Engineering Mathematics - II

1. When 𝜑 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧, find ∇𝜑, ∇ ∙ ∇𝜑, ∇ × ∇𝜑 at the point (1, 2, 3).

Ans: (∇𝜑)(1,2,3) = −15𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 21𝑘⃗⃗
(∇ ∙ 𝜑)(1,2,3) = 36
⃗⃗
(∇ × ∇𝜑)(1,2,3) = 0
𝑟⃗ 2
2. Show that, 𝑑𝑖𝑣 (𝑟) = 𝑟

3. Find ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∇ × 𝐹⃗ of the vector point function 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 4 𝑘⃗⃗ at

(1, −1, 1). Ans: (∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ )(1,−1,1) = −9, (∇ × 𝐹⃗ )(1,−1,1) = 3𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗

4. Show that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (sin 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖⃗ + (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑘⃗⃗ is irrotational.

5. Show that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 2 )𝑖⃗ + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑧) 𝑗⃗ + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑧𝑥 ) 𝑘⃗⃗ is irrotational
and find its scalar potential. Ans: 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑐
6. Show that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 1)𝑖⃗ + (4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧 − 3) 𝑗⃗ + (2 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑘⃗⃗ is
irrotational and find its scalar potential. Ans: 𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 3 𝑧 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝑐
7. Show that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑧 2 )𝑖⃗ + (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝑗⃗ + (2𝑥 2 𝑧 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧) 𝑘⃗⃗ is
irrotational and find its scalar potential. Ans: 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑐
8. Prove that 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 )𝑖⃗ − (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑗⃗ is irrrotational and hence, find its scalar
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑦2
potential. Ans: − 𝑥𝑦 2 + − + 𝑐
3 2 2

9. Find the constants a, b, c so that the following vector is irrotational.

(i) 𝐹⃗ = (𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧 3 )𝑖⃗ + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑧) 𝑗⃗ + (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦) 𝑘⃗⃗ Ans: 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1
(ii) 𝐴⃗ = (𝑎𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 3 )𝑖⃗ + (𝑎 − 2)𝑥 2 𝑗⃗ + (1 − 𝑎)𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗ Ans: 𝑎 = 4
10. Show that the following vectors are solenoidal.
(i) 𝑎⃗ = (𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑖⃗ + (𝑦 − 3𝑧) 𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 − 2𝑧) 𝑘⃗⃗
(ii) 𝑎⃗ = 5𝑦 4 𝑧 3 𝑖⃗ + 8𝑥𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗
2.3 VECTOR INTEGRATION
Line Integral
An integral which is evaluated along a curve then it is called line integral.
Let C be the curve in same region of space described by a vector valued function
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗ of a point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) and let 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹1 𝑖⃗ + 𝐹2 𝑗⃗ + 𝐹3 𝑘⃗⃗ be a continuous vector valued
function defined along a curve C. Then the line integral 𝐹⃗ over C is denoted by


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗.

Work done by a Force

If 𝐹⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a force acting on a particle which moves along a given curve C, then

Vector Calculus Page 32

Engineering Mathematics - II


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ gives the total work done by the force 𝐹⃗ in the displacement along C.

Thus work done by force 𝐹⃗ = 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗

Conservative force field

𝐵
The line integral ∫𝐴 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ depends not only on the path C but also on the end points A and B.

If the integral depends only on the end points but not on the path C, then 𝐹⃗ is said to be conservative vector
field.
If 𝐹⃗ is conservative force field, then it can be expressed as the gradient of some scalar function 𝜑.
(𝑖𝑒) 𝐹⃗ = ∇𝜑
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
𝐹⃗ = ∇𝜑 = (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜕𝜑
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐵

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝐴 𝜕𝜑

= [𝜑]𝐵𝐴
= 𝜑 [𝐵 ] − 𝜑 [𝐴]
∴ work done by 𝐹⃗ = 𝜑[𝐵] − 𝜑[𝐴]
Note:
If 𝐹⃗ is conservative, then ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × (∇𝜑) = 0
⃗⃗ and hence 𝐹⃗ is irrotational.

Problems based on line integral

Example: 2.51 If ⃗𝑭
⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒊⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋⃗, evaluate

c
⃗𝑭
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
⃗⃗ where c is the curve 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 from (𝟎, 𝟎) to

(𝟏, 𝟐).
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
Given C is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
Along C, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1.
1

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 3𝑥 (2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥 4 (4𝑥𝑑𝑥 )

1
= ∫0 6𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥

Vector Calculus Page 33

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑥4 𝑥6
= [6 − 16 ]
4 6
6 16 7
= − = − units.
4 6 6

Example: 2.52 Find the work done, when a force ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙)𝒊⃗ − (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚)𝒋⃗ moves a particle
from the origin to the point (𝟏, 𝟏) along 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙.
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 )𝑖⃗ − (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑗⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
Given 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
Along the curve C, 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1.
1

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 ((𝑦 2 )2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − (2(𝑦 2 )𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦

1
= ∫0 (2𝑦 5 − 2𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 3 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
1
= ∫0 (2𝑦 5 − 2𝑦 3 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
1
𝑦6 𝑦4 𝑦2
= [2 − 2 − ]
6 4 2 0
2 2 1 2
=6− − = −
4 2 3

Example: 2.53 Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field
⃗𝑭 ⃗⃗ from 𝒕 = 𝟎 to 𝒕 = 𝟏 along the curve 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒕, 𝒛 = 𝟒𝒕𝟑 .
⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊⃗ + (𝟐𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚)𝒋⃗ − 𝒛𝒌
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗⃗ − 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑑𝑧
Given 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 4𝑡 3
𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑡𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 12𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
1

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 48𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡 + (16𝑡 5 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − 48𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡

1
= ∫0 (16𝑡 5 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1
16 𝑡 6 𝑡2 16 1 13
= [ − ] = − =
6 2 0 6 2 6

⃗⃗ = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚)𝒊⃗ + 𝟏𝟒𝒚𝒛𝒋⃗ + 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗, evaluate

Example: 2.54 If ⃗𝑭 
c
⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
⃗⃗ from (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎) to (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏)

along the curve 𝒙 = 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑 .

Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 34

Engineering Mathematics - II

Given 𝐹⃗ = (3𝑥 2 + 6𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 14𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 20𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗

𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (3𝑥 2 + 6𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 14𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 20𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
Given 𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 2, 𝑧 = 𝑡3
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑 𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
The point (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1,1) on the curve correspond to 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 1.
1

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 (3𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 + 14𝑡 5 (2𝑡 𝑑𝑡) + 20𝑡 7 (3𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡

1
= ∫0 (9𝑡 2 + 28 𝑡 6 + 60𝑡 9 ) 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑡3 𝑡7 𝑡9
= [9 + 28 + 60 ]
3 7 9 0
9 28 60
= + + = 3 + 4 + 6 = 13units.
3 7 10

Example: 2.55 Find 

c
⃗⃗ where ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑)𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝒛𝒋⃗ + (𝒚𝒛 − 𝒙)⃗𝒌⃗ along the line joining the
⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓

points (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎) to (𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟏).

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑦 + 3)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝑗⃗ + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 )𝑘⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑧
𝑥− 𝑥1 𝑦− 𝑦1 𝑧− 𝑧1
Equation of Straight line 𝑥 = =
2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1

The equation of the straight line joining (0, 0, 0) to (2, 1, 1).

𝑥− 0 𝑦− 0 𝑧− 0
⇒ 2− 0 = =
1−0 1− 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⇒2= = = 𝑡 (say)
1 1

𝑥 = 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧=𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
When t = 0 we get (0, 0, 0)
When t = 1 we get (2, 1, 1)
∴ 𝑡 varies from 0 to 1.
1

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 (2𝑡 + 3)2𝑑𝑡 + (2𝑡)𝑡𝑑𝑡 + (𝑡 2 − 2𝑡)𝑑𝑡

1
= ∫0 (4𝑡 + 6 + 2𝑡 2 + 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1
= ∫0 (3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 6) 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑡3 𝑡2
= [3 +2 + 6𝑡 ]
3 2 0

Vector Calculus Page 35

Engineering Mathematics - II

3 2
= + + 6 = 8 units
3 2

Example: 2.56 Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field
⃗𝑭 ⃗⃗ along the straight line (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎) to (𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟑).
⃗⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊⃗ + (𝟐𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚)𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝒌
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑥− 𝑥1 𝑦− 𝑦1 𝑧− 𝑧1
Equation of Straight line 𝑥 = =
2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1

The equation of the line joining two points (0, 0, 0) to (2, 1, 3) is

𝑥− 0 𝑦− 0 𝑧− 0
⇒ 2− 0 = =
1−0 3− 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
⇒2= = = 𝑡 (say)
1 3

𝑥 = 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 3𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑑𝑡
When 𝑡 = 0 we get (0, 0, 0)
When 𝑡 = 1 we get (2, 1, 3)
1

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 3(4𝑡 2 )2𝑑𝑡 + [2(2𝑡)(3𝑡) − 𝑡]𝑑𝑡 + (3𝑡)3𝑑𝑡

1
= ∫0 (24𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 9𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1
= ∫0 (36𝑡 2 + 8𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑡3 𝑡2
= [36 +8 ]
3 2 0

= 12 + 4 = 16 units
Example: 2.57 Find c
⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
⃗⃗ where c is the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 in the 𝒙𝒚 plane where

𝑭 = (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 )𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗.

