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Solutions Formulas Detailed-2

This document provides a detailed formula sheet for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 on Solutions, covering key concepts such as molarity, molality, mole fraction, mass percentage, and parts per million. It also outlines important laws including Henry's Law, Raoult's Law, and formulas for colligative properties like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression. Additionally, it includes the calculation of osmotic pressure and the Van’t Hoff factor.

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vishukoli827
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31 views2 pages

Solutions Formulas Detailed-2

This document provides a detailed formula sheet for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 on Solutions, covering key concepts such as molarity, molality, mole fraction, mass percentage, and parts per million. It also outlines important laws including Henry's Law, Raoult's Law, and formulas for colligative properties like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression. Additionally, it includes the calculation of osmotic pressure and the Van’t Hoff factor.

Uploaded by

vishukoli827
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class 12 Chemistry – Chapter 1: Solutions (Detailed

Formula Sheet)
Molarity (M)
M = moles of solute / volume of solution (L)

M = (w × 1000) / (Molar mass × Volume in mL)

Molality (m)
m = moles of solute / mass of solvent (kg)

m = (w × 1000) / (Molar mass × mass of solvent in g)

Mole Fraction
XA = nA / (nA + nB)

XB = nB / (nA + nB)

XA + XB = 1

Mass Percentage
Mass % = (mass of solute / mass of solution) × 100

Parts per million (ppm)


ppm = (mass of solute / mass of solution) × 10■

Henry’s Law
p = KH × x

p = partial pressure of gas, x = mole fraction, KH = Henry’s constant

Raoult’s Law
pA = xA pA■

Total pressure: P = xA pA■ + xB pB■

Relative lowering of vapour pressure


(p■ − p)/p■ = xB

Elevation in boiling point


∆Tb = Kb m

Tb = Tb■ + ∆Tb

Depression in freezing point


∆Tf = Kf m

Tf = Tf■ − ∆Tf
Osmotic Pressure
π=CRT

C = molarity, R = 0.0821 L atm mol■¹ K■¹

Molar Mass from Osmosis


M = (w R T) / (π V)

Van’t Hoff Factor


i = observed colligative property / normal value

i = 1 + α(n − 1)

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