STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I.

Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

INTRODUCTION  Farm grain elevators

 Silos
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING AND  Vegetable storage
INFRASTRUCTURE  Fruit storages
 Frozen-product storages
 It is a major field of study that includes  Ice houses
the design, development, construction,
and maintenance of various farm BUILDING FOR CROP PRODUCTION
buildings for poultry and livestock,
 Milk houses
storage silos and warehouses,
 Pasteurizing and bottling plants
processing plants, machinery sheds,
farm to market roads, irrigation facility,  Cheese factories
soil and water conservation structures  Smoke houses
 Slaughter houses
and many others.
 Tobacco barn
DEFINITION OF FARM STRUCTURE  Forage dryers
 Fruits and vegetables packing houses,
 a group of generally familiar objects washing plants and dehydrating
scattered around a farm house. structures
 a production equipment that, for
convenience are group around a farm MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
house
 a house around which scattered an  Fences, walls, and gates, corrals
uninteresting collection of out  Waterer, Self feeders
buildings.
 A closely knit, well-kept group of  Dipping vats, Manure pits
obviously purposeful building.  Roadside stands, Tourist cabin
 A nondescript collection of decaying
shacks. BUILDINGS FOR EQUIPMENT AND
TYPES OF FARM STRUCTURES AND SUPPLIES
UTILITIES  Implement sheds
FARM HOUSES  Garage
 Dwellings for operators, retired  Farm shop
parents, married relatives, workers
with families  Fuel storages

BUILDINGS FOR LIVESTOCK  Utility buildings

 Barns FARMSTEAD
 Hog Houses  It is an area where the farm house and
various farm buildings are located and
 Poultry buildings considered as the center of farm
enterprise
 Small-animal shelters
 Exhibition buildings
BUILDINGS FOR PRODUCT
STORAGE
 Hay barn
 Corn Crib
 Granaries, bins
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

TYPES OF FARMSTEADS
1. Concentrated. In this type, all BARN AND SHED
structures are in close proximity,
in many instances, will all or most  It is a structure that serves as storage
of the buildings are joined together facility for farm equipment and
or connected by sheds or covered supplies such as feeds, hay, and
walks others.

2. Plantation or Ranch. It often

consists of two or more separated
groups of buildings; one group
includes the residence, garage and
attendant service buildings; the
other group includes barns, storage
houses, and principal service
buildings and workers’ houses
3. Suburban type. It consists
primarily of residence and small POULTRY FARM
service buildings, where the  A collection of buildings used to raise
essential farm operations are chicken purposely for meat or eggs,
carried on with hired services and other poultry birds such as ducks,
4. Distributed type. This is the most turkeys, quail, and others
common type of farmstead where
buildings are located sufficiently
far apart to allow adequate room
for road drives and yards,
reasonable fire safety, and
sanitation, yet sufficiently close
together to be effective for farm
operation
SWINE FARM
FARM HOUSE  A collection of buildings purposely
 It is a structure that serves as a used for raising hogs
dwelling place for people living in a
farm
 It is a farmer’s house attached to the
farm.
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

CATTLE OR DAIRY FARM

 A collection of buildings used for PROCESSING PLANTS
raising cattle either for meat or for milk.
 A facility for processing raw materials
into suitable form of product.

GOAT FARM
 A collection of buildings used for
raising cattle either for meat or for milk.
IRRIGATION STRUCTURES
 A facility used to control and distribute
water efficiently into the farm.