⃗⃗⃗
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖⃗ + 𝑥 2 𝑗⃗ + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗
In 𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
Given C is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
The parametric form of circle is
𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −2 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 2 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃

Vector Calculus Page 36

Engineering Mathematics - II

And 𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋

2𝜋

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 [2(2 cos 𝜃)(2 sin 𝜃 )] (−2 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 ) + (2 cos 𝜃 )2 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

2𝜋
= ∫0 −16 cos 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 8 cos 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
= ∫0 −16 cos 𝜃 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) + 8 cos 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
= ∫0 −16 cos 𝜃 + 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 8 cos 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋
= −16 ∫0 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 24 ∫0 cos 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋 3 cos 𝜃+cos 3𝜃
= −16 ∫0 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 24 ∫0 𝑑𝜃
4

24 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 2𝜋
= 16 [sin 𝜃]2𝜋
0 + [3 sin 𝜃 + ]
4 3 0

=0 [∵ sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0, 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0]
𝑩
Example: 2.58 State the physical interpretation of the line integral ∫𝑨 ⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
⃗⃗.
Solution:
𝐵
Physically ∫𝐴 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ denotes the total work done by the force 𝐹⃗, displacing a particle from A to B
along the curve C.
Example: 2.59 If ⃗𝑭 ⃗⃗, check whether the integral
⃗⃗ = (𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝟐 )𝒊⃗ + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒋⃗ − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝒌


c
⃗𝑭
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
⃗⃗ is independent of the path C.

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 )𝑖⃗ + 2𝑥 2 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑥 2 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑧𝑑𝑧
Then 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ is independent of path C if ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 2𝑥 2
−2𝑥 3 𝑧
= 𝑖⃗(0 − 0) − 𝑗⃗(−6𝑥 2 𝑧 + 6𝑥 2 𝑧) + 𝑘⃗⃗(4𝑥 − 4𝑥 )
⃗⃗
=0
Hence the line integral is independent of path.
Example: 2.60 Show that ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝟐 𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗ is a conservative vector field.
Solution:
If 𝐹⃗ is conservative, then ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0
⃗⃗.

Vector Calculus Page 37

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now, ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 𝑖⃗(0 − 0) − 𝑗⃗(0 − 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗(0 − 0)
⃗⃗
=0
∴ 𝐹⃗ is a conservative vector field.
Surface Integral
An integral which is evaluated over a surface is called a surface integral.
Consider a surface S. Let 𝐹⃗ be a vector valued function which is defined at each point on the surface and let P
be any point on the surface and 𝑛⃗⃗ be the unit outward normal to the surface at P. The normal component of 𝐹⃗
at P is 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗.
The integral of the normal component of 𝐹⃗ is denoted by 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑠 and is called the surface integral.

Evaluation of surface integral

Let 𝑅1 be the projection of S on the 𝑥𝑦 − plane, 𝑘⃗⃗ is the unit vector normal to the 𝑥𝑦 − plane then
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = ⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗
|𝑛 𝑘|

 
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗
|𝑛 𝑘|
S R1

If 𝑅2 be the projection of s on 𝑦𝑧 − plane

 
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ |𝑛
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑖⃗|
S R2

If 𝑅3 be the projection of s on 𝑥𝑧 − plane

 
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ |𝑛
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑗⃗|
S R3

Problems based on surface integral

Example: 2.61 Evaluate 
S
⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒏
⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒔 if ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ and s is the surface of the plane
𝑭 = (𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝒙𝒋⃗ + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌

𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔 in the first octant.

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥𝑗⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
Let 𝜑 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 6
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
Then ∇𝜑 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 2𝑖⃗ + 1𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗

|∇𝜑| = √4 + 1 + 4 = √9 = 3

Vector Calculus Page 38

Engineering Mathematics - II

∇𝜑 ⃗⃗
2𝑖⃗+ 1𝑗⃗+ 2𝑘
n̂ = |∇φ|
= 3

2𝑖⃗+ 1𝑗⃗+ 2𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = [(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥𝑗⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗] ∙ ( )
3
1
= [2(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑧]
3
2
= [𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑧]
3
2
= 𝑦[𝑦 + 2𝑧]
3
2
= 𝑦[𝑦 + 6 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦] [∵ 2𝑧 = 6 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦]
3
2
= 𝑦[6 − 2𝑥]
3
4
= 𝑦[ 3 − 𝑥 ]
3

Let R be the projection of S on the 𝑥𝑦 − plane

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑠 =
| n̂ ∙ k
⃗⃗|

⃗⃗
2𝑖⃗+ 1𝑗⃗+ 2𝑘 2
n̂ ∙ ⃗⃗k = ( 3 ) ∙ ⃗⃗k = 3

 
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
S
| n̂ ∙ k
⃗⃗|
R


4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 (3 − 𝑥 ) 2
3 ( )
R
3

= 2 ∫ ∫(3 − 𝑥 )𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
6−𝑦
In 𝑅1 (2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6), 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2

𝑦 varies from 0 to 6
6−𝑦
6
= 2 ∫0 ∫0 2 𝑦 (3 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
6−𝑦
6 𝑥2 2
=2 ∫0 𝑦 [3𝑥 − ] 𝑑𝑦
2 0

6 6−𝑦 1 6−𝑦 2
= 2 ∫0 𝑦 [3 ( )− ( ) ] 𝑑𝑦
2 2 2
61 1
= 2 ∫0 (18𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 ) − (6 − 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
2 8
2 𝑦2 3𝑦 3 1 (6−𝑦)3
= [18 − − ]
2 2 3 8 3(−1)
1 1
= [9(6)2 − (6)3 + (0)] − [0 − 0 + (6)3 ]
12 12

= 81 units


𝟑
Example: 2.62 Show that ⃗⃗) ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 =
(𝒚𝒛 𝒊⃗ + 𝒛𝒙 𝒋⃗ + 𝒙𝒚 𝒌 where s is the surface of the sphere
𝟖
S

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏 in the first octant.

Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 39

Engineering Mathematics - II

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑧 𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑥 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗
Let 𝜑 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 1
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
∇𝜑 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘⃗⃗

|∇𝜑| = √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 = 2(1)
∇𝜑 ⃗⃗ )
2(𝑥𝑖⃗+ 𝑦𝑗⃗+ 𝑧𝑘
∴ The unit outward normal is n̂ = |∇φ|
= 2

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = [𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗] ∙ (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗)

= 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
Let R be the projection of S on 𝑥𝑦 −plane
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑠 =
| n̂ ∙ ⃗k⃗|

| n̂ ∙ ⃗⃗
k| = (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ 𝑘⃗⃗ =𝑧


𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
| n̂ ∙ ⃗k⃗|
R

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
= ∫ ∫ 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑧

= ∫ ∫ 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

In 𝑅1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1), 𝑥 varies from 0 to √1 − 𝑦 2

𝑦 varies from 0 to 1
1 √1− 𝑦 2
= ∫0 ∫0 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
√1− 𝑦 2
6 𝑥2
=3 ∫0 [𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑦
2 0
3 1
= ∫ 𝑦(1 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
2 0
3 1
= ∫ 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
2 0
1
3 𝑦2 𝑦4
= [ − ]
2 2 4 0

3 1 1 3
= ( − 4) =
2 2 8

Volume integral
An integral which is evaluated over a volume bounded by a surface is called a volume integral.
If 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹1 𝑖⃗ + 𝐹2 𝑗⃗ + 𝐹3 𝑘⃗⃗ is a vector field in V, then the volume integral is defined by

 
V
𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Problems based on volume integral

Vector Calculus Page 40

Engineering Mathematics - II

Example: 2.63 If ⃗𝑭 ⃗⃗, evaluate

⃗⃗ = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒛)𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒋⃗ − 𝟒𝒙𝒌
 
V
𝛁 × ⃗𝑭⃗ 𝒅𝒗 where v is the volume of

the region bounded by 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒.

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑧)𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥𝑦𝑗⃗ − 4𝑥𝑘⃗⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2
2𝑥 − 3𝑧 −2𝑥𝑦 −4𝑥
= 𝑖⃗(0 − 0) − 𝑗⃗(−4 + 3) + 𝑘⃗⃗(−2𝑦 − 0)
= 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑦𝑘⃗⃗
For limits
Given 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
∴ 𝑧 ∶ 0 → 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦
Put 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
∴𝑦 ∶0 →2−𝑥
Put 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 4 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑥 = 2
∴𝑥∶0 →2
2 2−𝑥 4−2𝑥−2𝑦
∴ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∇ × 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑗⃗ − 2𝑦𝑘⃗⃗)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 2−𝑥
= ∫0 ∫0 (𝑗⃗ − 2𝑦𝑘⃗⃗ )[𝑧]4−2𝑥−2𝑦
0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 2−𝑥
= ∫0 ∫0 [(4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑗⃗ − 2𝑦(4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑘⃗⃗] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2−𝑥
2 2𝑦 2 4𝑦 3
= ∫0 {[4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − ] 𝑗⃗ − [4𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − ] 𝑘⃗⃗} 𝑑𝑥
2 3 0
2
= ∫0 {[4(2 − 𝑥 ) − 2𝑥(2 − 𝑥 ) − (2 − 𝑥 )2 ] 𝑗⃗ −
4
[4(2 − 𝑥 )2 − 2𝑥(2 − 𝑥 )2 − (2 − 𝑥 )3 𝑘⃗⃗]} 𝑑𝑥
3
2
= ∫0 [8 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 4 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ] 𝑗⃗ −
4
[16 − 16𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 − (8 − 12𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑘⃗⃗] 𝑑𝑥
3

2 ⃗⃗
𝑘
= ∫0 [(4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑗⃗ − (16 − 24𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 )] 𝑑𝑥
3
2 2
𝑥3 ⃗⃗
𝑘 𝑥4
= [4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + ] 𝑗⃗ + [16𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 − ]
3 0 3 2 0

8 ⃗⃗
𝑘
= (8 − 8 + 3) 𝑗⃗ − (32 − 48 + 32 − 8)
3
8
= (𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗)
3

Exercise: 2.3

Vector Calculus Page 41

Engineering Mathematics - II

1. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗⃗, evaluate the line integral 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ from (0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (1, 1)along the

1
path 𝑦 = 𝑥. Ans: 2

2. Evaluate 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗,where 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 𝑗⃗and C is 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 in the XY plane from

(0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (4, 4). Ans: 264

3. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑗⃗, then find c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗, where C is the arc of the parabola

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4 from (2, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (4, 12) Ans: 732

4. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗ , then evaluate 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗, from the point (0, 0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (1, 1, 1) where C is the

67
curve 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 Ans: 60
5. Find the work done in moving a particle in the field
𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦) 𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑘⃗⃗ along the straight line from (0, 0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (2, 1, 3).
Ans: 16

6. Evaluate the line integral ∫𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦, where C is the square formed
by the lines 𝑥 = ±1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = ±1. Ans: 0
7. Find the total work done in moving a particle by a force field 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗
along the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 from (0, 0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (2, 4, 8) Ans: 64

8. Evaluate  S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = 18𝑧𝑖⃗ − 12 𝑗⃗ + 3𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗ and S is the part of the plane

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 which is in the first order. Ans:24

9. Evaluate  S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the

plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 which is in the first order. Ans:24

10. Evaluate  
V
∇ × 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣 where 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑧)𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 𝑗⃗ − 4𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗ and V is bounded

8
by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 Ans: 3

2.4 Green’s Theorem

Green’s theorem relates a line integral to the double integral taken over the region bounded by the closed
curve.
Statement
If 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous functions with continuous, partial derivatives in a region R of the 𝑥𝑦 –
plane bounded by a simple closed curve C, then

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦,where C is the curve described in the positive direction.
𝜕𝑦
c R

Vector Calculus Page 42

Engineering Mathematics - II

Vector form of Green’s theorem


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ =  ⃗⃗ dR
(∇ × 𝐹⃗ ) ∙ k
R

Problems based on Green’s theorem

Example: 2.64 Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for 
c
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 where C

is the boundary of the region defined by 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏.

