Gases
Chapter 5
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Outline
5.1 Early Experiments
5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle , Charles and Avogadro
5.3 The Ideal Gas Law
5.4 Gas Stoichiometry
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5.5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
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5.1 Early Experiments READ ONLY
The first person to attempt a scientific study of
the “vapors” produced in chemical reactions was a
Flemish physician named Jan Baptista Van
Helmont (1577 -1644 )
In 1643 an Italian physicist named Evangelista
Torricelli (1680- 1647) , who had been a student of
Galileo, performed experiments that showed
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that the air in the atmosphere exerts pressure.
Torricelli designed the first barometer by filling a
tube that was closed at one end with mercury and
then inverting it in a dish of mercury (see fig.5.1) .
He observed that a column of mercury
approximately 760 millimeters long always
remained in the tube as a result of the pressure of
the atmosphere.
A few years later Otto von Guericke , a German
physicist, invented an air pump, often called a
vacuum pump 3
FIGURE 5.1: A Torricellian Baromet
Units of Pressure
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FIGURE 5.2: A Simple
Manometer
The unit millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) is called the torr. A related unit for
pressure is the standard atmosphere :
1 standard atmosphere = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr
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Application
What is the pressure of the sample of gas trapped in the open-
tube mercury manometer shown below if atmospheric pressure
is 736 mmHg and h = 9.2 cm?
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Answer : 644 mmHg 5
Application
1. A sample of pure oxygen gas has a pressure of 795 torr. What
is the pressure of the oxygen in units of atmospheres?
Answer: 1.05 atm
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Gas Characteristics
Which of these properties is/are characteristic(s) of gases?
A) High compressibility
B) Relatively large distances between molecules
C) Formation of homogeneous mixtures regardless
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of the nature of gases
D) A and B.
E) A, B, and C.
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5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle , Charles ,
and Avogadro
Boyles’s Law
Using a J-shaped tube closed at one end
(Fig. 5.3 ) , Boyle studied the relationship
between the pressure of the trapped gas
and its volume .
Data collected showed that the
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product of the pressure and volume
for the trapped air sample is constant
within the accuracies of Boyle’s
measurements.
This behavior can be represented by
the equation
PV = k
Which is called Boyle’s law, where k is a 8
constant at a specific temperature for a FIGURE 5.3: J-Tube
given sample of air.
FIGURE 5.4: Plots of Boyle's Data
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A gas that obeys Boyles law is
called an ideal gas.
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Boyles law is only approximately
followed for real gases.
Boyle’s law
Which of the following statements is consistent with Boyle's Law
concerning an ideal gas?
A) At constant temperature and moles, a plot of volume
versus pressure is linear.
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B) At constant pressure and volume, a plot of temperature
versus moles is linear.
C) At constant pressure and moles, a plot of temperature
versus volume is linear.
D) At constant temperature and moles, a plot of pressure
versus the inverse of volume is linear.
E) At constant temperature and pressure, a plot of moles
versus volume is linear. 10
Charles's Law
Jacques Charles ( 1746-1823) , was the first person to fill a balloon
with hydrogen gas and who made the first solo balloon flight.
Charles found that the volume of gas at constant pressure increases
linearly with the temperature of the gas.
One very interesting feature of these plots is that the volumes of all
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the gases extrapolate to zero at the same temperature , -273.2 ̊C. On
the Kelvin temperature scale this point is defined as O K :
Temperature (K) = 0̊C +273
In this case the volume of each gas is directly proportional to
temperature and extrapolates to zero when temperature is 0 K.
This behavior is represented by the equation known as Charles’s
Law :
V= bT
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Where T is the temperature (in kelvins) and b is a proportionality
constant
Effect of Decreased Temperature on a
Balloon Filled with Air
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Ken O'Donoghue
FIGURE 5.8: V vs. T
FIGURE 5.7: V vs. T (in (in degrees Kelvin) for Several
degrees Celsius) for Several Gases
Gases
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Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro postulates that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature
and pressure contain the same number of “particles”. This observation is
called Avogadro’s law
V= a n
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Where V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles, and a is a
proportionality constant .
