Properties of ma!

er :- ( solid mechanism )

1. Rigid body - a body is said to be rigid if the relative position of its particle remain
unchanged . When external deforming force are aplied to it the nearest approach to a
rigid body is diamond or carborundum.

Restoring force

Whrn external force act on any object then an internal resistance produce in the
substance due to the intermolecular force . Which is called restoring force.
At equilibrium the numerical value of restoring force is equal to external deforming force.

Deforming force :-

External force which tends to bring about a change in length , volume or shape of body
is called deforming force.

Elasticity :-

Elasticity is that property of material of a body by virtue of which it oppose any change
in its shape or size . When deforming force are applied on it . It recover its original
state as soon as the defroming force are removed .

Stress :-

The restoring force acting per unit area of the deformed body is called stress.

Stress = restoring force / Area F/A = M1 L-1 T-2

Fr / A = Fext / A

Types of stress :-

Longitudnal stress :- the stress due to change in length .

It can be of two type -

1Tensile Strength [ due to increment in length ]
2 compression [ due to decrement in length ]

Shear stress :- When the stress is tangential or parallel to the surface of body, then it
is known shear stress.
Or
Tangential stress Due to this stress, the shape of body change or it gets twisted( no
change in volume ).
 Volumetric stress :- Due to change in volume.

Q-find out the longitudinal stress and tangential stress on the fixed block shown in the figure.

Breaking stress:-( ultimate tensile strength )

Distress required to cause the actual fracture of a material is called the breaking stress .

Is constant for given material at constant temperature .

Q- a body of mass 10 KG is attached to a 30 cm long wire whose breaking string is 4.8×10

Newton per metre Square. The area of cross-section of wire is 10 m² what is the maximum
angular velocity with which it can be rotated in horizontal surface?

Q-The breaking stress is 7.9×10 Newton per metre square and density is 7.9×10 KG per metre
cube, what should be the maximum length of a steel wire so that it may not break under its own
weight?
Q- a lift of mass 500 KG is connected with a wire of breaking stress 3×10 Newton per metre
Square if the lift moves up with an acceleration 5.2 m/s Square, then calculate minimum radius
of wire so it does not break ( g=9.8) .

Strain:-

It is the ratio of change in dimension of a body to the original dimension of the body.

1. Longitudinal strain.:-

2. Volumetric strain :-

3. Shear strain:- When a deforming force is applied to a body parallel to its surface, its
shape( not size )change, the strain produced in this manner is known
asshear strain .
The strain produced due to change in shape of the body is known as shear strain.

Hook’s law :-

According to this law within the elastic limit, the stress produced in a body is directly proportional
to strain.

Type of modulus of elasticity-

Young modulus of elasticity:-{ Y }

Within the elastic limit, the ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain is called young
modulus of elasticity.

Unit - N/m Dimension - M L T

Q- a block of mass M is hanged vertically with a mass less wire of length l radius R and young
modulus Y .then increment in length of wire is
 Q- two wire P and Q are made of same material and have same dimension. Find the ratio of
change in length in wire P and Q.

Q- 2, block of mass 2 KG and 3 KG are connected through a wire which passes over a mass less and
friction less Pulley . if The Young modulus of wire is 12×10 Newton per metre square and cross-
section area is 0.1 cm², then, find strain of wire.

Q- the following four wire are made of the same material. Which of these will have the largest
extension when the same tension is applied?

Q- the young modulus of steel is twice that of the brass two wire of same length and of same area
of cross-section. One of steel and another of brass are suspended from the same roof. If we want
the lower end of wire to be same level, then the weight added to the steel and brass will must be in
the ratio of ?
Q- the diameter of 2 wire a and b are the same with their material different. Their load extension
graph are shown if Ya and Yb are young modulus of a and B respectively then

Q- copper of fixed volume V is drawn into wire of length L where this wire is subjected to a constant
force. F. The extension produced in the wire is Delta L. Which of the following graph is a straight
line?
Elongation of rod under itself weight :-

Q-a rope of length 8 m is hanged from the ceiling of a room. What is the increase in length of the
rope due to its own weight?[Y=5×10 , density = 1.5×10 , g =10 m/s ]

2. Bulk modulas :-

Unit - N/m or pascal

Compresibility :-

Unit - m/N or pascal

Q- a sphere contract in volume by 0.01% when taken to the bottom of a sea 1 kilometre deep, find
the bulk modulus of the material of the sphere [ density = 1g/cm , g= 980 cm/ s. ]
Q- the approximate depth of an ocean is 2700 m. The compressibility of the water is 45.4×10 pa and
density is 10 kg/m . What fraction compression of water will be obtained at the bottom of the ocean?

