Ketabton.

com
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Contents
PARTS OF SPEECH .......................................................... 7
Article ......................................................................... 11
Rules of THE ............................................................... 12
Simple present tense ................................................... 14
The Present Progressive tense. .................................... 16
Simple past tense ........................................................ 19
Simple past vs Present perfect ..................................... 21
Past Continuous / Progressive Tense ........................... 24
When and While .......................................................... 26
Used to ........................................................................ 27
At, In and On ............................................................... 29
Present Perfect tense .................................................. 30
Future plan .................................................................. 31
Simple Future Tense ................................................... 31
Will is used for( ........................................................... 33
Uses of Shall ............................................................... 35
Be Going to .................................................................. 35

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Parallel verbs ............................................................... 36

Be About to ................................................................. 39
NOUN .......................................................................... 39
Cases of Noun .............................................................. 44
NOUN + NOUN ............................................................ 46
Personal pronouns....................................................... 47
Possessive Noun ......................................................... 47
Reflexive Pronouns ..................................................... 49
Another, other, the other ............................................ 51
Modals ........................................................................ 53
Had better ................................................................... 59
Dare and need ............................................................. 59
Need ............................................................................ 60
Prefer, like….better and would rather ......................... 60
Used to ........................................................................ 61
Imperative ................................................................... 62
Let’s/ why don’t ......................................................... 62
Past perfect tense ........................................................ 63
Yes/ no questions: ....................................................... 63
WH or information questions ..................................... 64
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How often .................................................................. 64

Future continuous tense .............................................. 65
Too+ verb .................................................................... 65
Although/Even though/ Though .................................. 65
So that/ in order that................................................... 66
Because ....................................................................... 66
Phrasal Verb ................................................................ 67
Phrasal Verb ................................................................ 68
Gerund ......................................................................... 69
What kind of/ What sort of.......................................... 71
Which ......................................................................... 71
Whose ......................................................................... 72
How ............................................................................. 72
HOW ABOUT AND WHAT ABOUT ................................. 74
It+ Take ....................................................................... 75
Tag Question .............................................................. 75
Countable/ Uncountable noun .................................... 78
Some & Any ................................................................. 80
Conjunction ................................................................. 83
Voice ........................................................................... 87
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Changing Tenses into passive:...................................... 91

Imperative passive....................................................... 93
Participle ..................................................................... 95
Get + present Participle ............................................... 97
Get + Past Participle .................................................... 98
Degrees of Adjective .................................................... 98
Repeating comparatives ............................................ 101
Double comparatives ................................................. 101
As…as ........................................................................ 102
SPEECH ...................................................................... 103
What is Sentence ....................................................... 111
CLAUSES AND SENTENCES.......................................... 112
Kinds of sentences ..................................................... 113

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Acknowledgment
First of all, thank you to Almighty Allah, the one who gives and
takes everything that deserved me to be a great personality
among people. As we see a great number of people contrib-
uted to the development of English language, particularly in
grammar part. So I expected to be one of them and would like
to offer a good source of education for learners, from differ-
ent standard resources. Furthermore, I wish to express my
great appreciation to my brothers and friends that supported
me by their great ideas. Besides, I am really thankful to my
parents, that convinced me to write such book [Efficacious
Grammar] as I cannot thank them, but want to say_ Thanks
Mom and Dad.

Thank you very much.

I hope you will find this book useful.

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PARTS OF SPEECH
‫اجزای کالم‬
Definition: a classification of words according to their func-
tions in sentence or in context is called parts of speech.

‫طبقه بندی کلمات به اساس وظایف انها در یک جمله یا در یک متن بنام اجزای کالم یاد‬
.‫میشوند‬

They are.

1 Noun 5 Adjective

2 Pronoun 6 Preposition

3 verb 7 Conjunction

4 Adverb 8 Interjection

1. Noun: ‫اسم‬
Noun is the name of Allah’s all creatures and imaginary
things.

.‫اسم تمام مخلوقات هللا و چیز های خیالی یا فکری هستند‬

Ex: Ahmad, table, Kabul, logic, Allah.

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2. Pronoun: ‫ضمیر‬
Pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun and
avoid/prevent from its repetition in the sentence.

‫کلمیست که استعمال میشود بجای اسم و از تکرار ان در جمله جلوگیری می‬: ‫ضمیر‬
.‫کند‬

EX: Ahmad is a boy.

EX: He is a student.

It has taken from a Latin word (pronome).

Pronome

Prevent

Of

Noun

3. Verb: ‫فعل‬
Verb generally shows action, state, being or ownership

‫ و خود فعل به معنی عمل‬.‫ موجودیت یا مالکیت را نشان میدهد‬،‫ حالت‬،‫فعل عمومآ عمل‬
.‫است‬

Ex: drink; wash; cook; Fire; drive.......etc.

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There are two kinds of verbs

 Main verb: wash, speak. ‫فعل اصلی‬

 Helping verb: is, am, are. ‫فعل کمکی‬

Verb is divided into three more parts

1: To do verb ‫فعل انجام دادن‬

Do/does

2:To be verb ‫فعل بودن‬

is/ am /are.
Past form of “is, am” was

Past form of “are” is were

3: To have verb ‫فعل داشتن‬

Have/has

Past form

Had

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4. Adverb: ‫قید‬
Is word which is used to modify a verb an adjective or an-
other adverb. Or is a word which gives you more infor-
mation about time, place and the manner of an action.

‫ یا به‬.‫ صفت یا قید دیگر را‬،‫کلمیست که استعمال میشود و تغییر می دهد حالت فعل‬: ‫قید‬
‫ مکان و روش یک‬،‫ کلمه است که معلومات بیشتر میدهد در باره وقت‬،‫عبارت دیگر‬
.‫عمل‬

EX: She is running. This is an open sentence.

EX: She is running slowly.

Ex: she is a very fast runner.

Ex: she is working so slowly.

5. Adjective:‫صفت‬

used to describe a noun or pronoun.

.‫ استعمال می شود که تشریح کند حالت اسم یا ضمیر را‬: ‫صفت‬

Ex: Ahmad is a good boy.

6. Preposition: ‫حرف اضافه‬

Is a word which shows connection between two parts of
sentence or between words.

‫ کلیمیست که استعمال میشود و رابطه را نشان میدهد بین دو بخش جمله‬:‫حرف اضافه‬
.‫یا بین کلمات‬
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Some of prepositions: In, on, at, under, from, of…etc.

Ex: Cat is under the table.

7. Conjunction: ‫حرف ربط‬

Is used to connect words, parts of sentences, phrases, or
clauses

‫ یا قضیه‬،‫ عبارات‬،‫ بخش های جمالت‬،‫استعمال میشود که ارتباط دهد کلمات‬: ‫حرف ربط‬
.‫های را‬

Some of conjunctions: when, and, or, Are …

Ex: Ahmad and Mahmoud are friends.

[Link]:‫حرف ندایه‬
Is used to show surprise or strong feeling.

.‫استعمال میشود که نشان دهد احساس قوی یا تعجب را‬

Ex: Oh! Yeah! Wow! Ouch! etc...

Ex: Oh! what a dive.

Article:‫حرف تعریف‬
Is used to determine noun .
.‫استعمال میشود که مشخص سازد اسم را‬

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Article is divided into two parts . .‫حرف تعریف به دو بخش تقسیم شده‬

 Definite article “the” ‫حرف تعریف معین‬

 Indefinite article “a/an” ‫حرف تعریف نامعین‬

EX: She has (the) book. So (the) is definite article. Means

this book has specified between two persons or more that
which book is this.

Ex: He has (a) book. (A) Is indefinite article. Means book is

not specific, he has a book which book?

Ex: she has a book. (A) Is indefinite article.

Rules of THE
1: (The) when it comes before vowel, we pronounce it
(de).