GREENHOUSE
 A structure that provides a reliable
enclosure within which an environment
favorable to plant growth can be
attained
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE KIND
OF FARM STRUCTURES
 Climate
 Crops
 Market
STORAGE FACILITY  Building Materials
 A structure used to keep the product  Local Tradition
for a prolong period of time without
significant loss in quality.  Social and economic pattern
CLASSIFICATIONS OF FARM
STRUCTURE
(1) Movable or Fixed
 movable buildings are small,
lightweight, and constructed with skids
so that it can be moved around the
farm
 Fixed buildings are anchored to piers
or foundations attached to poles set in
the ground
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027
comfortable or maintaining satisfactory
conditions for storage of farm products, and
(2) Pre-fabricated or on- the-site
construction (3) Structural Design -This involves the
selection of the size of structural parts,
 pre-fabricated buildings are built from quantity and specifications of materials and
units that are constructed in a factory estimate of cost.
FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OR END OF PPT 1
SELECTION OF FARM BUILDINGS
 Location - It should have an access to
a public highway without the expense
of maintaining an extensive private
roadway and there should be the
availability of water supply.
 Site Drainage - The soil should be
sufficiently well drained to provide
suitable foundation for the
construction. Slopes and location of
the buildings should be such that the
drainage from barn yards, feed lots or
septic tank will not contaminate the
water supply.
 Distance Between Buildings - as the
distance between buildings is
increased, the travel required in the
performance of the chores is increased
and the amount of cropland used for
the farmstead becomes greater.
Distance between buildings
should not be too far yet not near
enough to allow some area between
buildings as a means of reducing fire
hazard. A distance of 75 ft or 29
m is usually adequate.
 Windbreaks - natural features of the
topography should be used to shelter
the farmstead from heavier winds.
If such protection is not
available, trees or shrubs should be
planted.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN
PLANNING FARM STRUCTURES
(1) Space Requirement - This refers to the
location of structures in relation to one
another as well as their internal arrangement.
(2) Environment – This includes
temperature, light, ventilation, water and
other factors dealing with keeping animals
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