Q- The B Of sohere object is give it is subjected to a uniform pressure. P. The fraction decrease
in radius is

Analogy of rod as a spring :-

P.E of Spring :-
Q- find the increase in pressure required to decrease hundred litre volume of a liquid by 0.002% in
container.

Q- bulk modulus of a spherical object is K if it is subjected to uniform pressure, P, then find

1. Fractional decrease in its volume.
2. Fractional decrease in its radius.
3. Fractional change in its density..
 3. Modulas of Rigidity :- ( only fir solids )
Or
Shear Modulas

Q- another cube of side 5 cm has one side fixed while a tenial force 1800 Newton is applied to
opposite face. Find sheer in stream and lateral distance of strained face..( )

Q- a block of mass M is hanged with two mass less wire P and Q as shown in figure, then find ratio of
elastic potential energy stored in wire P and Q .

Q- the length of a wire is increased by 0.04%, find out energy stored in its unit volume. ( Y = 2×10.)
 Poission’s Ratio :- ( )

Relation between Y, K, and :-

Interatomic Force constant ( k ) :-

Q- the bulk modulus of a metal is 10 N/m and poison ratio 0.2. If average distance between
molecule is 3 A , find interatomic force constant..

Q- the bulk modulus is 2×10 N/m and ETA is 6×10 N/m then find poison ratio.
Stress - Strain graph :-

Stress strain relationdhip in a wire :-

Elastomers :- Hook’s law is not obeyed most over the region. Eg - rubber , tissue of aorta

Q- 1. Which metal has greater young modulus?

2. Which material is more ductile?
3. Which material is more brittle?
4, which of the two is more stronger?

Girder :- A rod have cross - section in same of le!er I . ( it can tolerate weight without bending. )

Note :- #with inc in temp. Elasticity dec because internal restoring forces dec.
# invar ste" is independent of temp..
 F luid mechanism

F luid statics :-

Pressure :- Force acting per unit area . Where force is perpendicular to the area.

Unit - pascal , N/ m
Scalar quantity
Dimension - M L T

Types of pressure :-

1. Atmospheric pressure [ P ] : Pressure of air column at mean sea level.

Note :- of Hg is large ( 13.6 gm/cc ) so it can measure large pressure by sma"er heights.
So in pressure measuring device, we use mercury .

Barometer - ( invented by Torice"i )

#Pressure in vacuum is zero.

2. Gauge pressure :- excess pressure over 1 atm.

Manometer -
3. Total pressure :-

Important points :-

=>Liquid exert equal pressure of height and density are same.

Then pressure due to column depends only on height, It is independent of shape, size of container and amount of the
liquid. .

=> liquid exert equal pressure in a" direction at a given depth, whatever with a orientation of the surface. that is why
container wa" also experiences pressure.

=> liquid maintains equal pressure at same horizontal level. That is why the height of water in di#erent open containers
interconnected is same. This phenomena is ca"ed hydrostatic paradox.
Q- HG is partially filled in a U-shaped tube as shown in the figure now water of length 27.2 cm is pulled in one
limb of U Tube by what height HG will rise in other limb.

Q- A U shaped tube is partially filled with water. Now some oil is pulled in one arm until the level of water
rises by 25 cm. In the other arm, find the height of oil level above the water level.[ oil = 0.8 g/cc ]

Pascal's law: -

If pressure is applied at apoint on an enclosed fluid then this pressure is equa"y transmi!ed to each and every
point of the fluid .

=> based on energy conservation .

=> with the help of lesser force we can produce larger force .

Q- in a hydrolic lift a force of 10 N is applied on a narrow pistil of radius 1 cm . The radius of

broad pistil is 3 cm find 1. Force on the broad pistil
2. If smaller pistil displaces by 6 cm find displacement of larger pistil .
Buoyancy and Archimede’s principal :-

When a body completely or partia"y submerged in a fluid then it

experiences up thrust , it is ca"ed buoyant force and the

According to archimedes buoyant force is equal to

weight of the displaced fluid .