Ex: The other .‫کلمه ذکر شده وقتی قبل از صدادار ها بیایدـــ دی ـــــ تلفظ میشود‬

2: (The) when it comes before consonant, we pronounce it

(da) .‫کلمه ذکر شده وقتی قبل از بی صدادار ها بیاید ـــ ده ـــ تلفظ میشود‬

Ex: The book

3: (The) it used before singular count noun and plural

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count nouns and also non-count nouns.

‫کلمه ذکر شده استعمال میشود قبل از اسم های قابل شمارش مفرد و اسم های قابل‬
.‫شمارش جمع و همچنان اسم های غیر قابل شمارش‬

Ex: The book, the books

Ex: The fruit

4: (The) is used to talk about the person, thing or place that

is known to listener and speaker.

‫ چیز یا مکان که معلوم‬،‫کلمه ذکر شده استعمال میشود که صحبت کند در باره شخص‬
.‫باشد به شنونده و گوینده‬

Ex: the book you gave to me was interesting.

5: (The) is used before the name of famous person, thing

or place. It pronounced (de)

‫ و‬.‫ چیز یا مکان مشهور‬،‫کلمه ذکر شده استعمال میشود قبل از اسم شخص مشهور‬

.‫ــ دی ـــ تلفظ میشود‬

Ex: I am one of the Obama’s guard, oh the Obama?

Ex: I like the iphone’s company.

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Simple present tense

‫زمان حال ساده‬
Structure

Sub +verb +com/obj. For I, YOU, WE, THEY

Sub +verb +s/es +com/obj. For HE, SHE, IT

There are two helping verbs in present tense.

Do & Does

1: Is used to show daily activities.

.‫استعمال میشود که نشان دهد فعالیت های روزمره را‬

Ex: They come to the institute every day .

2: Shows regular activities.

.‫نشان میدهد فعالیت های منظم را‬

Ex: I go to school at 8:00 clock.

3: shows habitual actions.

.‫نشان میدهد اعمال عادتی را‬

Ex: He smokes every day.

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4: shows general fact.

.‫حقیقت عامیانه را نشان میدهد‬

Ex: Allah is one.

5: Talks about past events in newspaper headlines.

.‫گپ میزند در باره واقعیات گذشته در سر خط اخبار ها‬

Ex: President Obama meets the afghan president.

6: states future timetabled events.

.‫واقعات تقسیم اوقات شده در حالت اینده نشان میدهد‬

Ex: The plane takes off at 15:00 tomorrow afternoon.

7: used in time and conditional clauses instead of simple

future tense.

.‫استعمال میشود در وقت ودر قضیه های شرطی بجای زمان حال اینده‬

Ex: if you study hard, you will get the first position.

8: substitutes present continuous tense for non-progres-

sive verbs.

.‫جایگیر زمان حال جاری است برای افعال غیر قابل جریان‬

Ex: she wants to live in Canada {not she is wanting to live

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in Canada{

Ex: The teacher remembers my name (not the teacher re-

membering my name.

Note: Verbs which end in ss, sh, ch, z, x, o, take es

when used with third person singular

The Present Progressive tense.

.‫زمان حال جاری‬

shows an action which is happening right now or at the

moment of speaking.

.‫نشان میدهد عملی را که در حالت جریان است و یا در لحظه گفتن است‬

Ex: we are walking towards our office right now.

is used for temporary actions.

. ‫استعمال میشود برای اعمال موقتی‬

Ex: The government is working on a new project.

is used with future time expression to talk about future.

.‫استعمال میشود همراه به اصطالح وقت اینده که صحبت کند در باره اینده‬

Ex: He is leaving Afghanistan next week.

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: Is used with adverbs such always, constantly, continu-

ally repeatedly to imply a complaint.

‫با چنین قید های ذکر شده باال استعمال میشود که اشاره کند به شکایت یا برای شکایت‬
.‫رساندن‬

E.g. A sister who always polishes her brother’s shoes and

is tired of this action might say:

Ex: I am always polishing my brother’s shoes.

Ex: They are repeatedly asking for a raise in salary.

Spelling rules:

1: we can add) ING (to most verbs without changing the

spelling of the base forms.

(Ing).‫را میتوانیم به بسیاری از افعال عالوه کنیم بدون تغیر شکل اصلی فعل‬

Ex: catching

 Walking

 Reading

 Going

2: if a verb ends in e, delete e before adding ING.

. (ING( ‫(را حذف کرده پیش از عالوه کردن‬E) ‫( ختم شده باشد‬E)‫اگر یک فعل با‬

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Ex: come= coming

Write = writing

Smile = smiling

3: if a verb ends in double (EE), the final is not deleted.

.‫) ختم شود حذف نمیشود‬EE( ‫اگر فعل با دبل‬

Ex: see= seeing agree=agreeing

4: if a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a single

vowel, the last consonant is doubled before adding ING.

‫ کانسوننت اخری‬،‫اگر یک فعل ختم شود با یک کانسوننت گذشته از یک واویل مفرد‬

.(ing) ‫را دبل ساخته قبل از عالوه کردن‬

Ex: stop=stopping

Run=running

5. For words that end with w, x and y do not double the last
consonant; just add ING:

‫ عالوه‬ing ‫ خاتمه میابد کانسوننت اخری را دیل نسازید فقط‬w,x,y ‫کلماتی که با‬
.‫کنید‬

Ex: Fix=fixing. Bow=bowing Enjoy=enjoying

6: The final consonant is not doubled if it is preceded by

two vowels.

.‫کانسوننت اخری را دبل نمی سازیم اگر گذشته از دو واویل باشد‬

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Ex: mean = meaning

Read = reading

7: IC at the end of the verb becomes ICK before adding

ING.

.ING ‫ میشود قبل از عالوه کردن‬ICK‫ در اخیر فعل تبدیل به‬IC

Ex: picnic= picnicking

Panic = panicking

8: If a verb ends in IE. Change IE to Y before adding ING.

.ING ‫ قبل از عالوه کردن‬Y ‫ را تغیر میدهیم به‬IE .IE ‫اگر یک فعل خاتمه می یابد‬
‫به‬

• Lie= lying

• Tie= tying

• Die= dying

Simple past tense

‫زمان گذشته ساده‬
shows an action which is started and ended at specific
time in the past.

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.‫نشان میدهد عملی را که در گذشته اغاز و ختم شده در یک وقت معین‬

Structure: sub+2nd form of verb+com/obj

Ex: He went to Jalalabad yesterday.

Question form: Did +sub +base form of the Verb +Com.

Ex: Did you go to Jalalabad yesterday?

Negative form: Sub +did not +base form of the

verb+com/obj

Ex: He did not go to Jalalabad yesterday.

• The simple past tense is also used to talk about habitual

or repeated actions that took place in the past.

‫زمان گذشته همچنان استعمال میشود که صحبت کند در باره اعمال عادتی یا تکراری که‬
.‫در گذشته واقع شده باشد‬

• For example:

• "When I was a child I always went to the park."

 When we narrate story.

Once upon time there was a king who had three daughters
and five sons.

• Is used to describe something that happened a very short

time ago.

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.‫استعمال میشود که تشریح کند یک چیزی که در گذشته نزدیک واقع شده باشد‬

Ex: He just made an example.

• Is used to indicate both recent and distant past.

.‫ گذشته نزدیک و دور‬،‫اشاره میکند به هر دو‬

Ex: He just entered the class.

• Is used to indicate existence.

.‫استعمال میشود که موجودیت را نشان دهد‬

Ex: They were inside the class.

• Is used for polite inquiries in present time.

.‫استعمال میشود برای بازجویی با آدب در زمان حاضر‬

Ex: I wanted to know about the rule.

Ex: I thought you might go with me.

Simple past vs Present perfect

‫زمان ساده گذشته بر خالف زمان حال کامل‬

• Present perfect tense. ‫زمان حال کامل‬

• Expresses past action with unspecific time.

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.‫بیان میکند عمل گذشته را با وقت نا معین‬

•She has broken the window.

