KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINNERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

DESIGN REPORT

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN OF 200MW FOR

160KM

Submitted by: Submiited to:

Dr. Samundra Gurung
Kusum Dhamala (41040) DOEEE
Nabin Khatri (016043)
Sandesh Belbase (41032)
Priyanshu Kumar Rouniyar (41017)
 DESIGN OF 200 MW, 160 KM TRANSMISSION LINE

Most Economical Voltage Selection:

The most economical voltage is given by the following empirical formula:

Economical Voltage (V eco) = 5.5∗√❑

Where,
Lt = length of transmission line = 100 km
P = Power to be transmitted = 150 MW
cos φ = Power factor = 0.95
Nc = number of circuit
Then, using the above formula the voltage for respective number of circuit is
shown below:

For Nc = 1 (Single Circuit) Standard Voltage levels

are:
V eco = 5.5∗√❑ 66 KV
132 KV
= 183.66 KV 220 KV
400 KV
Nearest Standard Voltage will be = 220KV 500 KV
For Nc = 2 (Double Circuit) 700 KV
750 KV
V eco = 5.5∗√❑ 765 KV
1000 KV
= 132.46 KV

Nearest Standard Voltage will be = 132KV

The MF Limit for the 100KM Line will be 2.625 from the standard table

Checking Technical Criteria

Surge Impedance Loading:
For Single Circuit line:
Zc = 400 ohms Veco = 220KV
2
V
SIL = Z
C

= 121MW Line MfLimit

Length(Km)
Multiplying Factor: 80 2.75
P 160 2.25
MF = SIL
240 1.75
320 1.35
Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM
480 1.0
640 0.75
 = 1.65
MF < MF Limit

For Double Circuit line:

Zc = 200 ohms Veco = 132KV
2
V
SIL = Z
C

= 87.12MW
Multiplying Factor:
P
MF = SIL
= 2.34
MF > MF Limit
Thus, Criteria for Single circuit is fulfilled. Therefore we choose to use the
Single Circuit Line.
Voltage Level for given Power Transmission = 220 KV
Number of Circuit =1
Power Factor () = 0.95
Length of Transmission Line (L) = 160 Km

Calculation of Insulation Discs:

For all the calculations of number of insulator discs, we considered following
value of different factor:
FOWR= Flashover withstand ratio =1.15
NACF= Non atmospheric condition factor = 1.1
FS= Factor of safety = 1.2
EF= Earthing factor = 0.8
Switching to impulse ratio = 1.2

I. Number of Insulator Discs Required to withstand Continuous operating

voltage:

a) Voltage Level for dry condition = Equivalent dry 1 min.

voltage*FOWR*NACF * FS
Where,
Equivalent dry 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 435 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level = 435 * 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2= 660.33 kV

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand above equivalent
voltage level = 12

b) Voltage Level for wet condition = Equivalent wet 1 min.

voltage*FOWR*NACF * FS
Where,
Equivalent dry 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 395 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level = 395 * 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2= 599.61 kV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand above equivalent
voltage level =16

II. Number of Insulator Discs Required for the temporary O/V :

Temporary O/V = Earth Factor (EF) * Maximum system voltage
= 0.88* (220* 1.1)
= 212.96 KV
Equivalent Voltage (Veq ) = Temporary O/V *2 * FOWR *NACF * FS
Equivalent Voltage (Veq ) = 212.96* 2 *1.15 * 1.1 *1.2
= 457.17 KV
Since, In this case we have to see the worst case scenario i.e. in the wet
condition .Thus, from standard table number of insulator discs required to
withstand above equivalent voltage = 12

III. Number of Insulator Discs required for switching over voltage:

Voltage Level = switching o/v * Switching to impulse ratio * FOWR
*NACF* FS
Where,
Switching to impulse ratio (SIR) = 1.15
SSR = Switching Surge Ratio =2.8 (For 220kV)
Switching O/V = (√ 2 /√ 3 )*242*SSR
So Switching O/V = 553.25 KV
Voltage Level = 553.25*1.15*1.15*1.1*1.2
= 965.8 KV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage
level = 11

IV. Number of Insulator Discs required for over voltage due to

Lightning:

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

Equivalent Impulse FOV = Impulse withstand (BIL) * FOWR* NACF * FS
From standard table Equivalent voltage level i.e. BIL for the given system
voltage =900 KV
Voltage Level = 900* FOWR *NACF* FS
= 900*1.15*1.1*1.2
= 1366 kV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage
level = 16.