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −16𝑦 ⇒ = −6𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ 
c
(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

By Green’s theorem in the plane,

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

1 1−𝑥
= ∫0 ∫0 (10𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑦 2 1−𝑥
= 10 ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
0

1 2
= 5 ∫0 (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
(1− 𝑥)3 5
=5 [ ] = … (1)
−3 0 3

Consider ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BO

Along 𝑂𝐴, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1

1
∴
OA
 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 3 ]10 = 1

Vector Calculus Page 43

Engineering Mathematics - II

Along 𝐴𝐵, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 varies from 1 to 0

0
∴ 
AB
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫1 [3𝑥 2 − 8 (1 − 𝑥 )2 − 4(1 − 𝑥 ) + 6𝑥(1 − 𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥

0
3𝑥 3 8(1− 𝑥)3 4(1− 𝑥)2
=[ − − + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 ]
3 −3 −2 1
8 8
= + 2−1−3+2 =
3 3

Along 𝐵𝑂, 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 varies from 1 to 0

0
∴ 
BO
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫1 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = [2𝑦 2 ]10 = −2


8 5
∴ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 1 + − 2= … (2)
3 3
c

∴ From (1) and (2)

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∴ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Hence Green’s theorem is verified.

Example: 2.65 Verify Green’s theorem in the 𝑿𝒀 −plane for 
c
(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 where C is the

closed curve of the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 .

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ⇒ = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥


𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
R.H.S = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R

Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 to √𝑦

Vector Calculus Page 44

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑦 varies from 0 to 1
1 𝑦

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 √
∴ ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫𝑦 2𝑥 − (𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R

1 𝑥2 √𝑦
= ∫0 [ 2 − 2𝑥𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦

1 𝑦 𝑦2
= ∫0 (2 − 2𝑦√𝑦) − ( 2 − 2𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
3
1 𝑦 𝑦2
= ∫0 (2 − 2𝑦 2 + 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
2
5 1
𝑦2 4𝑦 2 𝑦3
=[2 − + ]
5 2
0
1 4 1 1
= − + = − 20
4 5 2

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

Consider ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
OA
+
AO

Along 𝑂𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1
1
∴ 
OA
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 [(𝑥(𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 2 )2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ∙ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]

1
= ∫0 (3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
3𝑥 4 𝑥5
= [ + ]
4 5 0
3 1 19
= + =
4 5 20

Along 𝐴𝑂, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 varies from 1 to 0

0
∴ 
A0
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

0
= ∫1 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 3 ]10 = −1


19 1
L.H.S = 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = − 1 = − 20
20
c

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example: 2.66 Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for 
c
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 where C

is the boundary of the region defined by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 .

Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 45

Engineering Mathematics - II

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −16𝑦 ⇒ = −6𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥


𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
R.H.S = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R

Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 2 to √𝑦
𝑦 varies from 0 to 1


𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 √𝑦
∴ ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 (−6𝑦 + 16𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R

1 𝑦
= ∫0 [10𝑥𝑦]√𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
1
= 10 ∫0 (𝑦√𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
5 1
𝑦2 𝑦4
= 10 [ 5 − ]
4
2 0
2 1 3
= 10 (5 − 4) = 2

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

Consider ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
OA
+
AO

Along 𝑂𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1
1
∴ 
OA
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 3 )(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 (−20𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

Vector Calculus Page 46

Engineering Mathematics - II

1
𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3
= [−20 +8 +3 3]
5 4 0

= −4 + 2 + 1 = −1
Along 𝐴𝑂, 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 varies from 1 to 0
0
∴ 
Ao
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫1 (3𝑦 4 − 8𝑦 2 )2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑦𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦

0
= ∫1 (6𝑦 5 − 16𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥
0
= ∫1 (6𝑦 5 − 22𝑦 3 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥
0
𝑦6 𝑦4 𝑦2
= [6 − 22 +4 ]
6 4 2 1

11
= 0 − [1 − + 2]
2
11 5
= − (3 − )=
2 2


5 3
L.H.S = 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = − 1 + =
2 2
c

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example: 2.67 Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for the integral c
(𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚 taken

around the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏.

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −2 ⇒ = 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥


𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
R.H.S = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∴ ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 2)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R R

=3  R
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 3 (Area of the circle)

= 3𝜋𝑟 2
= 3𝜋 (∵ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 1)

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

Given C is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

Vector Calculus Page 47

Engineering Mathematics - II

The parametric equation of circle is

𝑥 = cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Where 𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋
2𝜋
∴ 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (cos 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 ) (– sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ) + cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)

2𝜋
= ∫0 (− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 2 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
= ∫0 (− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 + 1) 𝑑𝜃 (∵ sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1)
2𝜋 sin 2𝜃 1−cos 2𝜃
= ∫0 (− + + 1) 𝑑𝜃
2 2

1 cos 2𝜃 𝜃 1 sin 2𝜃 2𝜋
= [− 2 (− )+ − ( ) + 𝜃]
2 2 2 2 0
cos(4𝜋) 2𝜋 sin 4𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 0 sin 0
= [ + − + 2𝜋] − [ + − + 0]
4 2 4 4 2 4
1 1
= + 𝜋 + 2𝜋 − = 3𝜋 [∵ sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0, sin 0 = 0, cos 0 = 1], [cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 ]
4 4

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example: 2.68 Using Green’s theorem evaluate c
(𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 where C is the triangle

𝝅 𝟐𝒙
bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = ,𝒚 = .
𝟐 𝝅

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = cos 𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = 1−0 ⇒ = − sin 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Limits:
𝑦𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 varies from to
2 2

𝑦 varies from 0 to 1

Vector Calculus Page 48

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝜋
1
Hence c
(𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫𝑦𝜋2 (− sin 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2

𝜋
1
= ∫0 (cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑦𝜋
2
𝑑𝑦
2

1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑦𝜋 𝑦𝜋
= ∫0 [(cos 2 − 2 ) − (cos ( 2 ) − )] 𝑑𝑦
2
1 𝜋 𝑦𝜋 𝑦𝜋
= ∫0 [0 − − cos + ] 𝑑𝑦
2 2 2
𝑦𝜋 1
𝜋 sin
2 𝜋 𝑦2
= [− 𝑦 − 𝜋 + ]
2 2 2
2 0
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋
= −2− sin ( 2 ) +
𝜋 4
𝜋 2 𝜋
= −2− +
𝜋 4
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
= −4− = − [ 4 + 𝜋]
𝜋

Example: 2.69 Evaluate by Green’s theorem 

c
[𝒆−𝒙 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 𝒅𝒚)] where C being the

𝝅 𝝅
rectangle with vertices (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝝅, 𝟎), (𝝅, 𝟐 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟎, 𝟐 ).

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 ⇒ = −𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Limits:
𝑥 varies from 0 to 𝜋
𝜋
𝑦 varies from 0 to 2
𝜋
𝜋
∴ 
c
[𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦)] = ∫02 ∫0 (−𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Vector Calculus Page 49

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝜋
𝜋
= ∫02 ∫0 −2 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜋
𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝜋
= −2 ∫02 [ ] 𝑑𝑦
−1 0
𝜋
= 2 ∫0 [𝑒 −𝜋 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 0 cos 𝑦]𝑑𝑦
2

𝜋
= 2 ∫02[𝑒 −𝜋 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦]𝑑𝑦
𝜋
= 2 [𝑒 −𝜋 sin 𝑦 − sin 𝑦]02
𝜋 𝜋
= 2 [(𝑒 −𝜋 sin 2 − sin 2 ) − (𝑒 −𝜋 sin 0 − sin 0)]

= 2 [𝑒 −𝜋 − 1]
Example: 2.70 Prove that the area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

𝟏
(𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙). Hence find the area of the ellipse + = 𝟏 by using Green’s theorem.
𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
c

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
By Green theorem, 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Let 𝑀 = −𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −1 ⇒ = 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ 
c
(𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ) = 
R
(1 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

= 2  𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2 (Area enclosed by C)
R


1
∴ Area enclosed by 𝐶 = (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 )
2
c

Equation of ellipse in parametric form is 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

1 2𝜋
∴ Area of the ellipse = 2
∫0 (acos 𝜃)(𝑏 cos 𝜃) − (𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)(−𝑎 sin 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
1 2𝜋
= 𝑎𝑏 ∫0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
1 2𝜋 1
= 𝑎𝑏 ∫0 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏 [𝜃]2𝜋
0 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏
2 2

Example: 2.71 Evaluate the integral using Green’s theorem

 c
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 where C is the boundary in the 𝒙𝒚 – plane of the area enclosed by

the 𝒙 – axis and the semicircle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 in the upper half 𝒙𝒚 – plane.

Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 50

Engineering Mathematics - II

In this figure ′𝑎′ is represented as 1

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
By Green theorem, 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Let 𝑀 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −2𝑦 ⇒ = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Limits:
𝑦 varies from 0 to √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 varies from −𝑎 to 𝑎
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝑎
∴ ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝑎 ∫0 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦
R

√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑦2
= 2 ∫−𝑎 [𝑥𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝑎 𝑎 2− 𝑥 2
= 2 ∫−𝑎 [𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + ] 𝑑𝑥
2

In the first integral, the function is odd function.

∴ The value is zero.
𝑎 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
∴ we get 2 ∫−𝑎 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑎
𝑥3
= [𝑎2 𝑥 − ]
3 −𝑎

𝑎3 𝑎3
= (𝑎3 − ) − (−𝑎3 + )
3 3
4𝑎 3
= 3

Exercise: 2.4
1. Using Green’s theorem in the plane, evaluate 
c
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 where C is the

3
closed curve of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 Ans: 5

2. Find by Green’s theorem the value of  c

(𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦) along the closed curve formed

1
by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 between (0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (1, 1) Ans: 28

Vector Calculus Page 51

Engineering Mathematics - II

3. Verify Green’s theorem for the integral c

[(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦] taken around the

boundary area in the first quadrant between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 = 𝑥.

2
Ans: Common value =
3
2
4. Find the area of a circle of radius ‘a’ using Green’s theorem. Ans: 𝜋𝑎

5. Evaluate 
c
[(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦], where C is the triangle with vertices

𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋
(0, 0), ( , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( , 1) Ans: +
2 2 𝜋 4

6. Using Green’s theorem, find the value of 

c
[(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦] along the closed

1
curve C formed by 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 Ans: − 12

7. Verify Green’s theorem for 

c
[(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦], where C is the boundary of the

rectangle in the xoy – plane bounded by the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏.

Ans: Common value = 2𝑎𝑏2
8. Verify Green’s theorem for 
c
[(2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦], where C is the boundary of the

Circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 in the xoy – plane. Ans: 2𝜋𝑎2

2.5 STOKE’S THEOREM
Statement of Stoke’s theorem
If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C if 𝐹⃗ is continuous having continuous
partial derivatives in S and C, then


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

(or)


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
∇ × 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

n̂ is the outward unit normal vector and C is traversed in the anti – clockwise direction.
Problems based on Stoke’s theorem
Example: 2.72 Verify stokes theorem for a vector field defined by ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 = (𝒙2 – 𝒚2)𝒊⃗ + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒋⃗ in a
rectangular region in the xoy plane bounded by the lines 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒚 = 𝒃.
Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 52

Engineering Mathematics - II

By Stokes theorem, 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

To evaluate: 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 – 𝑦2)𝑖⃗ + 2 𝑥 𝑦𝑗⃗

Curl 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=| |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 2𝑥𝑦 0
= 𝑖⃗ (0) − 𝑗⃗ (0 – 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗[ 2𝑦 – (0 −2𝑦)]
= 4y 𝑘⃗⃗
Since the surface is a rectangle in the 𝑥𝑦 plane, 𝑛̂ = 𝑘⃗⃗ , 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Curl 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = 4y 𝑘⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗⃗ = 4y
Order of integration is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥 varies from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 𝑏
𝑏 𝑎
⇒  S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫0 ∫0 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑏
= ∫0 4𝑦 [𝑥]𝑎0 dy
𝑏
= ∫0 4𝑎𝑦dy
𝑏
4𝑎𝑦 2
= [ ]
2 0

= 2𝑎𝑏2

⇒ 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝑎𝑏2 … (1)

Vector Calculus Page 53

Engineering Mathematics - II

Here the line integral over the simple closed curve C bounding the surface 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑂 consisting of the edges
𝑂𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 ,𝐵𝐶 and 𝐶𝑂.
Curve Equation Limit
𝑂𝐴 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝐴𝐵 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 𝑏
𝐵𝐶 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 0
𝐶𝑂 𝑥 = 0 𝑦 = 𝑏 to 𝑦 = 0

Therefore,  𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ =  𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗

c OABCO


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CO

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦d𝑦 … (2)

On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = 𝑥2𝑑𝑥
𝑎

OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑥3 𝑎3
= [3] =
0 3

On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦


𝑏
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦
AB

𝑏
2𝑎𝑦 2
=[ ] = 𝑎𝑏2
2 0

On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 0

(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑏2 )𝑑𝑥
0

BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 − 𝑏2 𝑑𝑥

0
𝑥3
=[ − 𝑏2 𝑥 ]
3 𝑎
𝑎3
=− + 𝑎 𝑏2
3

On 𝐶𝑂: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0

(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = 0


CO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0

𝑎3 𝑎3
(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = + 𝑎𝑏2 − + 𝑎𝑏2 = 2𝑎𝑏2 … (3)
3 3

Vector Calculus Page 54

Engineering Mathematics - II

From (3) and (1) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Hence Stokes theorem is verified.

Example: 2.73 Verify Stoke’s theorem for ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒋⃗ taken around the rectangle
bounded by the lines 𝒙 = ±𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒃.
Solution:

By Stokes theorem, 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑗⃗

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 −2𝑥𝑦 0
= 𝑖⃗[0 − 0] − 𝑗⃗ [0 − 0] + 𝑘⃗⃗ [−2𝑦 − 2𝑦]
= −4𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗
Since the region is in 𝑥𝑜𝑦 plane we can take 𝑛̂ = 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Limits:
𝑥 varies from – 𝑎 to 𝑎.
𝑦 varies from 0 to 𝑏.
𝑏 𝑎
∴  S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = −4 ∫0 ∫−𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑏
= −4 ∫0 [𝑥𝑦]𝑎−𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑏
𝑦2
= −8𝑎 [ 2 ] = − 4𝑎𝑏2 … (1)
0


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CD
+ 
DA

Along 𝐴𝐵: 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from – 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑎

Vector Calculus Page 55
Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗⃗
𝑎

AB
 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫−𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑥3 2𝑎 3
= [ ] =
3 −𝑎 3

Along 𝐵𝐶, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

𝑏

BC
 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 (−2𝑎𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

= −𝑎[𝑦 2 ]𝑏0 = −𝑎𝑏2

Along 𝐶𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑎
−𝑎 3 −𝑎

𝑥
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 3 + 𝑏2 𝑥]
𝑎
CD

𝑎3 𝑎3 2𝑎 3
= − − 𝑎𝑏2 − − 𝑎𝑏2 = − − 2𝑎𝑏2
3 3 3

Along 𝐷𝐶: 𝑥 = −𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0

0

DC
 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑏 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑎[𝑦 2 ]0𝑏 = −𝑏2 𝑎

3 2𝑎 3

2𝑎
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 3 − 𝑎𝑏2 − − 2𝑎𝑏2 − 𝑏2 𝑎
3
c

= −4𝑎𝑏2 … . (2)

From (1) and (2) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

⃗⃗ where S is the upper half of
⃗⃗ = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒊⃗ − 𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒋⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒌
Example: 2.74 Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝑭
the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏 and c is the Circular boundary on 𝒛 = 𝟎 plane.
Solution:

By Stokes theorem, c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖⃗ − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|
2𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 2 2
−𝑦 𝑧
= 𝑖⃗[−2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧] − 𝑗⃗ [0 − 0] + 𝑘⃗⃗ [0 + 1]
= 𝑘⃗⃗
Here 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑘⃗⃗ since C is the Circular boundary on 𝑧 = 0 plane.

∴ 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = 
S
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = area of the circle

Vector Calculus Page 56

Engineering Mathematics - II

= 𝜋 (1)2 = 𝜋
Example: 2.75 Verify stokes theorem in a plane 𝒇𝒐𝒓 ⃗𝑭⃗ = (2 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝒙 2)𝒊⃗ − (𝒙 2 − 𝒚 2)𝒋⃗ Where C is the
boundary of the region bounded by the parabolas 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙 and 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒚.
Solution:

By Stokes theorem, 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

To evaluate: 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2)𝑖⃗ − (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2)𝑗⃗

Curl 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=| |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
(2𝑥y − 𝑥 2 ) −(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )
2
0
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖⃗ [𝜕𝑦 (0) − 𝜕𝑧 (−(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )) ]− 𝑗⃗ [𝜕𝑥 (0) − 𝜕𝑧 (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )]
𝜕 𝜕
+ 𝑘⃗⃗[𝜕𝑥 (−(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )) − 𝜕𝑦 (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )]

= 𝑖⃗ (0) − 𝑗⃗ (0 – 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (− 2 𝑥 –2 𝑥)]

= −4𝑥𝑘⃗⃗
Since the surface is a rectangle in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane, 𝑛̂ = 𝑘⃗⃗ , 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Curl 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = − 4𝑥𝑘⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗⃗ = − 4 𝑥
Order of integration is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 2 to √𝑦.
𝑦 varies from 0 to 1
1 √𝑦
⇒ 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Vector Calculus Page 57

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 𝑥 2 √𝑦
= −4 ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
1
= −2 ∫0 (𝑦 − 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦
1
𝑦2 𝑦5
= −2 [ 2 − ]
2 0

1 1
= −2 (2 − 5)
3
= −5


3
∴ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = − 5 … (1)
S

To evaluate: 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Here the line integral over the simple closed curve C bounding the surface 𝑂𝐴𝑂 consisting of the curves 𝑂𝐴
and 𝐴𝑂.


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AO
… (2)

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2)𝑖⃗ − (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2)𝑗⃗ … (3)

On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 1
(3) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = (2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 )2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 5 )𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1

OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 (2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

1
2𝑥 6 𝑥3 1 1
=[ − ] = − =0
3 3 3 3
0

On 𝐴𝑂: 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦, 𝑦 varies from 1 𝑡𝑜 0

(3) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = (2𝑦 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 4 )2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
= (4𝑦 4 − 2𝑦 5 )𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
= (4𝑦 4 − 2𝑦 5 − 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
= (3𝑦 4 − 2𝑦 5 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
0

AO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫1 (3𝑦 4 − 2𝑦 5 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦

0
3𝑦 5 2𝑦 6 𝑦3 3 1 1 3
=[ − + ] =− + − =−
5 6 3 1 5 3 3 5


3 3
(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0 − 5 = − 5 … (3)
c

From (3) and (1) c

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Vector Calculus Page 58

Engineering Mathematics - II

Hence Stokes theorem is verified.