• Expresses past action with the present result.

.‫بیان میکند عمل گذشته را با نتیجه حال‬

•It has rained.

•Simple past tense. .‫زمان ساده گذشته‬

• Expresses past action with specific time.

.‫بیان میکند عمل گذشته را با وقت معین‬

• She broke the window yesterday.

• Expresses past action with no present result.

.‫بیان میکند عمل گذشته را بدون نتیجه حال‬

•Yesterday it rained a lot.

• Has link with the present and future. .‫رابطه دارد با حال و آینده‬

•I have taught English since 2000.

• Expresses past repeated action with unspecific time.

.‫بیان میکند عمل تکراری گذشته را بدون وقت معین‬

•I have been there many times.

• Doesn’t have link with .‫زمان گذشته رابطه ندارد با حال و آینده‬
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• Present and future.

•He taught English for two years.

• Expresses past repeated action with specific time.

.‫بیان میکند عمل تکراری گذشته را با وقت معین‬

•I visited that place three times.

Is used with unfinished adverbs of time. (Today, this

morning…)

.)‫ امروز صبح‬،‫ ( امروز‬.‫زمان حال کامل استفاده میشود با قیود نا تکمیل شده وقت‬

Ex: She has completed the project this morning.

is used with both finished and unfinished adverbs of

time.

.‫زمان گذشته ساده با هر دو قیود تکمیل شده و نا تکمیل شده وقت استفاده میشود‬

Ex: They lost it yesterday.

the adverb ago can be used in this tense it’s so rare,

most grammarians agree that it’s incorrect to use, better
not to use.

،‫ میتواند استعمال شود در زمان حال کامل ولی بسیار کم‬Ago ‫قید‬

‫گرامر دانها توافق دارند که غلط است استفاده این قید در این زمان بهتر است استفاده‬
.‫نشود‬

Ex: We have eaten our lunch few minutes ago. (incorrect)

The adverb ago is used in this tense. ‫در گذشته ساده استفاده میشود‬

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Ex: we ate our lunch few minutes ago.

With the word just both tenses almost give the same
meaning.

.‫ هر دو زمان تقریبآ یک معنی میدهد‬Just ‫با کلمه‬

Ex: He has just called me.

Ex: He just called me.

Past Continuous / Progressive Tense

‫زمان گذشته جاری‬

It is used to indicate the continuation of an action in the

past.

.‫استعمال میشود که اشاره کند به جریان یک عمل در گذشته‬

Structures: Affirmative statement:

• Sub + was / were + verb-ing + obj / com.

Ex: She was following him yesterday at 8:00.

Negative statement: Sub + was/were + not + verb-ing + obj/

comp Ex: They were not leading them in a proper way.

• Question: • Was/were + sub + verb-ing + obj/com + ?

Ex: Were they watching the game?

Negative interrogative ( informal )

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Wasn’t / Weren’t + sub + Verb-ing + obj/ com+ ?

Wasn’t she trying to help you?

Negative interrogative ( formal)

Was/ were + sub + not + verb-ing… (formal)

Ex: Was he not solving the problem?

1. Expresses an action which was in progress at spe-

cific point of time in the past.
.‫بیان میکند عمل را که در وقت معین در گذشته درجریان بوده‬

Ex: She was living with her sister last year.

2. Is used with always, continually… for persistent hab-

its in the past.
‫ برای عادات ماندگار یا مداوم ) در‬...‫ دایمآ‬،‫استعمال میشود همراه با (همیشه‬
.‫گذشته‬

Ex: He was always grumbling.

3. Is used to express an action which was going on

when the second action happened and interrupted
the first action.

‫ وقتی عملی دومی واقع شد و قطع کرد‬،‫بیان میکند عملی را که در جریان بوده‬
.‫عمل اولی را‬

Ex: I was explaining the lesson when someone

knocked the door.
Ex: when her father called, she was cleaning the
kitchen.
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4. Is used to express two actions or activities which

were in progress at the same time.
.‫بیان میکند دو عملی را که در جریان بوده در یک وقت‬

Ex: While I was listening to the music, my brother

was writing his homework.
Ex: While the preacher was preaching, we were lis-
tening.

5. Is used instead of the present continuous tense in

reported Speech.
.‫استعمال میشود بجای زمان حال جاری در کالم غیر مستقیم‬
Ex: She said,” I am studying at ken Thomson univer-
sity.”
Ex: She said that she was studying at ken Thomson
university.

When and While

They are subordinating conjunctions of time. When
means at that time. While means during the time that.

‫ به معنی آن وفت یا وفتیکه و‬when ‫اینها حروف ربط وابسته اند که‬

.‫ به معنی در جریان آن وقتیکه‬while

When + Simple Past While + Past Continuous

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Note: When they are used at the beginning of a sen-

tence, a comma is added in the middle. If they are
used in the middle, we needn’t use a comma.
‫ وقتی این کلمات در آغاز جمله استعمال شوند ما باید کامه عالوه کنیم در‬:‫نوت‬
.‫میان جمله و یا اگر در میان جمله استعمال شوند کامه استعمال نمیشود‬

Examples:
Ex: They were fishing when the flood came.
Ex: When the flood came, they were fishing.
Ex: While we were celebrating his birthday, he got an
emergency call.
Ex: He got an emergency call while we were celebrat-
ing his birthday

• Used with the infinitive (to) is used to talk about

past habits which are now finished.

.‫ استعمال میشود که صحبت کند در باره عادت گذشته که حاال خاتمه یافته‬Used to

Used to is always used in simple past tense. It does

not have a present form. We do not normally use
Used to with a specific point of time.

‫ شکل حال ندارد و‬،‫همیشه استعمال میشود با زمان گذشته ساده‬Used to

.‫بطور عادی استعمال نمیشود با وقت دقیق‬

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• Negative form:
• She used to smoke. She used not to smoke.
(British & formal)
• She did not use to smoke. (Common)

• Interrogative form:
• Used she to smoke? (British & formal) In informal
style we can use did as auxiliary verb to help the
sentence change to negative and interrogative
forms.

• Examples:
• Positive form: We used to live in a peaceful coun-
try. Negative form: We did not use to live in a
peaceful country. • Interrogative form: Did we use to
live in a peaceful country? • Response: Yes, we did.
Or Yes, we used to.

• 2. Used to can be used to describe past state.

.‫ بیان میکند حالت گذشته را‬Used to
• E.g. I used to be a teacher.

• 3. Used to can be used to describe past posses-

sion.
.‫ همچنان ملکیت گذشته را بیان میکند‬Used to
• E.g. they used to have a nice house in the USA.

• Interrogative form: Did we use to live in a peaceful

country. Response: Yes, we did or Yes, we used to.
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At, In and On
• At is used with:
A. Exact time on the clock. At six o’clock •
B. Meal times. At lunch, at dinner time.
C. Other points of time. At noon, at midnight, at
night,
D. • Festivals. At Eid, at Christmas, at Nawroz, At
Aashura,etc..

• At with what time is most of the time deleted and as

well as in short answers to what time.
.‫ و همچنان در جواب ها به این‬What time ‫بیشتر وقت حذف میشود از‬At

We say: what time do you wake up?

Instead of: At what time do you wake up?
Five o’clock instead of at five o’clock

• On is used with:
• A. Days of the week. On Monday, on Friday.
• B. Parts of the day: on Sunday morning, on Satur-
day evening. • C. Date: on August 1st.
• D. Anniversaries: • On your birthday, on her en-
gagement day.

• In is used with:
• A. months: in January, in July.
• B. years: in 1999, in 2015, in 2020.
• C. Parts of the day. In the morning, in the afternoon,

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• D. seasons: in winter, in spring, in summer.

• E. Centuries: in the 16th century.

Present Perfect tense

‫زمان حال کامل‬
It shows an action which is started and ended at unspecific
time in the past.