SN Voltage Level Description Voltage Number of

Level Discs

I) Continuous voltage
a) Continuous operating Voltage in Dry 660.33 KV 12
condition 59.61 KV 16
II) b) Continuous operating Voltage in Wet 457.17 KV 12
III) condition 965.8 KV 11
IV) Temporary O/V appearing across the 1366.2 KV 16
insulator
Switching Over voltage
O/V due to lightning

Hence from above table the required number of insulator discs to withstand all
types voltage level in all condition for given system voltage = 16

Required Number of Insulator Discs =16

Air Clearance and Tower Specification:

The things for taking the parameters of air clearance for single circuit tower
configuration are:
a = Minimum distance from a line conductor to any Earthed object and is given
by the following relation.

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

a= ( V∗√
√3 )
2
∗1.1+30 cms where, V = Transmission Voltage
After calculating the value of ‘a’ we can find the other Air Clearance
parameters as follows:-
● Maximum swing angle ¿ ∅ max =45 °

● Shield angle ¿ ∅ sh=45°

● String Length (l) = asec ∅ .

● Tower width (b) = 1.5a.

● Cross Arm length (CL) =a (1+tan ∅ ).

b
● Distance of the earth wire form the Conductor (d) = √ 3(CL+ 2 )
(l+a)
● Vertical distance between two adjacent conductor (y) = √ ¿ ¿ where
0.25<x/y<0.33

Air clearance from earthed object (a) = 2.28 m

String Length (l) = 3.224 m
Tower Width (b) = 3.42 m
Cross Arm Length (CL) = 4.56 m
Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y) = 5.7731 m
Horizontal distance between two adjacent line conductors =12.54m
Height of Earth wire from top cross arm (d) = 10.85 m

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

Conductor Selection
Continuous Current Carrying Capability:
P = 200 MW, Nc = 1, VL = 220 kV, Cosφ = 0.95
Line current is calculated as:
3
P 200∗10
Line current (IL) = √
❑
= √❑
= 552.48

Comparing the Value of the Current with the Current capacity form the given
standard ACSR conductor table, the Conductor “KUNDAH” with current
capacity 566 Amperes is selected.

I. Transmission efficiency Criteria

For Kundah Conductor:
Resistance at 20 ℃(R20) = 0.07311 Ώ/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (α20) =0.004 /0C (For Aluminum)
So Resistance at 65 ℃(R65) = R20 (1 +α (65-20))
= 0.07311(1+0.004*45)
= 0.086270 Ώ/Km
Total Resistance of the line for 160 Km = Ώ
∴Total Power Loss (PL) = 3* I 2*R65 * Nc *L
= 3*552.48*0.0*1*160
= 12.636 MW
Pl
∴ɳ = 1− P = 0.9368 = 93.68 %

This efficiency is <94%. So this conductor cannot be used. To get the higher
Efficiency we proceed in the same way and calculate efficiency for another
Conductors
Table 1 Efficiency Table

Conductors Resistance(20 ℃) Resistance(65 ℃) Efficiency (%)

Sheep 0.07730 0.091214 94.023
Zebra 0.06868 0.081042 94.063
Moose 0.05595 0.066021 95.163
Deer 0.06786 0.080075 94.134
Elk 0.06110 0.072098 94.710

From the above conductors lets select, Conductor ‘SHEEP’ for the further
criteria.

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

 II. Voltage Regulation Criteria
The SHEEP conductor has 37 strands (30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel
strands).
Diameter of conductor (D) =27.93mm
Radius of the conductor(R) =13.965mm
GMR for inductance (r’) =0.768R =0.778 * 13.965 =10.72mm = 1.086 cm
GMR for capacitance (r) = R = 13.965 mm. = 1.3965 cm