⃗⃗ = (𝒚 − 𝒛 + 𝟐)𝒊⃗ − (𝒚𝒛 + 𝟒)𝒋⃗ − 𝒙𝒛 ⃗𝒌⃗, where S is
Example: 2.76 Verify Stoke’s theorem in a plane for ⃗𝑭
the open surface of the cube formed by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟐,
𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟐 above the 𝒙𝒚 – plane.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑖⃗ − (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑧

L.H.S =  c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CO

In 𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑦 + 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑦
On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2.
2
⇒ 
OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥

= 2[𝑥 ]20 = 4
On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2.


2
⇒ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 4 𝑑𝑦
AB

= 4[𝑦]20 = 8
On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 2 to 0.
0
⇒ 
BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫2 4 𝑑𝑥

= 4[𝑥 ]02 = −8
On 𝐶𝑂: 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 2 to 0.

Vector Calculus Page 59

Engineering Mathematics - II

2
⇒ 
CO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 4 𝑑𝑦

= 4[𝑦]20 = −8

∴ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 4 + 8 − 8 − 8 = −4 … (1)

R.H.S =  S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦−𝑧+2 𝑦𝑧 + 4 −𝑥𝑧
= 𝑖⃗ (0 − 𝑦) − 𝑗⃗ (– 𝑧 + 1) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (0 − 1)
= 𝑦𝑖⃗ − (𝑧 − 1) 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
Given S is an open surface consisting of the 5 faces of the cube except, 𝑥𝑦 − plane.

∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ ⋯+ 
S5

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ − (𝑧 − 1) 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗

Faces Plane 𝑑𝑠 n̂ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
2 2
Top (𝑆1 ) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗ −1
∫ ∫ −1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0
2 2
Left (𝑆2 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 −𝑗⃗ −(𝑧 − 1)
∫ ∫(−𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 2
Right (𝑆3 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑗⃗ (𝑧 − 1)
∫ ∫(𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 2
Back (𝑆4 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 −𝑖⃗ 𝑦
∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 2
Front (𝑆5 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑖⃗ −𝑦
∫ ∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 2
On 𝑆1 : ∫0 ∫0 (−1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2
= − ∫0 [𝑥 ]20 𝑑𝑦
2
= 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑦
= −2[𝑦]20 = −4
2 2
On 𝑆2 : ∫0 ∫0 (−𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

Vector Calculus Page 60

Engineering Mathematics - II

2
= ∫0 (– 𝑧 + 1)[𝑥]20 𝑑𝑧
2
= 2 ∫0 (−𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑧
2
𝑧2
= 2 [− + 𝑧] = 2(0) = 0
2 0
2 2
On 𝑆3 : ∫0 ∫0 (𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
2
= ∫0 (𝑧 − 1)[𝑥]20 𝑑𝑧
2
= 2 ∫0 (𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑧
2
𝑧2
= 2 [ 2 − 𝑧] = 2(0) = 0
0
2 2
On 𝑆4 : ∫0 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2 𝑦2 2
= ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
2
= 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
= 2[𝑧]20 = 4
2 2
On 𝑆5 : ∫0 ∫0 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2 𝑦2 2
= − ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
2
= −2 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
= −2[𝑧]20 = − 4

∴ 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = −4 + 0 + 0 + 4 − 4 = −4 … (2)

From (1) and (2) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒚𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒋⃗ − 𝒛𝒙 ⃗𝒌⃗, where S is the open
Example: 2.77 Verify Stoke’s theorem in a plane for ⃗𝑭
surface of the rectangular parallelopiped formed by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒛 = 𝟎,
𝒛 = 𝟑 above the 𝒙𝒐𝒚 – plane.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ − 𝑧𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑧

L.H.S = c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CO

Vector Calculus Page 61

Engineering Mathematics - II

In 𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1.
1
⇒ 
OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 0 𝑑𝑥

=0
On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2.


2
⇒ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 0 𝑑𝑦
AB

=0
On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 1 to 0.
0
⇒ 
BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

0
𝑥2
= 2 [ 2 ] = −1
1

On 𝐶𝑂: 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 2 to 0.

0
⇒ 
CO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫2 0 𝑑𝑦

=0

∴ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0 + 0 − 1 + 0 = −1 … (1)

R.H.S = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Vector Calculus Page 62

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥𝑦 −2𝑦𝑧 −𝑥𝑧

= 𝑖⃗ (0 + 2𝑦) − 𝑗⃗ (– 𝑧 − 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (0 − 𝑥 )
= 2𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗
Given S is an open surface consisting of the 5 faces of the cube except, 𝑥𝑦 − plane.

∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ ⋯+ 
S5

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗

Faces Plane 𝑑𝑠 n̂ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
2 1
Top (𝑆1 ) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗ −𝑥
∫ ∫ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0
3 1
Left (𝑆2 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 −𝑗⃗ −𝑧
∫ ∫ −𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
3 1
Right (𝑆3 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑗⃗ 𝑧
∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
3 2
Back (𝑆4 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 −𝑖⃗ −2𝑦
∫ ∫ −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
3 2
Front (𝑆5 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑖⃗ 2𝑦
∫ ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 1
On 𝑆1 : ∫0 ∫0 (−1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 𝑥2 1
= − ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
1 2
= − 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑦
1
= − 2 [𝑦]20 = −1
3 1
On 𝑆2 : ∫0 ∫0 −𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
3
= − ∫0 [𝑧𝑥 ]10 𝑑𝑧
2
= − ∫0 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
3
𝑧2 9
= −[2] = −
0 2
3 1
On 𝑆3 : ∫0 ∫0 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

Vector Calculus Page 63

Engineering Mathematics - II

3
= ∫0 [𝑧𝑥 ]10 𝑑𝑧
3
= 2 ∫0 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
3
𝑧2 9
=[ ] =
2 0 2
3 2
On 𝑆4 : ∫0 ∫0 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
3 𝑦2 2
= −2 ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑧
0
3
= −4 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
= −4[𝑧]30 = −12
3 2
On 𝑆5 : ∫0 ∫0 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
3 𝑦2 2
= 2 ∫0 [ ] 𝑑𝑧
2 0
3
= 4 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
= 4[𝑧]30 = 12


9 9
∴ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = −1 − 2 + 2 − 12 + 12 = −1 … (2)
S

From (1) and (2) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

⃗⃗, where S is the open surface of
⃗⃗ = 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒊⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝒋⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒌
Example: 2.78 Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝑭
the cube formed by the planes 𝒙 = ±𝒂, 𝒚 = ±𝒂, and 𝒛 = ±𝒂 in which the plane 𝒛 = −𝒂 is a cut.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑧
This square ABCD lies in the plane 𝑧 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −𝑎𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

L.H.S = 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ =
AB
 + 
BC
+ 
CD
+ 
DA

On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑦 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from −𝑎 to 𝑎.


𝑎
⇒ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫−𝑎 −𝑎3 𝑑𝑥
AB

= −𝑎3 [𝑥 ]𝑎−𝑎
= −𝑎3 (2𝑎) = −2𝑎4

Vector Calculus Page 64

Engineering Mathematics - II

On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from −𝑎 to 𝑎.

𝑎
⇒ 
BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫−𝑎 𝑎3 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑎3 [𝑦]𝑎−𝑎
= 𝑎3 (2𝑎) = 2𝑎4
On 𝐶𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 𝑎 to −𝑎.
−𝑎
⇒ 
CD
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑎 −𝑎3 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑎3 [𝑥 ]−𝑎
𝑎

= −𝑎3 (−2𝑎) = 2𝑎4

On 𝐷𝐴: 𝑥 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 𝑎 to −𝑎.
−𝑎
⇒ 
DA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑎 −𝑎3 𝑑𝑦

= −𝑎3 [𝑦]−𝑎
𝑎

= −𝑎3 (−2𝑎) = 2𝑎4

∴ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −2𝑎4 + 2𝑎4 + 2𝑎4 + 2𝑎4 = 4𝑎4 … (1)

R.H.S =  S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2 2 2
𝑦 𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑖⃗ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧) − 𝑗⃗ (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (𝑧 2 − 2𝑦𝑧)
Given S is an open surface consisting of the 5 faces of the cube except, 𝑧 = −𝑎.

∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ ⋯+ 
S5

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗

Faces Plane 𝑑𝑠 n̂ Eqn 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ ∇ × 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
Top (𝑆1 ) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑧= 𝑎 𝑧 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑦

Left (𝑆2 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 −𝑗⃗ 𝑦 = −𝑎 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥

Right (𝑆3 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑗⃗ 𝑦= 𝑎 −(𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) −(𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 )
Back (𝑆4 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 −𝑖⃗ 𝑥 = −𝑎 −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧) −(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑧)
Front (𝑆5 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑖⃗ 𝑥= 𝑎 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
On 𝑆1 : ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎(𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎
= ∫−𝑎[(𝑎2 𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦𝑥 )]𝑎−𝑎 𝑑𝑦

Vector Calculus Page 65

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑎
= ∫−𝑎(𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 𝑦) − (−𝑎3 + 2𝑎2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 2𝑎3 − 4𝑎2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
𝑦2
= [2𝑎3 𝑦 − 4𝑎2 ]
2 −𝑎

= (2𝑎4 − 2𝑎4 ) − (−2𝑎4 − 2𝑎4 )

= 2𝑎4 − 2𝑎4 + 2𝑎4 + 2𝑎4
= 4𝑎4
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
On 𝑆2 + 𝑆3 ∶ ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎 −(𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎 4𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑎
𝑎 𝑥2
= 4𝑎 ∫−𝑎 [ ] 𝑑𝑧
2 −𝑎
𝑎
= 2𝑎3 ∫−𝑎 𝑑𝑧
= 2𝑎3 [𝑧]𝑎−𝑎
= 2𝑎3 (0) = 0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
On 𝑆4 + 𝑆5 : ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎 −(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎(𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎(−𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑧 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎 −4𝑎𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑎
= −4𝑎 ∫−𝑎[𝑧𝑦]𝑎−𝑎 𝑑𝑧
𝑎
= −4𝑎 ∫−𝑎 𝑧(2𝑎)𝑑𝑧
𝑎
𝑧2
= −6𝑎2 [ 2 ]
−𝑎

= −3𝑎2 (𝑎2 − 𝑎2 ) = 0

∴ 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 4𝑎4 + 0 + 0 = 4𝑎4 … (2)

From (1) and (2) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Example: 2.79 Evaluate  ⃗𝑭 ⃗⃗ by stoke’s theorem, where ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒚𝟐 𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒋⃗ + (𝒙 + 𝒛) ⃗𝒌⃗, and C is the
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
c

boundary of the triangle with vertices at (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟎).
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 … (1)

⃗⃗
Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥 2 𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑧) 𝑘

Vector Calculus Page 66

Engineering Mathematics - II

And C is triangle (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1, 1, 0).