Important point :-
1. Buoyant force depend only on volume of the body inside the liquid . It is independent of shape, size and
density of the body .

2.

It is easier to swim in sea water then fresh water ( sigma of sea water is greater than fresh water ) .
When a ship moves from sea into fresh water then it slightly further sinks .

3.

Apparent weight :-
Q- a block of mass 2 kg and density = 5 * 10 kg/m is suspended from a string . What will be the
tension in the string if block is completely imersed in the water .

Laws of F loatation :-

Note :-

Q- A sphere of wood floats in water with one - third of its volume submerged . The same block floats
in oil with 5/9 of its volume submerged . Find the density of
1. wood
2. Oil
Q- cube is floating in water such that its one face is 2 cm above water surface . Now a block of mass
200 g is placed over it so that it floats just completely submerged . Find sideof the cube.

Concept :-

If the container is placed insude an Elevator accelerating up or down then their is no e#ect on x .

Concept :- flotation of a body between two immsicible

Liquid -

Q- two immisible liquids of density And ( n>1 ) are placed in a container and both have
same height H a cylinder of length L and density d is placed in the container such that
cylinder floates in both liquids by vertical axis . Its PL length in denser medium ( p <1 ) . Find
density of the cylinder .

Q- two sphere of vol 250 cc each but of relative densities 0.8 and 1.2 are connected by a string
and combination is emerged in a liquid . Find the tension in the string .
Concept :-

For liquid -

Q- a sample of metal weight 300 g in air , 270 g in water and 210 g in an inknown liquid .
Then find
1, relative density of metal
2. Relative density of unknown liquid

Density of mixture :-

Case-1: v1=v2= same Case-2 : m1= m2

Q- when equal vol of two material are mixed tehn density of mixture is 4 kg/m . When their
equal masses are mixed then density of mixture is 3 kg/m . Find their densties.

Specific weight :-

S.w =

Specific gravity :-

S.g=
 F luid dynamic:-

Nature of fliud :-

1. Stream line flow or steady flow :-

During the flow at a point a" molecule passes with same velocity .
Path of molecules are stream line which does not intersect .

If stream comes closer then speed have been increased .

2. Laminar flow :-

At di#erent points of fluid flow magnitude of velocities are di#erent but their directions
are para"el .

3. Turbulent flow :-

If speed of flow exceeds critical speed then motion of molecules becomes irregular .
Eg - agarba!i

Ideal fluid :-

=> Incommpresible ( density constant , no change in volume , bulk modulas infinite ,)

=> Non viscous ( viscosity or fluid friction =0 )

=> Stream line or steady flow

Equation of continuity :-

During an ideal fluid flow at each and every point of the flow volume flow in per unit time or rate of flow
remains constant .
It is based on mass conservation.
Q- One end of a horizontal tube of radius 8 cm is closed with a plate having 40 narrow holes each
of radius 1 mm . If spped of water flow inside the tube is 10 cm/ sec . Find speed of water emerges
out from each hole .

Q- an incompressible liquid flows through a horizontal tube as shown in a fig . Then find velocity v of
the fluid .

Energy of flowing fluid :-

1. K.E per unit volume - 2. P.E per unit volume -

3. Pressure energy per unit volume -

 Bernou"i’s principle :- At each and every point of an ideal fluid flow , the sum of pressure energy per unit
volume , kinetic energy per unit volume and potential dnergy per unit volume remains constant.

Dimension of a" head is L

Application :-

1. Speed of eflux -

Speed of eflux is equal to speed aquired by a particle fa"ing freely in air from the level of liquid to the orifice .
It is ca"ed Torice"i’s theorem .

Q- The pressure at the bottom of an open container filled with water is 3 atm their is an orifice of area
1 cm at the bottom . Find volume of water emerges out initially in 1 sec from the orifice.

Q- two immesible liquid of densities and . are filled in a container as shown in fig . Then find
out the ratio of v1 and v2 .
Time taken by the level to fa" from height H1 to H2 above orifice :-

Range :-

Same range :-

For max range :-

Viscosity :-

Whenever a fluid is in flow due to relative motion between di#erent layers a force comes into play which
opposes their relative motion , it is ca"ed viscous force or fluid friction and the property viscosity .
Reason of viscosity is cohesive force ( same particle ) .
Q- their is a 3mm thick layer of glycerin between a plate of area 10 m and a large plate . If the
coefficient of viscosity of glycerin is 2kg/ms .then what force is required to move the smaller plate woth a
velocity of 12 cm/ sec .