Vertical distance between two conductors (y) = 5.77 m = Dac

Horizontal distance between two conductors = 12.54 m
Applying Pythagoras theorem,
Dab = √❑ = 12.86 m
Now,
GMD = ∛ ( Dab∗Dbc∗Dac) = ∛ (12.86∗12.86∗5.77) = 9.846 m
−7 GMD
Inductance per unit length (L) = 2∗10 ∗ln ⁡( GMRl ) H/m
= 1.3618*10−6 H/m = 1.3618*10−3 H/Km

2 πε
Capacitance per unit length(C) = ln ⁡( GMD ) F/m
GMRc
= 8.4735*10−12 F/m = 8.4735*10−9 F/Km

Total Inductance of Whole length = 0.21838 H

Total Capacitance of Whole length = 1.35665 uF =0.000001F
Impedance of the Line (Z) = R + j2*pi*f*L

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

 = 14.59 +j68.4514

Susceptance of the Line(Y) = j*2*pi*C

= j0.0004

III. A, B, C, D Parameters Calculation

Using Pi – model,
ZY
A = 1+ 2 = 0.9854 + j0.00031
B=Z = 14.5942 + j68.581
ZY
C = Y (1+ 4 ) = -0.000 + j0.0004
D=A = 0.9854 + j0.00031

Ir = I (cos ∅ − jsin ∅ ) = 552.48<-18.19

Sending End Voltage (Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir

= (0.9854 + j0.00031)*(220/√3) + (14.5942 + j68.581)*(552.48√-18.19 *e-03)
=1.4464e+02 + j3.3875
= 144.6423 KV
Now Voltage Regulation = ¿ ¿ = 15.64 %
Voltage regulation > 11% so this conductor cannot be used. To get lower
voltage regulation we proceed in same way and calculate the voltage regulation
for other conductors.

Conductors Voltage Regulation (%)

Zebra 14.917
Moose 13.751
Deer 14.798
Elk 14.183

Finally we cannot get the conductor for which voltage regulation less than 11 %
(voltage regulation criterion) for a single conductor for the given system voltage
i.e.220 KV. So to obtain Voltage Regulation criterion we go for Bundle
conductor.

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

Design with Bundle (2) Conductor
Current (I) = 552.48
I/2 = 276.4
Comparing this value of the current with the current carrying capacity from the
given standard ASCR conductor table, Conductor “OTTER” is selected.
For Otter conductor, From ASCR conductor table,
Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.3434 Ώ/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (α20) =0.004
So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 + α20(65-20))
= 0.3434 (1+.004*45)
= 0.4052 Ώ/Km
I. Transmission Efficiency Criterion
Power loss = I2*R*L*6
= (276.4)2*0.4052 *160*6
= 29 MW
Transmission Efficiency (ή) = 200 / (200+29)
= 0.873
= 87.3%
Transmission Efficiency < 94 % so this conductor cannot be used .To get higher
efficiency we proceed in same way and calculate efficiency.

Finally we got the conductor “Bear” which has efficiency greater than 94 %.
II. Voltage Regulation Criteria
For Conductor Bear,
This conductor has 37 strands 30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel strands.
GMR for inductance (GMRl) = ∜ (0.7788∗r∗d 2 ) where d, is the distance between
the bundled Conductor which 10 to 12 times the diameter of the conductor
GMR for inductance (GMRl) = ∜ (0.7788∗11.725∗(10∗23.45)2) = 46.27mm =
0.046275 m
GMR for Capacitance (GMRc) = √❑ = √❑ = 52.43 mm = 0.052436 m

−7 GMD
Inductance per unit length (L) = 2∗10 ∗ln ⁡( GMRl ) H/m
= 1.0712*10−6 H/m = 1.0712*10−3 H/Km

2 πε
Capacitance per unit length(C) = ln ⁡( GMD ) F/m
GMRc
= 1.0622*10−11 F/m = 1.0622*10−8 F/Km
Total Inductance of Whole length = 0.171524 H

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

 Total Capacitance of Whole length = 1.6999 uF =0.000002F

Impedance of the Line (Z) = (R/2) + j2*pi*f*L

= 10.5728 +j53.884

Susceptance of the Line(Y) = j*2*pi*C

= j0.0005

III. A, B, C, D Parameters Calculation

ZY
A = 1+ 2 = 0.9856 + j0.0028
B=Z = 10.572 + j53.884
ZY
C = Y (1+ 4 ) = -0.000 + j0.0005
D=A = 0.9856 + j0.0028

Ir = I (cos ∅ − jsin ∅ ) = 552.48<-18.19

Sending End Voltage (Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir

= (0.9854 + j0.0028)*(220/√3) + (10.572 + j53.884)*(552.48√-18.19 *e-03)
=1.4003e+02 + j2.6818e+01
= 140.0274 KV
Now Voltage Regulation = ¿ ¿ = 11.85%
Voltage regulation > 11% so this conductor cannot be used. To get lower
voltage regulation we proceed in same way and calculate the voltage regulation
for other conductors.