Since 𝑧 −coordinate of each vertex is zero the triangle lies in 𝑥𝑦 − plane with corners
(0, 0), (1, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1, 1).

To evaluate : 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝐼𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 n̂ = 𝑘⃗⃗, 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2 2
𝑦 𝑥 −(𝑥 + 𝑧)
= 𝑖⃗ (0) − 𝑗⃗ (−1) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (2𝑥 − 2𝑦)
= 𝑗⃗ + 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘⃗⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = (𝑗⃗ + 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ 𝑘⃗⃗
= 2(𝑥 − 𝑦 )
Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 to 1.
𝑦 varies from 0 to 1.
1 1
∴ 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 ∫𝑦 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

1 𝑥2 1
= 2 ∫0 [ 2 − 𝑥𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦

1 1 𝑦2
= 2 ∫0 (2 − 𝑦 − + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
2
1
𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦3
= 2 [2 − − + ]
2 6 3 0

1 1 1 1
= 2 [2 − − + 3]
2 6
1 1
= 2 [6] = 3


1
From (1), 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 3
c

Example: 2.80 Evaluate the integral 

c
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒛)𝒅𝒚 + (𝒚 + 𝒛)𝒅𝒛, where C is the

boundary of the triangle with vertices (𝟐, 𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟑, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟔) using stoke’s theorem.
Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 67

Engineering Mathematics - II

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧

∴ 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑗⃗ + (𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑘⃗⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥+𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑦+𝑧
= 𝑖⃗ (1 − 1) − 𝑗⃗ (0) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (2 − 1)
= 2𝑖⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
Given C is the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, 0, 6).
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Equation of the plane is 𝑎 + + =1
𝑏 𝑐

⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6

Let 𝜑 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
∇𝜑 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗

|∇𝜑| = √9 + 4 + 1 = √14
∇𝜑 ⃗⃗
3𝑖⃗+2𝑗⃗+𝑘
n̂ = |∇𝜑|
=
√14
Let R be the projection on 𝑋𝑌 −plane.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑠 = = 1
| n̂ ∙ 𝑘
⃗⃗ | ( )
√14

Where n̂ ∙ 𝑘⃗⃗ = (3𝑖⃗+2𝑗⃗+𝑘⃗⃗ ) ∙ 𝑘⃗⃗

14 √
1
=
√14
⃗⃗
3𝑖⃗+2𝑗⃗+𝑘
Now 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = (2𝑖⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ ( )
√14

Vector Calculus Page 68

Engineering Mathematics - II

6+1 7
= =
√14 √14

 
7 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 1
√14 ( )
S R √14

= 7  𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
R

= 7 [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒]

1 1
= 7 [2 (2) (3)] = 21 [∵ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑏ℎ]
2

Example: 2.81 Evaluate by Stoke’s theorem c

(𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚 − 𝒅𝒛), where C is the

Curve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒, 𝒛 = 𝟐.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 … (1)

Given 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧

∴ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 −1
= 𝑖⃗ (0 − 0) − 𝑗⃗ (0 − 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (0 − 1)
⃗⃗
=0

∴ (1) ⇒ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0

(𝑖. 𝑒)  (𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧) = 0

c

Example: 2.82 Evaluate c

⃗⃗) ∙ 𝒅𝒓
(𝒚𝒛𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝒛𝒋⃗ + 𝒙𝒚𝒌 ⃗⃗, where C is the boundary of the surface S.

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
(∇ × 𝐹⃗ ) ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 … (1)

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑖⃗ (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) − 𝑗⃗ (𝑦 − 𝑦) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (𝑧 − 𝑧)
⃗⃗
=0

Vector Calculus Page 69

Engineering Mathematics - II

∴ (1) ⇒  c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0

Exercise: 2.5
1. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the function 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑦𝑗⃗, integrated round the square in
𝑎3
the 𝑧 = 0 plane whose sides are along the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑎. Ans: 2

2. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗, where S is the upper half surface of the
sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 and C is its boundary. Ans: −𝜋

3. Evaluate 
c
[𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦] by Stoke’s theorem where C is the square in 𝑥𝑦 plane with vertices

1
(1, 0), (−1, 0), (0, 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, −1) Ans: 2

4. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑖⃗ + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗, where S is the open
surface of the cube 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 2 above the 𝑥𝑦 plane.
Ans: Common value = −4
5. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑖⃗ + 2𝑥𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗, over the surface of the box
bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑐 above the 𝑥𝑦 plane.
Ans: Common value 2𝑎𝑏2
6. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ − 𝑧𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗ , where S is the open surface of the rectangular
parallelepiped formed by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3 above the 𝑥𝑜𝑦 plane.
Ans: Common value −1
7. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = −𝑦𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑘⃗⃗, where S is the half of the sphere
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 and C is the circular boundary on the xoy plane.
Ans: Common value = 𝜋𝑎2
8. Using Stoke’s theorem 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ where 𝐹⃗ = (sin 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖⃗ − cos 𝑥 𝑗⃗ and C is the boundary

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2
of the triangle whose vertices (0, 0), ( 2 , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( 2 , 1) Ans: 4 + 𝜋

2.6 GAUSS DIVERGENCE THEOREM

This theorem enables us to convert a surface integral of a vector function on a closed surface
into volume integral.
Statement of Gauss Divergence theorem
If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and if a vector function 𝐹⃗ is continuous and has continuous
partial derivatives in V and on S, then


S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Where 𝑛̂ is the unit outward normal to the surface S and 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

Vector Calculus Page 70

Engineering Mathematics - II

Problems based on gauss Divergence theorem

Example: 2.83 Verify the G.D.T for ⃗𝑭 ⃗⃗ over the cube bounded by 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟏,
⃗⃗ = 𝟒𝒙𝒛𝒊⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝒚𝒛𝒌
𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟏.
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘⃗⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑧 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦
= 4𝑧 − 𝑦

Now, R.H.S = 

V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

1 1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (4𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 [(4𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧)]10 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 (4𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
1
1 𝑦2
= ∫0 (4𝑧𝑦 − ) 𝑑𝑧
2 0
1 1
= ∫0 (4𝑧 − 2) 𝑑𝑧
1
𝑧2 1 1 3
= [4 − 𝑧] = (2 − ) − 0 =
2 2 0 2 2

Now, L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝒏 ⃗⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝒏
𝒅𝑺 𝒏

Faces Plane 𝑭 ̂ Equation 𝑭 ̂ on S = 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠
S

1 1
𝑆1 (Bottom) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy −𝑘⃗⃗ −𝑦𝑧 𝑧=0 0
∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0
1 1
𝑆2 (Top) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑦𝑧 𝑧=1 𝑦
∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0

Vector Calculus Page 71

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 1
𝑆3 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz −𝑗⃗ 𝑦2 𝑦=0 0
∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1
𝑆4 (𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz 𝑗⃗ −𝑦 2 𝑦=1 −1
∫ ∫ −1𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1
𝑆5 (𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘) 𝑦𝑧 dydz −𝑖⃗ −4𝑥𝑧 𝑥=0 0
∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1
𝑆6 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡) 𝑦𝑧 dydz 𝑖⃗ 4𝑥𝑧 𝑥=1 4𝑧
∫ ∫ 4𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1 1 1
(𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 ∫0 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫0 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
S1 S2

1 1
= 0 + ∫0 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1
= ∫0 [𝑦𝑥 ]10 𝑑𝑦
1
= ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
𝑦2 1 1
=[2] = 2−0 = 2
0
1 1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 ∫0 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫0 ∫0 −1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
S3 S4

1 1
= 0 + ∫0 ∫0 −1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
1
= − ∫0 [𝑥 ]10 𝑑𝑧
1
= − ∫0 𝑑𝑧
= −[𝑧]10 = −[1]
1 1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 ∫0 0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∫0 ∫0 4𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
S5 S6

1 1
= 0 + ∫0 ∫0 4𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
1
= ∫0 [4𝑧𝑦]10 𝑑𝑧
1
= ∫0 4𝑧 𝑑𝑧
1
𝑧2 1
= 4[2] = 4 (2 − 0) = 2
0

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

= (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

1 3
= −1+2 =2
2

∴  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣
S V

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Vector Calculus Page 72

Engineering Mathematics - II

⃗⃗ over the rectangular

Example: 2.84 Verify the G.D.T for ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛)𝒊⃗ + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒛)𝒋⃗ + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒌
parallelopiped 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒃, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝒄. (OR)
⃗⃗ over the rectangular parallelopiped
Verify the G.D.T for ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛)𝒊⃗ + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒛)𝒋⃗ + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒌
bounded by 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒃, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝒄 .
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖⃗ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑗⃗ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘⃗⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)

Now, R.H.S = 

V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
= 2 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑎
𝑐 𝑏 𝑥2
` = 2 ∫0 ∫0 [( 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧)] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0
𝑐 𝑏 𝑎2
= 2 ∫0 ∫0 ( 2 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑏
𝑐 𝑎 2𝑦 𝑎𝑦 2
= 2 ∫0 ( + + 𝑎𝑧𝑦) 𝑑𝑧
2 2 0
𝑐 𝑎 2𝑏 𝑎𝑏2
= 2 ∫0 ( + + 𝑎𝑧𝑏) 𝑑𝑧
2 2
𝑐
𝑎 2𝑏𝑧 𝑎𝑏2 𝑧 𝑎𝑏𝑧 2
= 2[ + + ]
2 2 2 0
𝑎 2 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏2 𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐 2
= 2( + + )
2 2 2