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5.3 The Ideal Gas Law
Boyle’s law : V = K/P (at constant T and n)
Charles’s law : V = bT (at constant P and n)
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Avogadro’s law: V = an (at constant T and P )
V = R ( T n / P);
PV= n RT 15
Gas Stoichiometry
The conditions 0̊C and 1 atm , called standard temperature and
pressure (abbreviated STP), are common reference conditions for
the properties of gases.
For example , the molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.42 liters at STP.
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R = 8.31451 J/[Link]
R = 0.08206 [Link]/[Link]
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Application
At constant temperature, the volume of the container that a
sample of nitrogen gas is in is doubled. As a result the pressure
of the nitrogen gas is halved. The amount of nitrogen gas is
unchanged in this process. This is an example of:
A) Boyle's Law D) Avogadro's Law
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B) Charles's Law E) Dalton's Law
C) Gay-Lussac's Law
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Application
A sample of a gas occupies 1.40 × 103 mL at 25°C and 760
mmHg. What volume will it occupy at the same temperature
and 380 mmHg?
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Application
A sample of hydrogen gad (H2) has a volume of 8.65 L at a temperature 0 ̊C and
pressure of 1.5 atm. Calculate the moles of H2 present in this gas sample.
Solution : Solving the ideal gas law for n gives
n = PV/RT
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P=1.5 atm
V= 8.56 L
T = 0 ̊C + 273= 273 K
R = 0.08206 L atm K-1 .
n= (1.5 atm)(8.56 L)/ (0.08206 )(273)= 0.57 mol
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•
Application
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Application
A sample of diborane gas (B2H6), a substance that bursts into flames when
exposed to air , has a pressure of 345 torr at a temperature of – 15 ̊C and a
volume of 3.48 L. If the conditions are changed so that the temperature is 36 ̊C
and the pressure is 468 torr , what will the volume of the sample?
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=
Thus V2 = (309 K)(345 torr)(3.48L)/ (258K)(468 torr)= 3.07 L
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Application
A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where the temperature
and pressure are 4°C and 3.0 atm, to the water's surface, where the
temperature is 25°C and the pressure is 0.95 atm. Calculate the final
volume of the bubble if its initial volume was 2.1 mL.
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A. 0.72 mL
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B. 6.2 mL
C. 7.1 mL
D. 22.4 mL
E. 41.4 mL
If the pressure of a gas sample is quadrupled and the absolute
temperature is doubled, by what factor does the volume of the
sample change?
A) 8 B) 2 C) 1/2 D) 1/4 E) 1/8
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If the pressure on a gas sample is tripled and the absolute
temperature is quadrupled, by what factor will the volume of
the sample change?
A) 12 B) 4/3 C) 3/4 D) 1/3 E) 4
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At what temperature will a sample of nitrogen gas with a
volume of 328 mL at 15°C and 748 mmHg occupy a volume of
0.898 L at a pressure of 642 mm Hg? Assume the amount of the
nitrogen gas does not change.
A) 677°C B) 404°C C) 396°C D) 274°C E) 123°C
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Calculate the volume occupied by 56.5 g of argon gas at STP.
A) 22.4 L B) 31.7 L C) 34.6 L D) 1,270 L E) 1,380 L
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How many atoms of He gas are present in a 450 mL container at
35°C and 740 mmHg?
A) 0.017 He atoms D) 1.0 x 1022 He atoms
B) 0.068 He atoms E) 7.9 x 1024 He atoms
C) 1.2 x 105 He atoms
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Application
Four identical 1.0-L flasks contain the gases He, Cl2, CH4, and NH3, each
at 0C and 1 atm pressure. Which gas sample has the greatest number
of molecules?
A. He
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B. Cl2
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C. CH4
D. NH3
E. All the same
Application
Four identical 1.0-L flasks contain the gases He, Cl2, CH4, and NH3, each
at 0C and 1 atm pressure. Which gas sample has the greatest mass?
A. He
B. Cl2
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C. CH4
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D. NH3
E. All the same
Answers slides 29/30
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Application
Quicklime (CaO) is produced by the thermal decomposition of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3). Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at a pressure of
1.1 atm and a temperature of 270C from the decomposition of 152 g of
CaCO3 according to the reaction
CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
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Solution :
n(CaCO3)= 152 / 100.1 = 1.52 mol CaCO3
use PV = nRT to calculate the volume of CO2: V= 34.02 liters of CO2
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•
Application
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Answer slide 33
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Molar Mass versus Density
P= = =
• But is the gas density d in units of grams per liter. Thus
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P=
Mw =
So given same conditions of P and T, as Mw increases, the
density of a gas increases.