For Conductor Sheep

This conductor has 37 strands 30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel strands.
GMR for inductance (GMRl) = ∜ ( 0.7788∗r∗d 2 ) where d, is the distance between the
bundled Conductor which 10 to 12 times the diameter of the conductor
GMR for inductance (GMRl) = ∜ ( 0.7788∗11.725∗(10∗23.45)2) = 55.11mm =
0.055115 m

GMR for Capacitance (GMRc) = √❑ = √❑ = 62.45 mm = 0.06245 m

−7 GMD
Inductance per unit length (L) = 2∗10 ∗ln ⁡( GMRl ) H/m
= 1.0297*10−6 H/m = 1.0297*10−3 H/Km

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

 2 πε
Capacitance per unit length(C) = ln ⁡( GMD ) F/m
GMRc
= 1.0989*10−11 F/m = 1.098*10−8 F/Km

Total Inductance of Whole length = 0.165930H

Total Capacitance of Whole length = 1.758 uF =0.000002F

Impedance of the Line (Z) = (R/2) + j2*pi*f*L

= 7.2971 +j52.12

Susceptance of the Line(Y) = j*2*pi*C

= 5.52*10^-4 <90 = j0.0006

A, B, C, D Parameters Calculation
ZY
A = 1+ 2 = 0.9856 + j0.0020
B=Z = 7.2971 + j52.1268
ZY
C = Y (1+ 4 ) = -0.000 + j0.0005
D=A = 0.9856 + j0.0020

Ir = I (cos ∅ − jsin ∅ ) = 552.48<-18.19

Sending End Voltage (Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir

= (0.9854 + j0.0020)*(220/√3) + (7.2971 + j52.12)*(552.48√-18.19 *e-03)
=1.3800e+02 + j2.6357e+01
= 138.0037 KV
Now Voltage Regulation = ¿ ¿ = 10.2365%
Voltage regulation <11% so this conductor can be used. Voltage regulation
Criteria has also been fulfilled.
Corona Inception Voltage
For Sheep conductor,
Maximum system voltage = 220 * 1.1 = 242kV (rms) Corona inception voltage (Vci) = 3
∗ Air dielectric strength * GMRC * m * δ *
𝑙𝑛 ( /𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑐)
Where,
Air dielectric strength = 21.21 kV/ cm (rms)

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

GMRc = 6.245 cm
GMD = 984.6 cm
m = Roughness factor = 0.9
δ = Relative density of air = 0.95
(984.6)
∴Vci= √ 3∗21.21∗6.254∗0.9∗0.95∗ln = 287.66 KV
6.254
Since Vci> Maximum system voltage (242.2 kV), there is no corona effect on
BEER conductor. So, Corona Inception Voltage criterion is satisfied and all the
technical criteria is met by the Conductor.
Hence the five best bundled conductors which satisfy all the criteria are:
1. Sheep
2. Deer
3. Zebra
4. Elk
5. Moose

Tension Calculation For different Conductors

1. Toughest condition -T1 tension and Sag is minimum (Dmin). - Wt. of
conductor (w1)
2. Normal Operating Condition (Stringing Condition) – T2 tension and S2
sag - Wt. of conductor (w2)
3. Easiest condition – T3 tension and Sag is maximum (Dmax). - Wt. of
conductor (w3)
Let Wc = weight of conductor per unit length
Ww = weight per unit length due to wind
Wice = weight per unit length due to ice
∴ Weight during toughest condition = W1 = √ (Wc+Wice)2 +Ww 2 ¿

Calculation of Tension @ toughest condition (T1)

T1 𝑈𝑇𝑆 𝐹𝑆
Where, UTS = Ultimate Tensile Strength of the conductor
FS = Factor of safety = 2