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

Now, L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑭⃗ ⋅ 𝒏
𝒅𝑺 𝒏

Faces Plane 𝑭⋅𝒏 ̂ Eqn ̂ on S = ⃗⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔
𝑭
S

𝑆1 (Bottom) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy −𝑘⃗⃗ −(𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑧=0 𝑥𝑦 𝑏 𝑎

∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0

𝑆2 (Top) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy 𝑘⃗⃗ (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑧=𝑐 𝑐 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑏 𝑎

∫ ∫ 𝑐 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0
𝑐 𝑎
𝑆3 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz −𝑗⃗ −(𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑦=0 𝑥𝑧
∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 2 𝑐 𝑎
𝑆4 (𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz 𝑗⃗ (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑦=𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑥𝑧
∫ ∫ 𝑏2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0

Vector Calculus Page 73

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑆5 (𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘) 𝑦𝑧 dydz −𝑖⃗ −(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑥=0 𝑦𝑧 𝑐 𝑏

∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0

𝑆6 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡) 2
(𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧) 2 𝑐 𝑏
𝑦𝑧 dydz 𝑖⃗ 𝑥=𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑦𝑧
∫ ∫ 𝑎2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
(𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫0 ∫0 𝑐 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
S1 S2

𝑏 𝑎
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑎 𝑏
= 𝑐 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑐 2 [𝑥 ]𝑎0 [𝑦]𝑏0 = 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑏

𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎
(𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫0 ∫0 𝑏2 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
S3 S4

𝑐 𝑎
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑏2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

𝑎 𝑐
= 𝑏2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑑𝑧

= 𝑏2 [𝑥 ]𝑎0 [𝑧]𝑐0 = 𝑏2 𝑎𝑐

𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∫0 ∫0 𝑎2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
S5 S6

𝑐 𝑏
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑏 𝑐
= 𝑎2 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 ∫0 𝑑𝑧

= 𝑎2 [𝑦]𝑏0 [𝑧]𝑐0 = 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

= (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

⃗⃗ = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒛)𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒋⃗ − 𝒙𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗ over the cube bounded by
Example: 2.85 Verify divergence theorem for ⃗𝑭
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟏.
Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 74

Engineering Mathematics - II

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 2 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧

Now, R.H.S =  V

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

1 1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (2 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
1
1 1 𝑥3 2𝑧𝑥 2
= ∫0 ∫0 [(2𝑥 + − )] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
3 2 0
1 1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 (2 + 3 − 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
1 1 1
= ∫0 (2𝑦 + 3 𝑦 − 𝑧𝑦) 𝑑𝑧
0
1 1
= ∫0 (2 + 3 − 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧
1
1 𝑧2
= [2𝑧 + 3 𝑧 − ]
2 0

1 1 11
= (2 + − ) − 0 =
3 2 6

Now, L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑭⃗ ⋅ 𝒏
𝒅𝑺 𝒏

Faces Plane 𝑭⋅𝒏 ̂ Equation ̂ on S = ⃗⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔
𝑭
S

1 1
𝑆1 (Bottom) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy −𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑧=0 0
∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0
1 1
𝑆2 (Top) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy 𝑘⃗⃗ −𝑥𝑧 2 𝑧=1 −𝑥
∫ ∫ (−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0
1 1
𝑆3 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz −𝑗⃗ −𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑦=0 0
∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1
𝑆4 (𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz 𝑗⃗ 𝑥 2𝑦 𝑦=1 𝑥2
∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1
𝑆5 (𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘) 𝑦𝑧 dydz −𝑖⃗ −(2𝑥 − 𝑧) 𝑥=0 𝑧
∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1
𝑆6 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡) 𝑦𝑧 dydz 𝑖⃗ (2𝑥 − 𝑧) 𝑥=1 2−𝑧
∫ ∫ 2 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1 1 1
(𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 ∫0 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫0 ∫0 (−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
S1 S2

1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 (−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Vector Calculus Page 75

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 𝑥2 1
= − ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
11
= − ∫0 𝑑𝑦
2

1 1 1 −1
= − [2 𝑦] = − (2 − 0) =
0 2

1 1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 ∫0 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
S3 S4

1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
1 𝑥3 1
= ∫0 [ 3 ] 𝑑𝑧
0
11
= ∫0 3 𝑑𝑧

1 1 1 1
= [ 𝑧] = ( − 0) =
3 0 3 3

1 1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∫0 ∫0 (2 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
S5 S6

1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
1
= 2 ∫0 [𝑦]10 𝑑𝑧
1
= 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
= 2 [𝑧]10 =2

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

= (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

1 1 11
= −2 + 3 + 2 = 6

∴  S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Example: 2.86 Verify divergence theorem for ⃗𝑭 ⃗⃗ over the cube bounded by 𝒙 = ±𝟏,
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝟐 𝒊⃗ + 𝒛𝒋⃗ + 𝒚𝒛𝒌
𝒚 = ±𝟏, 𝒛 = ±𝟏.
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is  S

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘⃗⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦

Now, R.H.S = V

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

1 1 1
= ∫−1 ∫−1 ∫−1(2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

Vector Calculus Page 76

Engineering Mathematics - II

1
1 1 𝑥2
= ∫−1 ∫−1 [(2 + 𝑦𝑥)] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2 −1
1 1
= ∫−1 ∫−1[(1 + 𝑦) − (1 − 𝑦)]𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
1 1
= ∫−1 ∫−1[2𝑦]𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
1
1 𝑦2
= ∫−1 (2 ) 𝑑𝑧
2 −1
1
= ∫−1[(1) − ((−1)2 )] 𝑑𝑧
1
= ∫−1[0] 𝑑𝑧
=0

Now, L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+  S2
+ S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝒏 ⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝒏
𝒅𝑺 𝒏

Faces Plane 𝑭 ̂ Equation 𝑭 ̂ on S = ⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔
S

1 1
𝑆1 (Bottom) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy −𝑘⃗⃗ −𝑦𝑧 𝑧 = −1 𝑦
∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
−1 −1
1 1
𝑆2 (Top) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑦𝑧 𝑧=1 𝑦
∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
−1 −1
1 1
𝑆3 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz −𝑗⃗ −𝑧 𝑦 = −1 −𝑧
∫ ∫ −𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
−1 −1
1 1
𝑆4 (𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz 𝑗⃗ 𝑧 𝑦=1 𝑧
∫ ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
−1 −1
1 1
𝑆5 (𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘) 𝑦𝑧 dydz −𝑖⃗ −𝑥 2 𝑥 = −1 −1
∫ ∫ −1 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
−1 −1
1 1
𝑆6 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡) 𝑦𝑧 dydz 𝑖⃗ 𝑥2 𝑥=1 1
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
−1 −1
1 1 1 1
(𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫−1 ∫−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫−1 ∫−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
S1 S2

1 1
= ∫−1 ∫−1 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1
= 2 ∫−1[𝑥𝑦]1−1 𝑑𝑦
1
= 2 ∫−1[(𝑦) − (−𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
1
= 2 ∫−1 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
1
𝑦2 1 1
= 4[ 2 ] = 4 [(2) − (2)] = 0
−1
1 1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫−1 ∫−1 −𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫−1 ∫−1 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
S3 S4

1 1
= ∫−1 ∫−1 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

Vector Calculus Page 77

Engineering Mathematics - II

=0
1 1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = − ∫−1 ∫−1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫−1 ∫−1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
S5 S6

=0

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

= (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

= 0

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Hence , Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Example: 2.87 Verify divergence theorem for the function ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝟒𝒙𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗ taken over the
surface bounded by the cylinder 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟑.
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧
Limits:
𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 3
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦2 = 4 − 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑦 = ±√ 4 − 𝑥 2
∴ 𝑦 = −√ 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑜 √ 4 − 𝑥 2
Put 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 4

Vector Calculus Page 78

Engineering Mathematics - II

⇒ 𝑥 =±2
∴ 𝑦 = −2 𝑡𝑜 2

∴ R.H.S = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

2 √ 4− 𝑥 2 3
= ∫−2 ∫−√ 4− 𝑥 2 ∫0 (4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
√ 4− 𝑥 2 3
2 𝑧2
= ∫−2 ∫−√ 4− 𝑥 2 [4𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧 + 2 2 ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0

2 √ 4− 𝑥 2
= ∫−2 ∫−√ 4− 𝑥 2(12 − 12𝑦 + 9)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 √ 4− 𝑥 2
= ∫−2 ∫−√ 4− 𝑥 2(21 − 12𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
2 √ 4− 𝑥 2 ∵ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
= 2 ∫−2 ∫0 21 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 [ −𝑎 ]
= 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
2 2
= 42 ∫−2[𝑦]√0 4− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= 42 ∫−2 √ 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
= 42 × 2 ∫0 √ 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 [∵ 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ]
𝑥 4 𝑥 2
= 84 [2 √ 4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 2]
2 0

= 84 [0 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1)]
𝜋
= 84 [2 × 2 ]

= 84 𝜋

L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

= 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3

Along 𝑆1 (bottom):
𝑥𝑦 −plane ⇒ 𝑧 = 0, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
And 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, n̂ = − 𝑘⃗⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = (4𝑥 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ (−𝑘⃗⃗)
= − 𝑧2 = 0

∴ 
S1
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
0=0

Along 𝑆2 (top):
𝑥𝑦 −plane ⇒ 𝑧 = 3, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
And 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, n̂ = 𝑘⃗⃗

∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = (4𝑥 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ (−𝑘⃗⃗)

Vector Calculus Page 79

Engineering Mathematics - II

= 𝑧2 = 9

∴ 
S2
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S2
9 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 
R
9 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 9 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)