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•
Application
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Application
Four identical 1.0-L flasks contain the gases He, Cl2, CH4, and NH3, each
at 0C and 1 atm pressure. Which gas has the highest density?
A. He
B. Cl2
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C. CH4
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D. NH3
E. All are the same.
Same conditions of P and T so as Mw increases, d increases
Application
Air contains 78% N2, 21% O2, and 1% Ar, by volume. What is the
density of air at 1,000. torr and –10°C?
A. 0.56 g/L
B. 1.0 g/L
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C. 1.3 g/L
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D. 1.8 g/L
E. 6.1 g/L
Solution: P x Mw(average)= d(average)RT
5.5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
In 1803 Dalton summarized his observations as follows: for a mixture of gases in
a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressures that each gas
would exert if it were alone.
This statement , known as Dalton’s law of partial pressures , can be expressed as
follows :
P total= P1+P2+P3+…
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P1=n1RT/V , P2=n2RT/V , P3=n3RT/V
P total= P1+P2+P3+… = n1RT/V + n2RT/V + n3RT/V
= (n1+n2+n3+…)(RT/V)= n Total(RT/V)
Mole Fraction χ1= n1/n total=
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χ1 = P1/P total ; P1= χ1 x P Total
The partial pressure of a particular component of a gaseous mixture is equal to
the mole fraction of that component times the total pressure.
Example 5.7 :
The mole fraction of nitrogen in air is 0.7808. calculate the partial pressures
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of N2 in air when the atmospheric pressure is 760 torr.
Solution: the partial pressure of N2 can be calculated as follows:
P(N2)= XN2 x Ptotal = 0.7808 x 760 torr = 593 torr
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Application
Gas A and gas B are combined in a flask at initial pressures of 1.0 atm
each. The flask is sealed and over time they react to completion to
give gas C according to the following chemical equation:
3A(g) + 2B(g) → C(g)
Assuming the temperature stays constant, what will be the total
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pressure in the flask after the reaction goes to completion?
Note: same V and same T
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Example 5.8
A sample of solid potassium chlorate (KClO3) was heated in a test tube (fig
5.10) and decomposed according to the following reaction :
2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)
The oxygen produced was collected by displacement of water at 22°C at total
pressure of 754 torr. The volume of the gas collected was 0.650 L ,and the
vapor pressure of water at 22°C is 21 torr. Calculate the partial pressure of O2
in the gas collected and the mass of KClO3 in the sample that was decomposed
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First , we find the partial pressure of O2 from Dalton’s law of partial pressures:
P Total= PO2 + PH2O = PO2 + 21 torr =754 torr
Thus
PO2= 754 torr – 21 torr = 733 torr
Second, use ideal gas law : nO2 = PO2V
RT
Po2 = 733 torr = 733 torr = 0.964 atm
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760 torr/atm
V= 0.650 L
T= 22°C + 273 =295 k
R = 0.08206 L atm /K/mol
nO2 = (0.964 atm)(0.650 L ) = 2.59 x 10-2 mol
(0.08206 L atm /k/mol)(295 k)
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Next, we calculate the moles of KClO3 needed to produce this quantity of O2
using the mole ratio from the balanced equation for the decomposition of
KClO3 :
2.59 x 10-2 mol O2 x 2mol KClO3= 1.73 x10-2 mol KClO3
3mol O2
Using the molar mass of KClO3, we calculate grams of KClO3 :
1.73 x 10-2 mol KClO3 x 122.6 g KClO3 = 2.12 g KClO3 = original sample
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1 mol KClO3
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Application
A sample of carbon monoxide gas was collected in a 2.0 L flask by
displacing water at 28°C and 810 mmHg. Calculate the number of CO
molecules in the flask. The vapor pressure of water at 28°C is 28.3
mmHg.
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A. 5.0 × 1022
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B. 5.2 × 1022
C. 3.8 × 1023
D. 5.4 × 1023
E. 3.8 × 1025
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