Calculation of Tension at Normal condition (T2)

T2 is given by stringing equation
2
T 2 ( T 2 + K 1 )−K 2=0
Where,
2 2
(W 1 L )
K 1=−T 1 +∝ ( θ 2−θ1 ) A ∈+ 2
24 T 1
2 2
(W 2 L )
k2 = A∈
24

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

ϵ= Modulus of Elasticity
α= Coefficient of linear expansion
A = Cross-section area of conductor
θ2 = Temperature at normal condition = 270C
θ1 = Temperature at toughest condition = 00C
w1 = per unit length conductor weight @ toughest condition
w2 = per unit length conductor weight @ stringing condition

Calculation of Tension @ Easiest condition (T3)

T3 is given by stringing equation
2
T 3 ( T 3 + K 1 ' )−K 2 '=0
Where,
2 2
(W 1 L )
K 1 '=−T 2 +∝ ( θ 3−θ2 ) A ∈+ 2
24 T 2
2 2
(W 2 L )
k2’ = A∈
24
θ3 = Temperature @ easiest condition = 650C

Four Different conductors below conductor Sheep in ASCR conductor table is

chosen. Hence Tension calculation will be done for conductor “Sheep, Deer,
Zebra, Elk, and Moose” with Span length 250 m, 275 m, 300 m, 325 m, and
350 m. Tensions for Toughest, Stringing and Easiest condition are calculated
and tabulated below.

Sample Calculation
For Conductor Sheep (250 m span)
Area of conductor (A) = 462.60 mm2
Coefficient of linear expansion (α) = 17.73*10-6 / 0C
Modulus of Elasticity (ε) = 0.789*10^6 kg/cm2
Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) = 15910 kg
Wt. of conductor per unit length (wc) = 1726 kg/km
Wind Pressure (wp) = 100 kg/m2
Conductor diameter (d) = 27.93 mm
Thickness of ice (t) = 10 mm = 0.01 m ‫؞‬
Wt due to wind (Ww) per km = (wp*1000)*(d*2/3) kg/km
= 100*1000*27.93*10-3*2/3
= 1862kg/km
Wt due to ice loading (Wi) = π t (d+t) ρice *1000 kg/km
= π * 0.01 (0.02793+0.01) * 950 *1000
= 1132.02 kg/km
‫؞‬Wt. @ toughest condition (w1) = √ (Wc +Wice)2 +Ww 2 ¿
= 3411.063 kg/km ‫؞‬

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

Wt. @ Stringing Condition (w2) = Wc = 1726 kg/km ‫؞‬
Wt. @ Easiest Condition (w3) = Wc = 1726 kg/ km

Temperature @ Toughest condition (ɵ1) = 0 ℃

Temperature @ Normal Condition (ɵ2) = 27 ℃
Temperature @ Easiest Condition (ɵ3) = 65 ℃

Calculation of T1
T1 = 𝑈𝑇𝑆/ 𝐹𝑆 = 15910 2 = 7595kg

Calculation of T2
2 2
(W 1 L )
K 1=−T 1 +∝ ( θ 2−θ1 ) A ∈+ 2
24 T 1
= -3939.80
2 2
(W 2 L )
k2 = A∈
24
= 28244293719.56

From stringing equation,

2
T 2 ( T 2 + K 1 )−K 2=0
Solving the above equation by putting the value of k1 and k2 we get
❑
T 2 = 5048.133 Kg

❑
Calculation of T 3
2 2
(W 1 L )
K 1 '=−T 2 +∝ ( θ 3−θ2 ) A ∈+ 2
24 T 2
= 1733.52
2 2
(W L )
k2’ = 2 A ∈
24
= 28244293719.56
T3 is given by stringing equation
2
T 3 ( T 3 + K 1 ' )−K 2 '=0
❑
T 3 = 2563.71 Kg

Table 2 Calculation of Weight @ Toughest Condition

[Link] Conductor Wc Ww W1 W2 T1(Kg)

1 Sheep 1726 1862 3411.06 1726 7595
2 Deer 1977 1992.66 3742.18 1977 9115
3 Zebra 1623 19.08 3368.16 1623 6658
4 Elk 2196 2100 4025.70 2196 10120