= 9 (𝜋𝑟 2 ) [ ∵ 𝑟 = 2]
= 36 𝜋
Along 𝑆3 (curved surface):
Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
Let 𝜑 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
∇𝜑 = 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝜕𝑧

= 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
|∇𝜑| = √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 2√4 = 4
∇𝜑 2(𝑥𝑖⃗+𝑦𝑗⃗)
n̂ = |∇𝜑|
= 4
𝑥𝑖⃗+𝑦𝑗⃗
= 2

The cylindrical coordinates are

𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃
Where 𝑧 varies from 0 to 3
𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋
𝑥𝑖⃗+𝑦𝑗⃗
Now 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = (4𝑥 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ ( 2 )

= 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3
= 2(2 cos 𝜃 )2 − (2 sin 𝜃 )3
= 8 cos 2 𝜃 − 8 sin3 𝜃
1+cos 2𝜃 3 sin 𝜃−sin 3𝜃
=8 [ − ( )]
2 4
2𝜋 3 1

cos 2𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 sin 3𝜃
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 8 ∫0 ∫0 (2 + − + ) 2𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃
2 4 4
S3

2𝜋 1 cos 2𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 sin 3𝜃

= 16 ∫0 (2 + − + ) [𝑧]30 𝑑𝜃
2 4 4

𝜃 sin 2𝜃 3 cos 𝜃 cos 3𝜃 2𝜋

= 48 [ 2 + − − ]
4 4 12 0
2𝜋 3 1 3 1
= 48 [( 2 + − ) − (4 − )]
4 12 12

= 48 𝜋

Vector Calculus Page 80

Engineering Mathematics - II

L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 0 + 36 𝜋 + 48𝜋

= 84 𝜋
∴ L.H.S = R.H.S

(𝑖. 𝑒) 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Example: 2.88 Verify divergence theorem for the function ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒚𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝒋⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 ⃗𝒌⃗ over the cylindrical
region bounded by 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟐.
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is  S

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑧
Limits:
𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑦2 = 9 − 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑦 = ±√ 9 − 𝑥 2
∴ 𝑦 = −√9 − 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑜 √ 9 − 𝑥 2
Put 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 9
⇒ 𝑥 =±3
∴ 𝑦 = −3 𝑡𝑜 3

∴ R.H.S = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

3 √9− 𝑥 2 2
= ∫−3 ∫−√9− 𝑥 2 ∫0 (2𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
√ 9− 𝑥 2 2
3 𝑧2
= ∫−3 ∫−√ 9− 𝑥 2 [2 ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0

Vector Calculus Page 81

Engineering Mathematics - II

3 √ 9− 𝑥 2
= 4 ∫−3 ∫−√ 9− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
3 2
= 4 ∫−3[𝑦]√9− 𝑥
−√ 9− 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
3
= 4 ∫−3 2√ 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
= 8 × 2 ∫0 √ 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 [∵ 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
𝑥 9 𝑥 3
= 16 [2 √ 9 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 3]
2 0
9
= 16 [0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1)]
2
9 𝜋
= 16 [2 × 2 ]

= 36 𝜋

L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

= 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3

Along 𝑆1 (bottom):
𝑥𝑦 −plane ⇒ 𝑧 = 0, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
And 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, n̂ = − 𝑘⃗⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = (𝑦 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ (−𝑘⃗⃗)
= − 𝑧2 = 0

∴ 
S1
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
0=0

Along 𝑆2 (top):
𝑥𝑦 −plane ⇒ 𝑧 = 2, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
And 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, n̂ = 𝑘⃗⃗

∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = (𝑦 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ (𝑘⃗⃗)
= 𝑧2 = 4

∴ 
S2
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S2
4 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 
R
4 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 4 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)

= 4 (𝜋𝑟 2 ) [ ∵ 𝑟 = 2]
= 36 𝜋
Along 𝑆3 (curved surface):
Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9

Vector Calculus Page 82

Engineering Mathematics - II

Let 𝜑 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 9

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
∇𝜑 = 𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝜕𝑧

= 2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
|∇𝜑| = √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 2√9 = 6
∇𝜑 2(𝑥𝑖⃗+𝑦𝑗⃗)
n̂ = |∇𝜑|
= 6
𝑥𝑖⃗+𝑦𝑗⃗
= 3

The cylindrical coordinates are

𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑠 = 3𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃
Where 𝑧 varies from 0 to 2
𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋
𝑥𝑖⃗+𝑦𝑗⃗
Now 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = (𝑦 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗) ∙ ( )
3
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
= + =
3 3 3
2
= 3 (3 cos 𝜃 ) (3 sin 𝜃 )

= 2 × 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 3 sin 2𝜃
2𝜋 2
∴ 
S3
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 3 ∫0 ∫0 (sin 2𝜃) 3𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃

2𝜋
= 9 ∫0 (sin 2𝜃) [𝑧]20 𝑑𝜃
cos 2𝜃 2𝜋
= 9 [− ]
2 0

= −9 [1 − 1]
=0

L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 0 + 36 𝜋 + 0

= 36 𝜋
∴ L.H.S = R.H.S

(𝑖. 𝑒) 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Vector Calculus Page 83

Engineering Mathematics - II

⃗⃗, prove that

Example: 2.89 If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and if ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒂𝒙𝒊⃗ + 𝒃𝒚𝒋⃗ + 𝒄𝒛𝒌

  ⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟑 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) if S is the surface of the sphere

𝟒𝝅
⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝑽 . Deduce that
S S

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏.
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑎𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑏𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑐𝑧𝑘⃗⃗

𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 𝜕𝑥1 + 𝜕𝑦2 + 𝜕𝑧3 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
(a + b + c) 𝑑𝑣

= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )𝑉
4 4𝜋
If S is the surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 then 𝑉 = 3 𝜋(1)3 = 3


4𝜋
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = (a + b + c) 3
S

4𝜋
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
3

Example: 2.90 Using the divergence theorem of Gauss evaluate 

S
⃗𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 where ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝟑 𝒊⃗ + 𝒚𝟑 𝒋⃗ +

⃗⃗, and S is the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 .

𝒛𝟑 𝒌
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 3 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 3 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 3 𝑘⃗⃗
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2
= 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 3  (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
V

Here we have to use spherical polar co – ordinates.

𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜑 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 and 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑎
∴ 3  (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 3 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
V

𝑎
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑟5
= 3 ∫0 ∫0 [ 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
0
3𝑎 5 2𝜋
=
5
∫0 [− cos 𝜃 ]𝜋0 𝑑𝜑

Vector Calculus Page 84

Engineering Mathematics - II

3𝑎 5 2𝜋
= 5
∫0 (− cos 𝜋 + cos 0) 𝑑𝜑
6𝑎 5
= [𝜑]2𝜋
0
5
6𝑎 5 12𝜋𝑎 5
= (2𝜋) =
5 5

Example: 2.91 Show that 

S
𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟎 where S is any closed surface.

Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = V
⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑣
∇ ∙ (∇ × F

where V is the volume of the closed surface S.

Since ∇ ∙ (∇ × 𝐹⃗ ) = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 

V
⃗⃗) 𝑑𝑣 = 0
∇ ∙ (∇ × F

∴ 
S
F) ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑣 = 0 (𝑜𝑟)  𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 0
(∇ × ⃗⃗
S

⃗⃗ ∙ n̂
𝒓
 
dv
Example: 2.92 Prove that 𝒅𝒔 =
𝒓𝟐 r2
S V

Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is  S

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

 
⃗⃗
𝒓 ⃗⃗
𝒓
∴ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∇ ∙ (𝒓𝟐 ) 𝑑𝑣
𝒓𝟐
S V

𝑟⃗ 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 ⃗⃗
𝑥𝑖⃗+𝑦𝑗⃗+𝑧𝑘
Now ∇ ∙ 𝑟 2 = (𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝜕𝑧) ∙ ( 𝑟 2 )
𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 𝑧
= ( ) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑟 2) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑟 2)
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 2
𝜕𝑟
𝑟 2(1)−𝑥 2𝑟
=∑ 𝜕𝑥
𝑟4
𝑥
𝑟 2− 2𝑥𝑟 ( )
𝑟
=∑
𝑟4
𝑟 2− 2𝑥 2
=∑ 𝑟4
3𝑟 2−2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2)
= 𝑟4
3𝑟 2−2𝑟 2 𝑟2 1
= = 𝑟4 = 𝑟2
𝑟4

 
⃗⃗
𝒓 1
∴ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑣
𝒓𝟐 𝑟2
S V

Example: 2.93 Evaluate  S

⃗⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 where S is a closed surface using Gauss divergence theorem.
𝒓

Vector Calculus Page 85

Engineering Mathematics - II

Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is  S

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

∴ 
S
𝑟⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  V
(∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗) 𝑑𝑣

= 
V
[∇ ∙ (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗)] 𝑑𝑣

= 
V
(1 + 1 + 1) 𝑑𝑣

= 3  𝑑𝑣
V

= 3𝑉
Exercise: 2.5
1. Verify divergence theorem for the function 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖⃗ − (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥 )𝑗⃗ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘⃗⃗
over the surface bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 3 Ans: 36
2. Verify divergence theorem for the function 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘⃗⃗
3
over the cube 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1 Ans: Common value = 2

3. Verify divergence theorem for the function 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑖⃗ − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗
over the cube bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1
11
Ans: Common value = 6

4. Verify divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑥 2 𝑘⃗⃗ over the region

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 3 Ans: Common value = 84𝜋

5. Using divergence theorem, prove that (i) 

S
𝑅⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆⃗ = 3𝑉 (ii) 
S
∇𝑟 2 ∙ 𝑑𝑆⃗ = 6𝑉

6. 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘⃗⃗ over the cube bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑎

3𝑎
Ans: Common value = 2

7. 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ over the parallelopiped bounded by the planes

𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 3 Ans: Common value = 2
8. 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘⃗⃗ over the parallelopiped bounded by the planes
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 3 Ans: Common value = 20
9. 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 4 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗ taken over the region in the first octant bounded
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 and 𝑥 = 2 Ans: Common value = 180
10. 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗ taken over the cuboid formed by the planes
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑐 Ans: Common value = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )

Vector Calculus Page 86