  1. Fire-Resistant Wood Concept

 Implementing rules and regulations  Wood is naturally combustible, but its
(IRR) revised in 2004 With annotations fire resistance can be enhanced
by the Board of Architecture in 2018 using:
EXPLANATION:
 Large cross-section / heavy timber
 Its primary purpose is to ensure  Thick timber burns slowly; the outer
public safety, health, and general char layer protects the inner core,
welfare in the design, construction, maintaining structural strength.
and occupancy of buildings and
structures in the Philippines.  This is why heavy timber is used in
Type IV (heavy timber construction) in
 It provides minimum standards for the NBCP.
structural design, fire safety, sanitation,
electrical and mechanical installations,  Fire-retardant treatments
and occupancy.  Chemical treatments, pressure-
 It applies to all buildings and impregnated fire-retardant wood, or
structures, whether residential, intumescent coatings increase
commercial, industrial, institutional, or resistance.
agricultural.  1-hour fire rating means that the
 structural member can maintain load-
bearing capacity for at least 60
 minutes in a standard fire test.
 Enforces uniform standards and
 Engineered Wood / Laminated
requirements on building design,
construction, use, occupancy and Wood
maintenance in line with the policy of  Laminated timber (glulam) or cross-
the state to safeguard life, health,
laminated timber (CLT) can achieve 1-
property, and public werfare.
hour fire rating by:
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
 Adjusting thickness of laminates
TYPE I
 Adding fire-retardant coatings
 shall be of wood construction
 structural elements may be any of  Using specific adhesive systems rated
the materials permitted by the for fire
Code
TYPE III
TYPE II
 Shall be of masonry and wood
 Shall be of wood construction with construction.
protective fire-resistant materials
and one-hour fire-resistive throughout  Structural elements may be any of the
materials permitted by the Code
 except, that permanent non-bearing provided
partitions may use fire-retardant
treated wood within the framing  the building shall be one- hour fire-
assembly with one-hour resistivity resistive throughout
EXPLANATION OF TYPE 2
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027
 Exterior walls shall be of incombustible  permitted to be built with at least one-
fire-resistive construction. hour fire-resistivity throughout as
Types II, III to IV Construction
TYPE IV
 Shall be steel, iron, concrete, or
HIGHLY FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES
masonry construction  areas wherein highly fire- resistive or
 walls, ceiling and permanent partitions non- combustible buildings/structures
shall be of incombustible fire- resistive and/or construction assemblies of no
construction, except, that permanent less than three to four-hour fire-
non-bearing partitions of one-hour fire- resistive construction materials are
resistive construction may use fire- used throughout, including exterior
retardant treated wood within the walls
framing assembly.  only Types IV and V Constructions are
permitted in the areas.
TYPE V
TEMPORARY BUILDING
 Shall be four-hour fire-resistive STRUCTURES
throughout and the structural
elements shall be of steel, iron,  Temporary buildings such as reviewing
concrete, or masonry stands and other miscellaneous
construction. structures conforming to the
requirements of the Code, and sheds,
REQUIREMENTS OF FIRE ZONE canopies and fences used for the
 Fire zones are areas within which protection of the public around and
only certain types of in conjunction with construction work,
buildings/structures are permitted may be erected in the fire zones by
to be constructed based on their special permit from the Building Official
use or occupancy, type of for a limited period of time, provided
construction, and resistance to fire. that, fire protective/preventive
measures and fire suppression
NON-FIRE RESTRICTED ZONES facilities are adequate.
 where siting of buildings/structures is BUILDINGS LOCATED IN MORE
permitted without fire resistivity THAN ONE FIRE ZONE
measures
 located in the country sides or rural  A building/structure which is located
areas where commercial and industrial partly in one (1) fire zone and partly
and other buildings are sparsely in another shall be considered to be
constructed in the more highly restrictive fire
 or clustered in small groups like zone, when more than one third (1/3)
farmlands of its total floor area is located in such
 Dwellings are built of indigenous zone.
materials such as bamboo, sawali,
FIRE RESISTIVE RATING
nipa, cogon, palm leaves and wood
up to Types I and II Construction STANDARDS
 All materials of construction, and type
FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES
of materials and assemblies or
 where siting of buildings/structures are combinations thereof shall conform to
permitted within prescribed fire- the following fire-resistive ratings:
resistivity measures for exterior
walls of at least two-hour fire
resistivity.
 usually in suburban areas
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027
crocodile farm, monkey raising and the
like
4. Customary support facilities such as
palay dryers and rice threshers and
storage barns and warehouses
5. Ancillary dwelling units/farmhouses for
tillers and laborers
6. Agricultural research and
experimentation facilities such as
breeding stations, fish farms,
nurseries, demonstration farms, etc.
7. Pastoral activities such as goat-raising
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BY and cattle fattening
OCCUPANCY
8. Home occupation for the practice of
 There are 10 Groups of Occupancies sub- one's profession or engaging home
divided into 25 Divisions business such as dressmaking,
tailoring, baking, running a sari-sari
GROUP J - AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER
OCCUPANCIES/USES NOT SPECIFICALLY store and the like, provided that, the
MENTIONED UNDER GROUPS A number of persons engaged in such
THROUGH I business/industry shall not exceed five
(5), inclusive of the owner; there shall
PRINCIPAL USE DIVISION J-1 be no change in the outside
Agricultural structures: appearance of the building premises;
a. Sheds no home occupation shall be
conducted in any customary accessory
b. Barns uses cited above; no traffic shall be
c. Poultry houses generated by such home occupation in
greater volume than would normally be
d. Piggeries
expected in a residential neighborhood
e. Hatcheries and any need for parking generated by
f. Stables the conduct of such home occupation
shall be met off the street in a place
g. Greenhouses
other than the required front yard; no
h. Granaries equipment or process shall be used in
i. Silos such occupation which creates noise,
vibration, glare, fumes, odors and
ACCESSORY USE electrical interference detectable to the
1. Cultivation, raising and growing of normal senses and visual or audible
staple crops such as rice, corn, interference in any radio or television
camote, cassava and the like receiver or causes fluctuations in line
2. Growing of diversified plants and trees, voltage of the premises.
such as fruit and flower bearing trees, 9. Home industry classified as cottage
coffee, tobacco, etc.
industry, e.g., mat weaving, pottery
3. Silviculture, mushroom culture, fishing making, food preservation, etc. provided
and fish culture, snake culture,
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027
that such home industry shall not occupy 28. Processing, preserving and canning of
more than 30% of floor area of the fish and other seafoods, n.e.c.
dwelling unit; there shall be no change or 29. Manufacturing of desiccated coconut
alteration in the outside appearance of the
30. Manufacture of starch and its products
dwelling unit and shall not be a hazard or
nuisance; allotted capitalization shall not 31. Manufacture of wines from juices of
exceed the capitalization as set by the local fruits
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI); 32. Vegetable oiI mills, including coconut
such shall consider same provisions as oil
enumerated in Home Occupation, this
33. Sugarcane milling (centrifugal and
Section. refines)
10. Backyard raising of livestock and fowl, 34. Sugar refining
provided that for livestock - a
maximum of 10 heads; for fowl a 35. Muscovado sugar mill
maximum of 500 birds 36. Cotton textile mill
11. All uses allowed in agriculture 37. Manufacture/processing of other
12. Rice/ corn mills (single pass) plantation crops, e.g., pineapple,
bananas, etc.
13. Drying, cleaning, curing and
preserving of meat and its by 38. Other commercial handicrafts and
products and derivatives industrial activities utilizing plant or
animal parts and/or products as raw
14. Drying, smoking and airing of tobacco materials, n.e.c.
15. Flour mill 39. Other accessory uses incidental to
16. Cassava flour mill agro-industrial activities