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

 5 Moose 1998 2118 3874 1998 7175

Table 3 Calculation of T3
[Link] Conductor Span K1 K2=K2_ T2 K1_ T3
1 Sheep 0.250 -3939.80 2.824*e10 5048.13 1733.53 2563.17

[Link] Conductor Span K1 K2=K2_ T2 K1_ T3

2 Deer 0.250 -5333.00 4.260*e10 6379.74 70.312 3469.31

[Link] Conductor Span K1 K2=K2_ T2 K1_ T3

3 Zebra 0.250 -2844.01 2.284*e10 4162.56 3760.03 1992.81

[Link] Conductor Span K1 K2=K2_ T2 K1_ T3

4 Elk 0.250 -5988.65 5.824*e10 7133.28 -161.94 3931.01

[Link] Conductor Span K1 K2=K2_ T2 K1_ T3

5 Moose 0.250 -3756.39 4.263*e10 5283.56 3216.86 2687.16

Sag and Tower Height Calculation

The maximum sag between two towers is given by
We have the relation,
Maximum sag (Dmax) = (W L2)/ (8*T3);
Where, W = weight of conductor.
L = length of span.
T3 = tension at easiest condition.
(Vsmax−33)
Minimum ground clearance = hg = + 17 ft
13
Height of lower conductor (H1) = hg+ Dmax
Height of middle conductor (H2) = H1+y/2
Height of top most conductor (H3) = H1+y
Total height of tower (Ht) = H3+y+d

Sample calculation:
For sheep, W = 1726 kg/km.
L = 0.25 Km.
T3 =2563.17 Kg.

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

Using the above equation, Dmax = 5.260m.
Let the minimum ground clearance (hg) = 10.08m.
Height of lower conductor (H1) = hg+ Dmax =15.34m.
Height of middle conductor (H2) = H1+y/2 = 18.22m.
Height of top most conductor (H3) = H1+y = 21.11m.
Total height of tower (Ht) = H3+y+d = 31.96m.

Similarly, the maximum sag, H1, H2, H3 and the total height of the tower are
calculated and presented in the table below:

Table 4 Sag and Height of Tower

[Link] Conductor Span(Km H1(m) H2(m) H3(m) Ht(m)

)
1 Sheep 0.250 15.34 18.22 21.11 31.96

2 Deer 0.250 14.53 17.42 20.30 31.15

3 Zebra 0.250 16.44 19.33 22.21 33.06

4 Elk 0.250 14.44 17.33 20.21 31.06

5 Moose 0.250 15.89 18.77 21.66 32.51

Bending moment and tower weight calculation

For design purpose, we consider 85% of the towers are of class A, 10% of the
towers are of class B and 5% of the towers are of class C.
The bending moment acting on the tower are due to the followings:
● wind force on power conductor (BMpW)

● wind force on earth wire (BMEw)

● Turning of power conductor (BMPT)

● Turning of earth conductor (BMET)

Sample Calculation
For Conductor Sheep
BM due to Power Conductor

a. BM due to wind force (BMpW)

¿ F ℘∗( h 1+ h2+ h3 )∗N c

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

 Where,
Fwp = Wind force = wp * dp * lsp * 2/3 *wp
Wind pressure = 100kg/m2
dp = diameter of power conductor
Nc = No. of conductors

BMpW ¿ F ℘∗( h 1+ h2+ h3 )∗N c

= 50897.77 Kg/m

b. BM due to turning (BMpt)

¿ 2∗T 1∗( 0.85 sin1 ° +0.10 sin 7.5 °+ 0.05 sin 15° )∗( h1 +h 2+ h3 )∗N c
Where,
T1 = Tension @ toughest condition

BMpt¿ 2∗T 1∗( 0.85 sin1 ° +0.10 sin 7.5 °+ 0.05 sin 15° )∗( h1 +h 2+ h3 )∗N c
= 67810.38 Kg/m

BM due to Earth Wire

c. BM due to wind force (BMeW)

¿ F ℘∗( h t )∗N e
Where,
Ne = No. of earth wire = 1

BMeW ¿ F ℘∗( h t )∗N e

= 8378.84 Kg/m

d. BM due to turning (BMet)

¿ 2∗T e∗( 0.85sin 1 ° +0.10 sin 7.5 °+ 0.05 sin15 ° )∗( ht )∗N e
= 13102.16 Kg/m

∴ Total Bending Moment (TBM) = BMpW+BMpt+BMeW+BMet =

1410189.16 Kg/m

∴ Tower weight (TW) = 0.000631∗ht∗√ (TBM∗FS)

Where FS = Factor of Safety = 2
= 10.6784 Tonnes

Note: All the Value of the Data has been written from the above Table 2 and
4.