‫استعمال میشود که نشان دهد عملی را که در گذشته اغاز و ختم شده در یک وقت‬
.‫نامعین‬

Structure: sub + have/has + 3rd form of verb + com/obj.

Ex: I have seen my father.

Question form: have I seen my father?

Negative form: I have not/haven’t seen my father.

1usage: is used to show repetition of an action.

.‫استعمال میشود که نشان دهد تکرار بودن عمل را‬

Ex: I have watched this film many times.

Q.F: Have I watched this film many times?

N.F: I have not watched this film many times.

2usage: is used to show an action which is started in the

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past continue to the present might or may not go to future.

‫استعمال میشود که نشان دهد عملی را که در گذشته اغاز شده و تا به حال جریان دارد‬
.‫امکان دارد به اینده برود یا نرود‬

Ex: Ashraf Ghani has been the president of Afghanistan

since 2014.

SINCE: Shows the beginning of an action.

.‫اغاز عمل را نشان میدهد‬

FOR: Shows the duration of an action.

.‫مدت عمل را نشان میدهد‬

Future plan ‫پالن اینده‬

Will weak plan & be going to strong plan

Simple Future Tense

‫زمان اینده ساده‬
• It shows an action that will happen in the future at some
specific time.

.‫عملی را نشان میدهد که در اینده واقع می شود در یک وقت معین یا معلوم‬

Or ‫یا‬

• It is used to show future plans that will happen in the fu-

ture.
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.‫استعمال می شود که نشان دهد پالن های اینده را که واقع می شود در اینده‬

• Simple future tense is used with the model auxiliary

verbs (will, shall) and with the semi model auxiliary verb or
expression (be going to).

‫) یا‬will,shall ( ‫زمان ساده اینده استعمال میشود همراه با افعال کمکی‬

. be going to ‫اصطالح‬

The Difference between Will and Be Going To.

• Subject+ will +base form of the verb= weak plan or inten-

tion.

.‫این فورمول پالن ضعیف یا پالن خیالی را نشان میدهد‬

Ex: Sonum will go to Canada next week.

Sub+ be going to+ simple form of the verb= (strong plan

or intention).

.‫این فورمول پالن قوی یا خیال قوی را نشان می دهد‬

Ex: We are going to start a new conversation class.

Question Form Examples:

Bahar will study math.

Changing.

Will Bahar study math?

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They are going to meet us tomorrow morning. Changing.

Are they going to meet us tomorrow morning?

Negative Form:

They are not going to meet us tomorrow morning.

Leena will buy a car next month.

Changing: Leena will not/ won’t buy a car next month.

Note: Going to can also be pronounced /g∂n∂ / in spoken

English.

)Will is used for(

1: Plans and decisions which are made right now.

.‫پالن ها و تصامیم که همین حاال درنظر گرفته شده‬

Ex: I will see you next Friday.

Ex: You will finish the office work tonight.

2: Predictions about future. ‫پیشگوی در باره اینده‬

Ex: It will snow tomorrow. Ex :You will die the next day.

3: Promise. ‫وعده‬

Ex: I will get you a nice car.

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4. Warnings.‫اخطاریه‬
Ex: I will see you.

Ex: I will get the police if you don’t get out of here.

5: A scheduled action in very formal style officially.

.‫رسمی‬ ‫یک عملی تقسیم اقات شده در روش‬

Ex: The conference will take place in Kabul University at

5:00.

6: Possibility‫توانایی‬
Ex: This man will carry 200 kg.

<<Shall>>
Shall is used to introduce future tense with some re-
strictions which are going to be discussed here.

‫استعمال میشود که معرفی کند زمان اینده را همراه به قید شرط ها که در اینجا باالی ان‬
.‫بحث می کنیم‬

Examples: I shall meet you tomorrow

We shall compromise in order to create a win-win situation.

I shall not (shan’t) meet you tomorrow

Shall I (not) meet you tomorrow?

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Uses of Shall
It is used to indicate:

.‫ استعمال میشود که اشاره کند به‬shall

1: A plan or decision made at the moment of speaking with
(I and we).

)I, we(‫یک پالن یا تصمیم که ترتیب شده در لحظه گفتن همراه با‬

Ex: We shall/will move from here coming Tuesday.

7. Offer /suggestion with (I and we).

)I, we ( ‫پیشنهاد همراه با‬

Ex: Shall I do it?

Ex: Shall I repeat my words?

Ex: Shall I bring you coffee?

8: A preplanned action which will take place in the future.

.‫عمل طرح ریزی شده که واقع می شود در اینده‬

Ex: They are going to kill you.

He is going to drop university.

Be Going to
It means be intended to and be predicted to. It is a similar
expression/semi-auxiliary verb.
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‫ به معنی قصد کردن یا پیش بینی کردن مانند یک اصطالح یا فعل‬Be going to
.‫کمکی است‬

1. A preplanned action which will take place in the fu-

ture.
.‫یک عمل طرح ریزی شده را که در آینده واقع خواهد شد بیان میکند‬
Ex: They are going to kill you.
Ex: He is going to drop university.

2. Prediction about future. ‫پیش بینی در باره آینده‬

Ex: You are going to encounter lots tribulations in the

future.
Ex: It is going to snow tomorrow.

Ex: Ahmad is going to fly to Spain coming Friday.

Parallel verbs ‫افعال موازی یا برابر‬

• Two verbs connected by the conjunction (and) are called

parallel verbs.

‫ با هم وصل شده باشند بنام افعال موازی یاد‬and ‫دو فعل که توسط حرف ربط‬
.‫میشوند‬

Ex: Nancy cooks and eats lunch.

• We are fishing and (are) boating in the ocean.

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• Note: The repetition of helping verbs is optional but not

necessary to be used when two verbs are connected
by and.
‫ تکرار کردن افعال کمکی اختیاری است ولی ضروری نیست که استعمال شود‬:‫نوت‬
.‫ ) وصل شده باشند‬and(‫وقتیکه دو افعال توسط حرف ربط‬

• Present progressive tense can be used to talk about fu-

ture events when the time and place have been fixed.

‫ میتواند که در باره واقعیات اینده که وقت و جای ان معین شده باشد‬:‫زمان حال جاری‬
.‫صحبت کند‬

• Ex: They are going to the USA next week.

• Instead of: they are going to go to the USA next week.

• Verbs of movement such as (come, go, take, arrive, leave,
carry) are mostly used with present progressive tense to
talk about future events instead of be going to.

‫انتقال دادن) بیشتر با زمان حال‬،‫ماندن‬،‫رسیدن‬،‫بردن‬،‫رفتن‬،‫افعال حرکت مانند (امدن‬

.Be going to ‫جاری استعمال میشوند که صحبت کند در باره واقعیات آینده بجای‬

• We say: We are going to Kabul tomorrow

• Instead of: We are going to go to Kabul tomorrow

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• But present progressive tense is generally not used to

talk about events which are outside human’s control.

‫ولی زمان حال جاری در عموم به چیزهایکه خارج از کنترول انسان باشد استعمال‬
.‫نمیشود‬

Instead we use be going to or will.

• Ex: It’s going to rain soon.

• Instead of: it’s raining soon.

• Simple present tense can be used to talk about future

timetabled events with verbs like open, close, arrive, take
off, leave, start, begin, finish, end, and be.

‫زمان حال ساده میتواند که صحبت کند در باره واقعیات تقسیم اوقات شده همراه با افعال‬
‫خالص‬،‫اغاز کردن‬،‫شروع کردن‬،‫ماندن‬،‫پرواز کردن‬،‫رسیدن‬،‫بسته کردن‬،‫مانند (باز کردن‬
.)‫بودن‬،‫اخر‬،‫کردن‬

• Ex: The flight from Moscow arrives at 15:00 tomorrow af-

ternoon.

• Instead of: The flight from Moscow is going to/ will arrive
at 15:00 tomorrow afternoon.