17. Manufacture of coffee ZONING CLASSIFICATIONS FOR J-1

18. Manufacture of unprepared animal
feeds, other grain milling
19. Production of prepared feeds for
animals
20. Cigar and Cigarette factory
21. Curing and redrying tobacco leaves
22. Miscellaneous processing of tobacco
leaves, n.e.c.
23. Weaving hemp textile
24. Jute spinning and weaving
25. Manufacture of charcoal
26. Milk processing plants (Manufacturing
filled, reconstituted or recombined
milk, condensed or evaporated)
27. Butter and cheese processing plants
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

DIVISION J-2 (Accessory)

1. Private garages, carports
2. Towers, smokestacks, chimneys
3. Swimming pools including shower and
locker room
4. Fence over 1.8 m high, separate
firewalls
5. Steel and/or concrete tanks
BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT (BHL) – J-1
 15.00 meters (or must complement the
duly-approved BHL in the major zone it
is part of)
Minimum Required Parking Slot,
Parking Area and Loading Space
Requirements
 Not required if located outside
urbanized area; if located within
urbanized area, provide one (1) car
slot for every 1,000.00 sq. meters of
gross floor area and one (1) bus slot
for every one hundred
 (100) workers; if number of workers
exceed two hundred (200), provide
one (1) off-RROW (or off- street)
passenger loading space that can
accommodate two (2) queued
jeepney/shuttle slots; provide at least
one (1) loading slot for articulated truck
or vehicle
END OF PPT 2
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

STRUCTURAL AND MINIMUM

DESIGN LOADS, COMBINATIONS OF
LOAD
REVIEW OF UNITS OF
MEASUREMENT
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

ESTIMATING STRUCTURAL LOADS

Brainstorming!
Classification of Loads based on the area
over which they are applied:
• Concentrated Load – load applied at
a point or along a line
• Distributed Load - load spread over a
large area
• Uniformly distributed Load – load is
equal over all portion of the contact
area