Stoke’s law :- when a spherical body is released in a viscous medium then after some time viscous force
counter balances its e#ective weight and body aquires a constant velocity . Which is ca"ed terminal velocity .

Q- two balls made of same material having masses m and 8 m respectively . Then find ratio of theur
terminal velocity in same liquid .

Q- if the terminal speed of a sphere of gold is 0.4 m/sec in a viscous liquid then find the terminal
speed of a sphere of copper of the same size in the same liquid . (
Q- an air bubble of 1 cm radius is rising at a steady rate of 2mm/ sec through a liquid of density 1.5 g/ cc .
Neglect density of air if g is 1000 cm / sec . Then find coefficient of viscosity of the liquid .

# If ba" is released in liquid :-

# If initial velocity is more than terminal velocity inside the liquid .

Reynold’s no :-

The type of flow pa!ern ( stream line or turbulent ) is determined by a non dimensional no ca"ed reynold’s no .

Where. Is the density if fluid with eta and flowing with a spped. Here d denotes the lateral dimension of
the obstrical ( diameter ) .

Poiseui"e Formula :- Determines vol flowing per unit time of general fluid .
 1. Series combination :-

2. Para"el combination :-

Q- a viscous liquid is flowing in two tubes which are connected in series their length L and 4 L and
radius r and 2r respectively . Find ratio of pressure difference acros the 1 st and 2 nd tube .

Q- When a viscous liquid flows at a rate Q through a tube of radius r placed horizontally , a pressure
difference p develops acroos the end of tube . If the radius of the tube is doubled and rate of flow is also
doubled . Then find out pressure difference acroos the end of the tube.

Note :- with inc in temp , viscosity of liquid dec bcoz cohesive force dec while viscosity of gas inc with inc
in temp bcoz di#usion rate inc .
 Surface Tension :-

It is the property of free surface of a liquid due to which its free surface tries to minimise its
surface area .

Reason for surface tension -

Intermolecular firce of a!raction or cohesive force.

Cohesive force - force of a!raction between the molecules of same substance . Definite shape of solids is
due to strong vohesive force .

Adhesive force - force of a!raction between the molecules of di#erent substance . Due to adhesive
force ink sticks to the paper .

Force acting per unit length on either side of an imagenory line drawn on
the free surface of liquid is ca"ed surface tension .

Unit - N/ m
Dimension - M L T

T is independent of force and length for same liquid .

Q- A stick of length 5 cm is floating on surface of water . If one side of it has surface tension
70 dyne per cm and on the other side by keeping a peice of camphor . The surface tension
is reduced to 50 dyne / cm then find resultant force in dyne acting on stick .
Q- A soap solution film of surface tension 5* 10 N/m is formed on a U shaped wire frame as
shown in fig . If slider is left to fall for its equilibrium . What should the radius

Minimum force required to lift an object from surface of liquid :-

1. Stick -

2. Lamina -

3. Frame -

4. Circular disc -

Forc on unit length =

Force on. Length =

5. Ring -
 F loating of steel needle on the surface of water -

Same concept in floating of insect on water surface .

Factors a#ecting surface tension -

1. Temperature - With inc in temp surface tension dec bcozintermolecular force of a!raction ( cohesive
force) dec .

At boiling point surface tension is zero.

Hot soup tastier than cold soup .

2. Impurity -

# soluble impurity - S.I inc surface tension. Eg - nacl in water

# less soluble impurities - less S.I dec surface tension eg - soap and detergent in water

Surface energy -

Surface energy stored per unit area or work to increase surface area by unity is ca"ed surface tension.

1. Film or bubble :-

2. Drop :-
Q- Find work done to inc area of a soap solution film from 40 cm * 60 cm to 50 cm * 80
cm . Surface tension of soap solution is 75dyne per cm .

Special case:-

1. work to inc. Radius of a drop from r1 to r2

2. Work to form a drop of radius r

3. Work to ine radius of a bubble from r1 and r2

4. Work to form a bubble of radius r

Q- Find work done to inc. radius of a soap bubble upto 3 times initial radius is r and surface
tension is t .