• We use the verbs wish, hope, have the ambition to, plan,
intend, in present tenses to show present ideas about fu-
ture.

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‫قصد داشتن)در‬،‫پالن‬،‫و آرزو داشتن‬،‫توقع کردن‬،‫استعمال می کنیم افعال (آرزو کردن‬

.‫زمان های حال که نشان دهد مفکوره های حال را در باره اینده‬

• Do not say: She is going to wish to become a lawyer in

the future. (Untrue)

• Say: She wishes to become a lawyer in the future. (True)

Be About to

• The expression be about to indicates that something will

happen in the near future. Most grammarians agree that the
maximum time limit is five minutes.

،‫ اشاره میکند به چیزی که در آینده نزدیک واقع میشود‬Be about to ‫اصطالح‬

‫بیشتر متخصص های دستور زبان به این توافق هستند که حد اکثر وقت محدود پنج‬
.‫دقیقه است‬

• Ex: Afghan students are about to leave for the USA.

• Ex: We are about to end the class.

NOUN
Proper noun common noun

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Proper Noun: is a noun which is used for a particular

person, thing and place which thought to be unique.

‫ چیزی یا مکان معین که مطلب‬،‫ اسم است که استعمال میشود برای شخص‬:‫اسم خاص‬
.‫بودن یگانگی ان است‬

Ex: Nancy, Diana, Thomas (person)

Ex: Afghanistan, United States (place)

Common Noun: is a noun which is not used for a partic-

ular person, place and thing.

‫ چیزی یا مکان خاص استعمال نمی‬،‫ اسم است که برای شخص‬:‫اسم عام‬
.‫شود‬

Ex: Teacher, boy, girl, student (person)

Ex: park, university, school (place)

Common Noun can further be classified into following cate-

gories.

.‫یا انواع ذیل‬/‫ میتواند که بیشتر طبقه بندی شود به کتهگوری‬:‫اسم عام‬

Concrete Noun

Abstract Noun

Collective Noun

Material Noun
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Concrete Noun: A Noun which refers to a real, physical

object and can be seen and touched is called concreted
noun.

‫ اسم است که بازگشت کند به یک مفعول فزیکی واقعی که دیده و لمس‬:‫اسم محسوس‬
.‫کرده بتوانیم بنام اسم حس شده یا محسوس یاد میشود‬

Ex: computer, chair, phone, etc….

Abstract Noun: a noun that refers to an idea Or a general

quality, not to a physical object Can’t be seen or touched
but felt is called abstract noun.

‫ اسم است که بازگشت کرده به یک نظریه یا کیفیت عمومی نه به یک مفعول‬:‫اسم خیالی‬

.‫فزیکی که نه دیده شود و نه لمس شود ولی احساس شود بنام اسم خیالی یاد میشود‬

Ex: intelligence, logic, ability.

Collective noun: are nouns for groups of people or

things or animals. The collective nouns are a body made
up of individual people, things or animals.

‫ اسم های جمعی جسم‬،‫ اسم های هستند برای گروپ از مردم اشیا یا حیوانات‬:‫اسم جمعی‬
.‫ اشیا یا حیوانات است‬،‫ساخته شده فرد فرد مردم‬

Ex: the air force, a club, a community, a gang, a firm, a

crew, the staff, a team.

Material noun: nouns from which another noun made is

called material noun.

.‫ اسم های هستند که از ان ها یک اسم دیگر ساخته میشود‬:‫اسم ماده‬

Ex: wood = chair, door

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Material nouns
are always sin-
gular. They
don’t have plu-
rals since they
are uncountable
nouns.

Steal = door, chair, knife

Iron = nails, hammers

Gold = ring, locket

Plastic=plates, chair

Fabric= pants, shirts

Most nouns make their plural forms by adding (S/es).

. s/es ‫بیشتر از اسم ها شکل جمع خود را میسازند توسط اظافه کردن‬

Ex: Heater = Heaters

Pen = pens

Hat = Hats

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Nouns ending in, o, x, sh, ch, zz, ss, make their plurals by
adding es.

‫اسم های که با حروف ذکر شده باال اخر می شوند شکل جمع خود را می سازند توسط‬
. es ‫عالوه کردن‬

Ex: potato=potatoes

Dish = dishes

Buzz= buzzes

Some nouns make their plural forms irregularly. A change

occurs in spelling.

‫ و تفاوت واقع می شود‬،‫بعضی اسم ها شکل جمع خود را می سازند به طور بی قاعده‬
.‫در سپل یا در نوشتن ان‬

Ex: tooth =teeth

Man = men

Woman=women

Mouse = Mice

Goose = geese

Ox = oxen

Nouns ending with f/fe can make their plural forms by

changing f/fe to V and adding es.

‫اسم های که اخر میشوند با حروف باال میتواند که شکل جمع خود را بسازند توسط تغیر‬
.es ‫ و عالوه کردن‬V ‫ به‬f/fe ‫دادن‬

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Ex: loaf = loaves

Wife=wives

Knife=knives

Shelf=shelves

The nouns dwarf, hoof, scarf, can take either s or ves.

.‫ بگیرد‬Ves ‫ یا‬s ‫اسم های ذکر شده میتواند‬

Dwarf=dwarfs, dwarves

Hoof=hoofs, hooves, scarf=scarfs, scarves.

With the following nouns we add “s” although ended with f,

chief, gulf, proof, safe, cliff, handkerchief,

.‫ خاتمه یافته اند‬F ‫ عالوه میکنیم اگر چه با‬s ‫با اسم های ذکر شده باال ما‬

Ex: chiefs, gulfs, proofs, safes, cliffs.

Cases of Noun ‫قضیه های اسم‬

 As a subject
 As an object of verb
 As an object of preposition

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AS a subject
When a noun is used before verb and does the duty of sub-
ject of the sentence, it functions as a subject.

‫وقتی یک اسم استعمال میشود قبل از فعل و وظیفه فاعل را انجام میدهد در جمله مانند‬
.‫فاعل عمل می کند‬

Ex: students study.

As an object.
When a noun used after verb, it functions as the object of
the same verb.

‫وقتیکه اسم بعد از فعل استعمال شود در فعل یکسان مانند مفعول عمل می کند‬

Ex: Ahmad is driving car.

As the object of preposition.

A noun can function as an object of preposition when it
comes after preposition if the noun precedes a preposition.

‫ وقتیکه بعد از حرف اظافه‬،‫یک اسم میتواند که عمل کند به حیث مفعول از حرف اظافه‬
.‫بیاید اگر اسم عبور کرده باشد از یک حرف اظافه‬

Ex: we are going to meet at the park.

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NOUN + NOUN
Noun plus noun is called compound noun.

The first noun functions as an adjective and it is always

singular.

‫اسم اول به حیث یک صفت عمل می کند و‬.‫ را بنام اسم ترکیبی یاد می کند‬:‫ اسم‬+ ‫اسم‬
.‫همیشه مفرد می باشد‬

Ex: Ahmad is a university teacher.

An adjective can be used in.

Attributive case

Predicative case

Attributive case: when an adjective used before nouns. It

is said to be in attributive case.

‫ بیان شده که قضیه قضیه‬،‫ وقتی یک صفت قبل از اسم استعمال شود‬:‫قضیه صفتی‬
.‫صفتی است‬

Ex: They are intelligent students.

Predicative case: when adjective is used with verbs such

as is, am, are, seem, look, sound, it is said to be in predica-
tive case.

‫ به‬،‫ هستند‬،‫ هستم‬،‫ وقتی صفت استعمال شده باشد با افعال مانند (است‬:‫قضیه خبری‬
.‫به نظر رسیدن به نظرامدن یا رسیدن) بنام قضیه خبری یاد میشود‬/‫ دیدن‬،‫نظر رسیدن‬

Ex: she seems unhappy.