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

 Similarly, we can calculate the total bending moment and tower weight for
different conductors at different span length:

Table 5 Tower Weight Calculation

Conductor Span H1(m) H2(m) H3(m) Ht(m) BMeW BMet BMpW BMpt BMT Wt
(Km) (Kg/m) (Kg/m) (Kg/m) (Kg/m) (Kg/m) (Tonnes)

Sheep 0.250 15.34 18.22 21.11 31.96 8378.84 13102.16 50897.77 67810.38 140189.16 10.467

Deer 0.250 14.53 17.42 20.30 31.15 8166.49 12770.10 52058.41 78120.31 151115.32 10.805

Zebra 0.250 16.44 19.33 22.21 33.06 8667.23 13553.16 55312.92 63043.64 140576.91 11.061

Elk 0.250 14.44 17.33 20.21 31.06 8142.89 12733.20 54579.00 85908.49 161363.60 11.133

Moose 0.250 15.89 18.77 21.66 32.51 8523.03 13327.64 59642.88 65993.91 147487.47 11.141

Tower Cost per Unit Length Calculation

Assumptions: Cost of the steel used in tower = Rs.150000 per tonnes
Number of towers (Nt) = ((total length)/ (length of span)) +1
Cost of tower per unit length = (cost per tower*Nt)/length of transmission

Sample Calculation
For Conductor Sheep,
Length of span = 250m, Wt. of tower = 10.467 Tonnes
Cost per tower = cost per tonnes* weight of tower
= Rs.150000*10.467
= Rs. 1570050.00
Cost of tower per unit length = (962295*641)/160
= Rs.6290012.81

Similarly the cost of tower per unit length of different conductor and different
span are shown in table below:

Table 6 Tower Cost Calculation

Conductor span(Km) Weight(tonn cost/ Nt cost/

es) tower(Rs) Length(Rs)
sheep 0.25 10.467 1570050.00 641 6290012.81

deer 0.25 10.805 1620750.00 641 6493129.68

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

 zebra 0.25 11.061 1659150.00 641 6646969.68

Elk 0.25 11.133 1669950.00 641 6690237.18

Moose 0.25 11.141 1671150.00 641 6695044.68

Most Economical Conductor Selection:

Assumption:
Cost of Al/tonnes= Rs 20105
Cost of Steel/ tonnes = Rs 150000
Per unit energy cost = Rs 7.50 /-
Now,
Life span (n) = 25 years
Rate of interest (i) = 10%
n
i(1+i)
∴ Annuity factor (ϒ) = = 0.110168
[i(1+i)n−1]

Annual Capital cost = ϒ*capital cost per km

Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km (from table 6) + power conductor
cost per km
Total cost of power conductor per km = (cost of Al/km + cost of steel/km) *
Total no. of conductor
Cost of Al/km = Weight of Al/km * cost of Al/tons
Cost of Steel/km = Weight of Steel/km * cost of Steel / tons
Cost of energy loss/km = PL*LLF*time*Rate of cost
PL = Power loss = I 2l * r65 * Total no. of power conductor
Total annual cost per km = Annual energy loss cost + Annual capital cost

Sample Calculation
For Conductor Sheep,
Total cost of power conductor per km = No. of conductors*cost of power
conductor per km/conductor
= 6* (20105*1036+150000*690)*10-3

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

 = Rs. 743252.40

From above calculation,

Tower cost per km = Rs. 6290012.81 (for span length of 250m from table 6)
∴ Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km + Power conductor cost per km
= Rs. 7036265.21
Annual capital cost = ϒ * Capital cost per km
= Rs. 775171.26

Power loss per Km (PL) = I 2l * R65* Total number of conductors

= 41810.83 W = 41.81 Kw

Annual Cost of energy loss per km = PL * LLF * time * cost per unit energy
= 41.81 * 0.3*(365*24)*7.50
= Rs. 82137.72

