey respondents to quickly
rate something on a scale of 1 to 5. This
is often used as a quick survey
question to ask your respondent how
they feel about a particular thing.
TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
OPEN-ENDED
QUESTIONS
Unlike other types of survey questions,
open-ended survey questions provide
respondents with different predefined
answer options. This survey question
type provides respondents with a text
field so they could give an answer in
their own words.
Experimental THIS IS A FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF

setups and SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND

control
EXPERIMENTATION, AND IT'S
CRUCIAL FOR OBTAINING RELIABLE
AND VALID RESULTS. LET'S BREAK IT
DOWN INTO KEY COMPONENTS:
Experimental
BEFORE SETTING UP AN EXPERIMENT,
CLEARLY DEFINE THE RESEARCH

setup QUESTION OR HYPOTHESIS. THE

OBJECTIVE GUIDES THE DESIGN AND
HELPS DETERMINE WHAT VARIABLES
TO MANIPULATE AND MEASURE.
 Variables

Experimental
setup
 Experimental
Design
Experimental
setup
 Control
CONTROL IN AN EXPERIMENT
Experimental REFERS TO THE BASELINE OR

setup STANDARD AGAINST WHICH THE

EFFECTS OF THE INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE ARE COMPARED. IT
HELPS TO ISOLATE THE EFFECT OF
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND
RULE OUT OTHER POTENTIAL
EXPLANATIONS.
 Types of Control
Experimental
setup
 Randomization
Experimental To avoid bias, participants or samples
setup should be randomly assigned to
different groups. This helps ensure
that differences between groups are
due to the experimental treatment and
not pre-existing differences.
 Replication
Experimental Replication involves repeating the
setup experiment multiple times or with
multiple samples to ensure that the
results are consistent and reliable.
This helps in confirming that the
results are not due to chance.
 Data Collection
Data Collection Carefully collect data according to the
and Analysis established
accuracy and
procedure. Ensure
consistency in
measurement.
 Data Analysis
Data Collection Analyze the data to determine if there
and Analysis are significant effects of the
independent variable on the
dependent variable. Use statistical
methods to interpret the data and
draw conclusions.
Interpretation
and Reporting Interpret the results in the context of
the original hypothesis or research
question. Report findings clearly,
including any limitations or potential
sources of error.
Common
Pitfalls
Summary A well-designed experimental setup with
appropriate controls is crucial for obtaining
valid and reliable results. Careful consideration
of variables, use of control groups,
randomization, and replication will help ensure
that your findings are robust and meaningful.
Measurement
70

60

Scales and 50

Reliability/ 40

Validity
30

20

10

0
Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4
Measurement In research, measurement is the

Scales and
process of assigning numbers or labels
to variables to represent quantities or

Reliability/ qualities. To ensure that the

Validity
measurements we take are
meaningful and useful, we need to
understand different measurement
scales, and assess the reliability and
validity of our measures.
Measurement Measurement scales determine
Scales how we classify and quantify
variables. They are crucial
because they impact the kind of
statistical analyses we can
perform. There are four
primary types of measurement
scales
 Levels of
Measurement
 Levels of
Measurement
 Levels of
Measurement
 Levels of
Measurement
Reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency or
stability of a measurement
instrument. A reliable measurement
should yield the same results under
consistent conditions.
Types of Reliability
Types of Reliability
 Validity
Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement tool
actually measures what it claims to measure. It addresses
the accuracy and appropriateness of the measurement.
Types of Validity
Assessment
 Summary
Understanding measurement scales, reliability, and validity
is crucial for conducting rigorous and meaningful research.
Measurement scales provide the framework for
categorizing and quantifying data, reliability ensures the
consistency of our measurements, and validity confirms
that our measures accurately represent the concepts we are
studying. By carefully considering these aspects,
researchers can design more effective studies and draw
more reliable conclusions from their data.
 References:
Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and
Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley.
Krosnick, J. A., & Presser, S. (2010). Question and Questionnaire Design. In P.
Marsden & J. D. Wright (Eds.), Handbook of Survey Research (2nd ed., pp. 263-
313). Emerald Group Publishing.
Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., & Singer, E. (2011).
Survey Methodology (2nd ed.). Wiley.
Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and Validity Assessment. Sage
Publications.
Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). Sage
Publications.