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Personal pronouns

Personal pronoun • Subject pronouns: He, she, it, I, we,

you, they

• Object pronouns: Him, her, it, me, us, you, them

• Pronouns which are connected by )and( can either be as

subject pronoun or object pronoun.

.‫ میتواند ضمیر فاعلی یا ضمیر مفعولی باشد‬،‫ ربط داده شده‬and ‫ضمایر که توسط‬

• If the pronoun is used as part of the subject, use a subject

pronoun.

.‫ سپس استعمال کنید ضمیر فاعلی را‬،‫اگر ضمیر استعمال شده باشد بحیث بخش از فاعل‬

Ex: You and I are good friends.

• They came here to meet Thomas and me at the university.

Possessive Noun
A noun which shows possession is called possessive
noun.

‫ اسمی که ملکیت را نشان دهد بنام اسم ملکی یاد‬:‫اسم ملکی‬

.‫میشود‬

Singular possessive (‘s).

Plural possessive (s’).

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Singular possessive: we use apostrophe plus (s) to

show the possession of singular noun or relation.

.‫‘ را استفاده میکنیم که ملکیت یا رابطه اسم مفرد را نشان دهد‬S

Ex: Ahmad’s phone is nice.

Plural possessive: we use (s) plus apostrophe to show

the possession of plural noun or relation.

‫) پلس اپاسترافی را که نشان دهد ملکیت یا رابطه‬s( ‫ ما استعمال می کنیم‬:‫ملکی جمع‬

.‫اسم جمع را‬

Ex: The Logans’ house is on prince road. Girls’ class is on

left.

Note: irregular nouns make their possessive forms by

adding apostrophe plus (s) (‘s).

‫نوت>> اسم های بی قاعده شکل ملکی خود را می گیرند توسط عالوه کردن اپاسترافی‬
.)s(‫پلس‬

(‘s)

Ex: Men’s clothes, women’s dresses, children’s class.

Nouns ending in (s) or (z) can take two possible forms.

.‫ خاتمه می یابد دو شکل امکان پذیر را گرفته میتواند‬Z /s ‫اسم های که با‬

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A: add an apostrophe and s= Socrates’s idea. Socrates’

idea.

B: add an apostrophe only = Aziz’s book.

Aziz’ book

Both possessive adjectives and pronouns show possessions or rela-

tion • Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun

My Mine

Our ours

your yours

Their theirs

His his

Her hers

its

Reflexive Pronouns
• Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject.

.‫ضمایر منعکس یا انعکاسی بازگشت میکند به فاعل‬

Ex: She saw herself in the mirror.

We use by plus reflexive pronoun to mean alone or without

help.

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Ex: We live by ourselves. (Alone)

• They painted the wall themselves.

• Reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, yourselves, our-

selves, themselves, oneself, himself, herself, itself.

• Common verbs and phrases followed by reflexive pro-

nouns are:

• Be proud of yourself. Cut yourself. Blame yourself. Intro-

duce yourself. Take care of yourself. Teach yourself. Work
for yourself.

• Hurt yourself. Pinch yourself. Help yourself. Believe in

yourself. Kill yourself. Enjoy yourself. Talk to yourself.
Wish yourself (happy life)

• E.g. • we should always believe in ourselves that we can

do even the hardest tasks in the world.

• Verbs which are nearly always used with reflexive pro-

nouns in other languages are:

‫افعال که تقریبآ همیشه با ضمایر منعکس استعمال میشوند در زبان های دیگر عبارتند‬
.‫از‬

• Wash, shave, undress, behave, adapt, hide, and move.

Ex: My little nephew always hides himself behind the

door. or

He always hides himself behind the door.

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Another, other, the other

• Another means an additional, extra or one more out of a
group of similar items. It is used with singular countable
nouns.

‫ این کلمه‬،‫ به معنی یکی اظافه یا یکی دیگر از گروپ اشیا یکسان‬Another
‫استعمال میشود همراه با اسم های قابل شمارش مفرد‬

• As an adjective: • it is used before a noun.

.‫بحیث صفت قبل از اسم استعمال میشود‬

• She ate one apple and after five minutes she asked for an-
other apple.

• As a pronoun: • when it is used alone without a noun or

with the word one, it functions as a pronoun.

.‫ بحیث ضمیر عمل میکند‬one ‫وقتی تنها استعمال شود بدون اسم ویا با کلمه‬

Ex: Send me another letter. Adjective

Ex: Send me another (one).Pronoun

• The other means the last one in a specific group, the only
one that remains from a given number of similar items.

The other ‫ آن یکی که مانده از تعداد‬،‫به معنی چیزی اخری در یک گروپ معین‬
.‫یکسان دیگر اشیا‬

Ex: I finished reading this book.

Give me the other book. Adjective

• Give me the other (one). Pronoun

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The others is the plural form of the other. It means the last
ones in a specific group, the remaining from a given num-
ber of similar items. The others is a plural pronoun.

.‫ است‬The others ‫ شکل جمع‬The other

• E.g. • There are four heaters in the room. Nancy will take
one of them. Sheldon will take the others.

The verbs can, could, may, might, will, would, should,

must, ought to, dare, and need are called modal verbs or
modals. Each of them has special meanings.

.‫افعال ذکر شده باال را بنام مادل ها یاد میکند که هر یک این ها معنی خاص دارد‬

Such as:
Can shows present ability and possibility.

Could shows past ability and present possibility.

May shows possibility.

Might also shows possibility.

Will is used to form simple future tense.

Would can be used as the second form of will as well as

used to make a polite request.

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Shall is used to form future simple tense.

Mostly used with subject pronouns I and we.

Most is used to show strong obligation. It is stronger than

have to.

Ought to is used to give advice.

Should is used to give advice and make a recommendation.

Note: modals don’t have s in third person singular; they

have no(ING) (e d) forms.

.‫مادل ها هیچ شکل را بخود نمیگیرد نه حال نه گذشته‬

Modals are always followed by simple form of a verb.

.‫مادل ها توسط شکل ساده فعل دنبال میشود‬

Modals are never followed by to:

.‫ با مادل ها استعمال نمیشود‬To
I can to speak English (incorrect)

I can speak English (correct)

Have to, have got to and ought to are followed by to plus

simple form of a verb.

.‫ استعمال کرد‬to ‫با این کلمات میتوان‬

Examples:

 We have to study for exam.

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 We have got to study for exam.

 We ought to study for exam.

Can‫توانستن‬
1: Can expresses ability and capacity.

.‫قابلیت و ظرفیت را نشان میدهد‬

Ex: Ahmad can read chines.

2: can asks for permission.

.‫برای اجازه گرفتن درخواست می کند‬

Ex: can I use your pen?

3: can shows possibility.

.‫امکانات را نشان می دهد‬

Ex: Ahmad is not in the class today. He can be sick.

Could ‫توانستن‬

1: Could is the past form of can. It expresses past

ability or capacity .
.‫) است که قابلیت یا ظرفیت گذشته را بیان می کند‬Can( ‫شکل گذشته‬

Ex: we could stand in the rain yesterday.

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2: could expresses present possibility.

.‫امکانات حال را بیان می کند‬

Ex: it could rain today.

3: could asks for permission. It is more polite than can.

.‫) بیشتر معدبانه است‬Can(‫بخاطر اجازه گرفتن استعمال می شود از‬

Ex: could I use your phone?

May‫شاید‬
1: May shows present and future possibilities.

.‫امکانات اینده و حال را نشان میدهد‬

Ex: we may leave for London in a few hours.

2: May asks for permission.

.‫بخاطر اجازه گرفتن درخواست می کند‬

Ex: May I come in?

3: May is used to make prayers and curses.

.‫استعمال می شود بخاطر دعا کردن و لعنت گفتن‬

Ex: May Allah bring peace in Afghanistan!!!

Note: As permission auxiliary. May is more formal and

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less common than can.

‫)است‬Can (‫) بیشتر رسمی ولی کمتر رایج از‬may( ‫مانند فعل کمکی اجازه‬

Might ‫شاید‬
1: Might expresses present and future possibilities.