Total annual cost per km = Annual cost of energy loss per km + Annual capital
cost
= Rs. 1598308.99
Similarly, we can calculate the Total annual cost per km for each conductor with their
respective economic span length. The tabulated form of the calculation is shown
below:

Table 8 Total Annual Cost

Conducto Span(Km) Tower Cost of Capital Annual Power Energy Total Annual
cost/L (Rs.) cond/L cost/L (Rs.) Capital loss/L Loss Cost (Rs.)
(Rs.) cost/L (Kw) cost/L
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Sheep 0.250 6290012.81 746252.40 7036265.2 444667.26 41.76 823137.7 1598308.99
1 2
Deer 0.250 6440553.43 853729.20 7294282.6 803596.52 36.66 722614.8 1526211.35
3 2
Zebra 0.250 6646969.68 538003.80 7184973.4 791554.15 37.10 731346.6 1522900.84
8 8
Elk 0.250 6557271.87 947988.00 7505259.8 826839.46 33.01 650630.2 1477469.67
7 0
Moose 0.250 6695044.68 658376.70 7353421.3 810111.72 30.22 595789.8 1405901.58
8 5

Hence, From above table, it can be seen that MOOSE is the most economical
conductor with span length of 250m.

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

Transmission line Characteristics of the conductor MOOSE

A. Electrical Characteristics
The MOOSE conductor has 61 strands with 7 Steel strands and 54 Aluminum
strands.

Diameter of each strands = 3.53mm

Diameter of conductor (d) = 31.77 mm = 3.177 cm
Radius of conductor = 15.885 mm = 1.588 cm
GMR for inductance (GMRl) = 62.69 mm
GMR for capacitance (GMRc) = 71.04 mm
GMD for Single circuit Bundled (2) Conductor = 984.684 cm = 9.84 m
Resistance of the whole line per phase (R) = 5.2817 ohms
Inductance of Whole length (L) = 0.161807 H
Capacitance of whole Length(C) = 1.9333μF = 0.000002F
Impedance of the Line (Z) = 5.2817 +j50.831
Susceptance of the Line (Y) = j0.6074*10-3 Siemens = j0.0006

A, B, C, D parameters calculation

ZY
A = 1+ 2 = 0.9856 + j0.0015
B=Z = 5.2817 + j50.831
ZY
C = Y (1+ 4 ) = -0.000 + j0.0006
D=A = 0.9856 + j0.0015

Ir = I (cos ∅ − jsin ∅ ) = 552.48<-18.19

Sending End Voltage (Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir

= (0.9856 + j0.0015)*(220/√3) + (5.2817 + j50.831)*(552.48√-18.19 *e-03)
=1.3672e+02 +j2.595e+01
= 136.721 KV
Now Voltage Regulation = ¿ ¿ = 9.213%

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion
Corona Inception voltage (Vci) =3 *21.1*GMRc*m**ln (GMD/GMRc)
= 320.79 KV

B. Mechanical characteristics:
Length of span =250 m
Tension at toughest condition = T1 = 7175 kg
Tension at stringing condition = T2= 5283.56 kg
Tension at easiest condition =T3= 2687.16 kg
Tower Heights:
H1 = 15.89 m
H2 = 18.77 m
H3 = 21.66 m
Ht = 32.51 m
Maximum sag (Dmax) = 5.80 m
Bending Moment on Earth wire due to Wind Force (BMeW) = 8523.03 kg/m
Bending Moment on Earth wire due to Turning (BMet) = 13327.64 kg/m
Bending Moment on Power Conductor due to wind force (BMpW) =
59642.88kg/m
Bending Moment on Power Conductor due to turning (BMpt) = 65993.91 kg/m
Total Bending Moment (TBM) = 147487.47 kg/m
Tower Weight = 11.141 tonnes
Tower Cost per unit Length = Rs 6695044.68
No. of Towers (Nt) = 641
Capital Cost per km = Rs. 7353521.38
Total Annual cost per km = Rs. 1405901.58

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM

[Link] of 220KV Tower in AutoCAD Electrical

Transmission line Design of 200MW for 160KM