STRUCTURAL LOADS
 refer to any force or weight acting on a
building
 Structures are designed to sustain
various types of loads and possible TYPES OF STRUCTURAL LOADS
combinations of loads that could act
on them during their lifetime There are two major types of loads in building
 accurate estimation of loads is a very design
important aspect of the structural A. Vertical Loads
 analysis process.
 local and international codes, as well i. Dead Loads
as research reports and documents,
ii. Live Loads
can aid and guide designers
B. Lateral Loads
i. Wind Loads
ii. Seismic Loads
Vertical Loads
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL LOADS
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027
 Dead Loads For a 10-ft span = 2 % of total load For a 20-ft
span = 10 % of total load
 Live Loads
Estimated dead load of roof trusses
 Snow Load (wood)
Lateral Loads W = ½ SL ( 1 + 0.1 L)
 Wind Load
Where:
 Seismic/Earthquake Loads
W = wt of one truss, lbs
Special Loads
S = bay (distance b/w trusses) L = span of
 Other minimum loads
truss, ft
 Lateral soil loads
 Rain loads
 Flood loads
DEAD LOAD
 load that is due to the self-weight of
structural members, fixed permanent
equipment or furniture, permanent unit.
 Include the weights of various
structural members and materials
permanently attached to the structure
(e.g. weight of roofing or floor
covering, columns, beams, girders,
walls, windows, etc.)
1. FLOOR LIVE LOADS
DEAD LOAD [with Minimum design loads
from the NSCP, 2015] • Based on occupancy or
use of building
 What are the factors affecting the (human
assessment of dead load? occupants, furniture,
 self-weight of the member or materials, etc.
structure • See/use Table 205-1
 weight of various materials in the • Use actual live load if >
construction the minimum value
 weight of permanent member or Examples: human occupants,
structure furniture, stored materials, etc.
 weight of fixed service equipment
and furniture
 the net effect of pre-stressing

 Estimated dead load of wood beams 1. DEAD LOAD

(uniformly distributed)
STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

SAMPLE PROBLEM #1:

Dead load of a concrete beam
Determine the dead load of a reinforced
concrete beam with 6 m length, 200 mm
width and 300 mm height.

2. LIVE LOAD
LIVE LOAD [with Minimum design loads
from the NSCP, 2015]
 moveable or temporarily attached to
a structure
 include the loads on a building created
by the storage of furniture and
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2: equipment, occupancy (people), and
Dead load of a retaining wall impact

The semi-gravity retaining wall in the figure  Gravity loads which are not
below is made of mass concrete with a unit permanently applied to the structure
weight of 23.6 kN/m3. Determine the wall’s [Link] LIVE LOADS
load per meter
1. Based on occupancy or use of building
(human occupants, furniture,
materials, etc.
2. See/use Table 205-1
3. Use actual live load if > the minimum
value
Examples: human occupants, furniture,
stored materials, etc.
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads Source: NSCP, 2015
 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027
Floor Live Load
The floor area shown is used for heavy
storage. Determine the live load in kN. Use
Table 205 – 1.

Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads Source: NSCP, 2015 continued…

Sample Problem #4:

Floor Live Load
The floor system of a cold storage (heavy) as
shown consists of a 6- inch thick reinforced
concrete slab supported by steel beams. If
the weight of each steel beam is 64.6 lb/ft,
determine the dead load in lb/ft supported by
any interior beam.

SAMPLE PROBLEM #3:

 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

2.2 ROOF LIVE LOADS [Section

205.4 in NSCP, 2015]
 Loads during roof construction
 Use Table 205-3
 Loads act vertically upon the area
projected on a horizontal plane
 Where uniform roof loads are involved,
consider full dead loads on all spans
combined with full roof live loads on
adjacent spans and on alternate spans
 Except when uniform roof live load ≥ 1
kPa REDUCTION OF LIVE LOADS
 Examples: Re-roofing operations, air  Design live loads for floors
conditioning and mechanical (Table 205-1) and for roofs
equipment installation and servicing (Table 205-3) may be reduced on
any member supporting
 SPECIAL ROOF LOADS
>15 m2
 Greenhouse roof bars, purlins, rafters
 EXCEPT for floors in public
shall be designed to carry a 0.45 kN
assembly and live loads > 4.8 kPa
concentrated load, in addition to the
uniform live load

REDUCTION OF LIVE LOADS

 STRUCTURES Engr. Jhanelle Creyzha I. Arteta
ABE 323 ENGR. JO | S.Y. 2026-2027

END OF PPT 3