.‫ امکانات اینده و حال را بیان می کند‬:Might

Ex: Afghans might unite.

3: Might asks for permission. It is less common than May.

.May ‫ درخواست اجازه میکند کمتر رایج است نسبت به‬Might

Ex: Might I use your pen? Less common

Should ‫باید‬
1: should expresses advice.

.‫نصیحت یا نظریه را بیان می کند‬

Ex: you should study as hard as possible.

2: should: makes a recommendation.

.‫نظریه را می سازد‬/‫یک پیشنهاد‬

Ex: They should leave, or else the rain will start.

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3: should: expresses mild obligation.

.‫نیمه را نشان میدهد‬/‫مجبوریت سست‬

Ex: Ahmad should be polite in front of the seniors.

Must ‫باید‬

1: Must: expresses obligation.

.‫مجبوریت را بیان می کند‬

Ex: The students must come to class on time.

2: Must: expresses necessity.

.‫ضرورت یا نیازمندی را بیان می کند‬

Ex: you must bring some flowers to form a present.

3: Must: expresses logical certainty and conclusion.

.‫اطمینان منطقی و انجام یا خاتمه را بیان می کند‬

Ex: living in such as dangerous condition must be Difficult.

Ought to‫باید‬

1: ought to: expresses obligation, Most of the time the ob-

ligation is moral.

.‫مجبوریت را بیان میکند‬

Ex: we ought to love our Motherland.

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2: ought to express probability and desirability.

.‫بیان می کند احتماالت و درجه تمایل را‬

Ex: prices ought to come down.

Would
1: would is the past form of will.

.‫) است‬Will( ‫حالت گذشته‬

2: would express past habit.

‫عادت گذشته را بیان می کند‬

Ex: I would run for fifty miles every morning when I was
young.

3: would expresses polite requests and offers.

.‫درخواست های معدبانه یا پیشکش ها را بیان میکند‬

Ex: would you fetch me a glass of water, please?

4: would is used in indirect speech instead of will.

.‫) استعمال میشود در کالم غیر مستقیم‬Will( ‫بجای‬

Ex: They said (that) they would come to New York.

5: would is used in unreal conditional clauses.

.‫استعمال میشود در قضیه های شرطی تصوری یا غیر واقعی‬

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Ex: if we studied, we would pass.

Note: in spoken language, we mostly use) ‘d( instead of

full form of (would).

Had better
1. Had better expresses warning.
.‫اخطاریه را بیان میکند‬

E.g. you had better be polite.

2. Had better gives strong advice, or tell people what to do.

.‫کلمه ذکر شده نظریه قوی میدهد یا به مردم میگوید که چه را انجام دهد‬

E.g. you had better drive slowly before you hit somebody.

3. Had better is more urgent than should.

.Should ‫ بیشتر اسرار کننده است نسبت به‬Had better

E.g. Afghans had better obtain education.

Note: had is dropped in a very informal speech.

E.g. I better leave Afghanistan.

Dare and need

Dare and need can be used as a main or modal verbs.

.‫میتواند که استعمال شود مانند افعال اصلی و افعال کمکی‬

1: dare means be brave enough. It can be used as a modal

or ordinary verb.

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‫به معنای به اندازه کافی شجاع بودن‬:(Dare)

As a modal: she dares run away.

As an ordinary: she dares to run.

Need
Need expresses obligation and necessity.

.‫مجبوریت و ضروریت را بیان می کند‬

Ex: we need work as hard as possible.

As an ordinary: we need to work as hard as possible.

When we want to change them to negative or question form

by simply bringing them at the beginning of the sentence.

‫وقتی ما بخواهیم که انها را تبدیل کنیم به شکل منفی یا سوالیه به ساده گی میتوانیم که‬
. .‫انها را در سر جمله قرار دهیم‬

Prefer, like….better and would rather

We can use prefer, like…better and would rather to talk
about preferences and choices.

.‫با استفاده از این کلمات میتوانیم در باره برتری دادن چیزی یا انتخاب ها صحبت کنیم‬

E.g. I prefer English to French.

I like English better than French I would rather learn Eng-

lish than learn French.

The verb used after would rather is always in its base form.

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Used to
1. Used to expresses past habits which are no longer ex-
isted.

.‫ بیان میکند عادات گذشته را که دوامدار نبوده باشد‬Used to

E.g. Kelly used to follow his lessons carefully when he was

ten.

E.g. I used to smoke cigarette when I was in Chicago.

2: Used to expresses discontinued habit.

.‫عادت غیر مداوم را هم بیان میکند‬

Note: Used to is pronounced ( u:st to) not (u:zd to). In for-

mal style used to…can have the forms of a modal verb.
(questions and negatives without do) especially in British
English.

E.g. she used to be a heavy smoker. She used not to be a

heavy smoker or she used to not be a heavy smoker?

Used he to be a heavy smoker? In informal style, it is more

common to use ordinary question and negative forms with
auxiliary verb (did).

E.g. Bowrack Obama used to be a minister.

Bowrack Obama didn’t use to be a minister.

Did Barrack Obama use to be a minister?

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Imperative
 Imperative is used to:
 Command someone to do something
.‫امر کردن باالی کسی بخاطر انجام دادن یک عمل‬
 Give instruction/direction ‫دادن معلومات یا رهنمایی کردن‬
 Make a request. .‫ترکیب درخواست‬

Note: The difference between command and request lies in

the speaker’s tone or voice and the use of please.

.‫ فرق بین امر و درخواست نظر به طرز گفتن گوینده است و استفاده کلمه لطفــــآ‬:‫نوت‬

Examples

 Open your books. (Command)

 Open your books, please. (Request)
 Go straight and turn right. (Direction)
 Open your books at page 67. (Instruction)

Let’s/ why don’t •

let’s is the short and informal form of Let us.

• Let’s and why don’t make suggestions. Why don’t is more

friendly than let’s.

.‫ بیشتر دوستانه است‬Why don’t ‫اینها برای پیشنهاد کردن استفاده میشود‬

E.g. let’s cook fish for lunch. Why don’t we go on a picnic

to.?

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Past perfect tense

‫زمان گذشته کامل‬

:Is used to show an action that was completed before an-

other action in the past.

‫استعمال میشود که نشان دهد عملی را که قبل از یک عمل دیگر تکمیل شده باشد در‬
.‫گذشته‬

Structure: sub+had+3rd form of verb+com/obj.

Ex: I had eaten, when he came .

Yes/ no questions: are those questions which are an-

swered by yes or no.

.‫سوال های بلی و نخیر ان سوال های هستند که توسط بلی یا نخیر جواب داده میشود‬

Yes no question nearly always begins with

‫سوال های بلی و نخیر تقریبآ همیشه اغاز می شود با‬

Do, does, did, is, am, are, have, has, was, were and as
well as with modal auxiliary verbs

Are you a teacher?

Yes, I am. No, I am not.

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.WH or information questions are those questions

which are ask for information.

‫یا سوال های معلوماتی انهای هستند که بخاطری معلومات گرفتن سوال می‬:(WH)
.‫کنند‬

. Information questions begin with WH words or expres-

sion such as:

.‫) یا اصطالح مانند‬WH( ‫سوال های معلوماتی آغاز می شود همرا با کلمه‬

. What, when, where, why, how, what time, how often, etc.
Ex: what’s that? That’s a chair

How often‫چند بار‬

How often is a WH or information question expression? It
means how many times.

.‫ سرخط باال سوال یا اصطالح معلوماتی است به معنی چند بار‬:How often

Ex: How often do Muslims pray a day?

They do pray five times a day.

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Future continuous tense

‫زمان اینده جاری‬
Is used to show an action which will be happening at a cer-
tain time in the future.