Q- Find work done to inc. volume of a bubble by 700 % .initial radius is r and surface tension
is t .
# If a big drop is spli!ed into sma" identical droplets then [Link] surface energy :

#Surface area increases.

#Surface energy increases.
#Internal energy decreases , show temp of droplet fa".
#Hence energy is absorbed from the surrounding so we fe" co" near fountain .

# if droplets coalesce :

-Ve sign means surface energy and surface area are reduced .

# surface area dec .

# surface energy dec .
# Internal energy inc , so temp of droplet increases.
# Hence, energy is released to surrounding .

Q- Find out % loss in surface energy when 10 small indentical droplets are combined to form
a big drop
Q-Some amount of droplet each of radius r colasce to form a drop of radius R and volume v .
If surface tension is t find correct statement

Excess pressure :-

Q- If the pressure inside two soap bubbles are 1.02 atm and 1.03 atm respectively . Find ratio of
their volumes .

Q- The excess pressure due to surface tension indide a spherical drop is 9 unit if 27 such drops
combine . Then find excess pressure due to surface tension inside the larger drop.
# 1. If bubble is just below the water surface :-

# 2. If bubble is h depth below the water surface :-

Q- find pressure inside the bubble of racius 1 mm held at a depth of 8 cm below water
surface .surface tension of water is 7.3 * 10

Concept : If two soap bubble coalesc in vaccum isotherma"y then radius of new bubble -

Concept : If two bubble are kept in contact then radius of common surface -
 If r1 = r2

Q- Two unequal soap bubbles are formed on each side of a tube closed in middle by a
tap .when tap is opened then find direction if air flow in the tube and also comment on the
final size of both bubble .

Angle of contact :-

# Angle of cantact depends on the resultant of adhesive and cohesive force .

# If a liquid spread over solid or wets solid surface, theangle of contact is acute.
Eg - water on glass

# If a liquid does not spread over a solid or does mot wet solid surface , angle of cantact is obtuse .
Eg - mercury on glass , wax water , lotus leaf water

# Water prufing agents convert angle of contact from acute to obtuse .

# Angle of contact is independent of inclination of solid inside liquid .

 Capi"arity or Capi"ary action :-

Rising or fa"ing of liquid inside a capi"ary tube is ca"ed capi"arity .

Accent formula for capi"ary rise

Pressure balance method :-

 Q- a capillary tube of radius r can support a liquid of weight 6.28 *10 . If surface tension of
liquid is 2 *10 n/m . Then find 1. Radius of capillary tube
2. Internal circumfernce of capillary tube

Q- calculate the height to which water will rise in capillary tube of diameter 14.6 * 10
m . Surface tension of water is 0.073 n/m density of water is 10 kg / m .

Q- Three liquids of densities Where have same height raised in

identical capillaries all three have same surface tension . If their coresponding angle of contact
are .then which of the following is correct .

Q- Two identical rectangular glass plate arekept parallel to each other with a small sepration x .
Their lower edges touches water . Find the height upto which water rises between them

Special cases :-
 Q- 2capillary tubes of radius r and 2r are verticcally emerged in same liquid . Then find
1. Ratio of height of liquid rise
2. Ratio of mass of liquid rise
3. Ratio of PE of liquid rise

If solid liquid pair same then potential energy of raised liquid are some. Whatever be the radius of
the tube.

Capi"ary tube of insu#icient length :-

In case of insu#icient length radius of curvature of maniscus inc. And balances the force of surface tension.

3. Weightlessness :-

In condition of weightlessness liquid fi"s up to fu" length but never spi"s out , bcoz radius of curvature
of manescus inc. and balances the force of surface tension.

4. If capi"ary tube is inclined on an angle from vertical :-

5. U shaped tube formed by two capi"aries of di#erent diameter then level di#erence :-
 6. E#ect of g :-

7. Upto what max . height water can be fi"ed in a beaker which have a fine narrow hole at its bo!om :-

8. Upto what max depth a beaker can be inserted in water so that water does not enter :-

Q- Water rises in a vertical capillary tube upto a length of 10 cm . If the tube is inclined at 45
degree angle with vertical . Then find length of water risen in the tube .

Q- A u shaped tube is supported with its vertical limbs and is partially filled with water . If
internal diameters of limbs are 1cm and 0.5 cm respectively . What will be the difference in
heights of water in two limbs . Surface tension - 70 dyne / cm and density - 1g/cc .