‫استعمال میشود که نشان دهد عملی را که در جریان واقع شدن خواهد باشد در یک‬
.‫وقت معین در اینده‬

Structure: SUB+WILL+BE+VERB+ING+COM

Ex: I will be sleeping at ten pm.

Too+ verb

Is use to apply negative meaning.

.‫استعمال می شود که معنی منفی را بدهد‬

Ex: The weather is too cold .

Although/Even though/ Though
‫اگر چه‬/‫با وجودی اینکه‬/‫هر چند‬
• They are subordinating conjunctions.

• We use all these words to express that the result of some-

thing was unexpected.

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‫ ما این کلمات را استعمال می کنیم که نتیجه چیزی را که قابل‬،‫حروف ربط وابسته اند‬
.‫توقع نبوده بیان کند‬

• Even though is stronger than although/though

• E.g. I enjoyed the party; even though/although/though I

didn’t like the party.

:So (that) and in order that are used to talk about purpose.
We usually use them with modal auxiliary verbs (can, will,
may-more formal)

• so that is more common than in order that.

So that/ in order that

‫استعمال می شود که صحبت کند در باره هدف و ما معموآل این ها را با افعال کمکی‬
.‫استعمال می کنیم‬

• We come to the university so that we can learn English.

• We come to the university in order that we can learn Eng-

lish.

Because
‫بخاطر‬
• We use because to give reasons. It usually answers the
question with why.

‫ معموآل سوال های که با کلمه‬،‫ را استعمال میکنیم بخاطر علت گفتن‬Because ‫ما‬
.‫ آغاز میشود جواب میدهد‬why

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• E.g. they had an accident because they were driving fast.

Phrasal Verb
‫فعل عبارتی‬

• Verb plus preposition or adverb particle having a special

meaning and functioning as a single verb is called phrasal
verb.

‫فعل با حرف اظافه یا قید کوچک که معنی خاص دهد و عمل کند بحیث یک فعل مفرد‬
.‫بنام فعل عبارتی یاد میشود‬

• E.g. let’s turn on/off the lights.

• I asked her to sit down.

• It is our responsibility to look after our parents.

Phrasal Verb
• A phrasal verb is made up of two or more parts that func-
tion as a single verb. We can also call them two/three-word
verbs as they are usually made up of a verb plus a second
or third word.

‫فعل عبارتی ساخته شده دو یا چندین بخش است که بحیث فعل مفرد عمل میکند و ما‬
‫ قسمیکه معموآل ساخته شده فعل با‬،‫میتوانیم انرا بنام فعل دو یا سه کلمه یی یاد کنیم‬
.‫کلمه دوم و سوم میباشد‬

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Phrasal Verb

Separable Non- Separable

Separable Phrasal Verb .‫فعل عبارتی جدا شدنی‬

The particle/preposition can be separated from the verb if it

is a separable phrasal verb.

.‫حرف یا حرف اظافه میتواند جدا شود از فعل اگر فعل جدا شدنی عبارتی باشد‬

• Example: • They turned off the lights.

• They turned the lights off.

• They turned them off.

Non-Separable Phrasal Verb .‫فعل عبارتی جدا ناشدنی‬

• The particle/preposition cannot be separated from the

verb if it functions as non-separable phrasal verb

.‫ فعل عبارتی جدا ناشدنی باشد‬،‫حرف یا حرف اظافه نمیتواند جدا شود از فعل اگر فعل‬

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. Examples: She ran into an old friend a couple of days

ago .
• She ran an old friend a couple of days ago into.

(Untrue) • Run into is a non-separable phrasal verb.

Thus, we cannot separate the verb from the particle.

Gerund ‫مصدر‬

• Gerund: Verb plus Ing functioning as noun is called Ger-

und

.‫ بنام مصدر یاد میشود‬،‫ عمل میکند بحیث اسم‬Ing ‫فعل با‬

• E.g. talking, walking, smiling, doing

• Cases of Gerund: ‫قضیه های مصدر‬

• As a subject: Gerund used at the beginning of a sentence
is in subjective case.

.‫ در اغــــــآز جمله استفاده میشود‬:‫بحیث فاعل‬

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• Studying English is interesting

As object of preposition ‫بحیث مفعول از حرف اضافه‬

• Almost after all prepositions we use ing form not an infini-

tive.

• When gerund is used after certain prepositions it is said

to be the object to the same preposition.

‫ مفعول از حرف اضافه یکسان‬،‫وقتی مصدر استفاده شود بعد از حروف اضافه معین‬
.‫میباشد‬

Gerund as complement ‫مصدر بحیث تکمیل کننده‬

• Gerund used to complete the meaning of a sentence is
said to be the complement of the same sentence.

‫ بنام مصدر‬،‫مصدر استعمال میشود که تکمیل سازد معنی از جمله را در شکل جاری‬
.‫بحیث تکمیل کننده یاد میشود‬

• His loving sport is motoring .

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Go + gerund
• Go plus gerund is used to talk about entertaining activi-
ties.

.‫ با مصدر استعمال میشود که در باره فعالیت های تفریحی صحبت کند‬Go

• Verbs followed by go (gerund) are:

• Go fishing, go hunting, go mountain climbing, go danc-

ing, go boating, go canoeing, go camping, go bowling, go
hiking, go running, go sailing, go shopping, go skiing, go
sledding, go window shopping, go tobogganing,

What kind of/ What sort of

What kind of asks for information about a specific sort or

type.

.‫این کلمه های سوال میکنند برای معلومات گرفتن در باره نوع معین‬

• What kind of fruit do you like?

• What sort of/type of car does she drive?

Which is a WH or information question word.

It is used to ask about choice. It is used both with singular
and plural nouns.

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‫ سوال میکند در باره انتخاب و با اسم های مفرد و‬،‫ کلمه سوال معلوماتی است‬which
.‫جمع استعمال میشود‬

• E.g. Which color do you like?

• I like black color.

• Which books do you usually study?

Whose is a Wh or information question word.

• It asks about [Link] can be used both with singular
and plural nouns •

‫ سوال میکند در باره ملکیت و با اسم های مفرد‬،‫ کلمه سوال معلوماتی است‬Whose
.‫و جمع استعمال میشود‬

E.g. whose notebook is this?

• This is my notebook.

• Whose books are these?

• These are my books

How is WH or information question word.

It is used to ask about ........ ‫ استعمال میشود که سوال کند در باره‬How

• Manner, or the way an action takes place ‫روش واقع شدن عمل‬
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• Means of transportation. ‫معنی حمل نقل‬

• State of health. ‫بیان کردن صحت‬

• The spelling of a word ‫امال یا هجی کردن یک کلمه‬

• The pronunciation of a word. ‫طرز تلفظ یک کلمه‬

• The meaning of a word ‫معنی یک کلمه‬

Examples

How does she walk? She walks slowly

• How do you go to university?

• By car, by bus, by taxi.

• How are you?

• How do you spell television?

• How do you say/pronounce these words?

• How do you translate this sentence?

How can be used with adjectives too.

• How old………

• How tall………?

• How deep…….?

• How big………?

• How narrow……?
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• How wide……….?

• How long……?

• How scared………?

• How short…………?

• How thirsty………..?

• How hungry………..?

• E.g. How deep is the Kabul river?

The question expression how do you do?

Is used while greeting with someone. The question and re-

sponse are the same. Usually people use it when meet
someone new.

‫این اصطالح برای احوال پرسی استعمال میشود به معنی {چطور هستید} است سوال و‬
‫جواب این اصطالح یکسان است معموآل استفاده میشود وقتی یک شخص جدید را‬
.‫مالقات کنیم‬

• Speaker 1: How do you do, Leonard?

• Speaker 2: How do you do, Thomas?

HOW ABOUT AND WHAT ABOUT

They are used to make suggestions. They can be followed
by (pro)noun or the ing form of a verb.

‫ اسم یا شکل جاری‬،‫اینها برای پیشنهاد کردن استعمال میشوند میتوانند توسط ضمیر‬
.‫فعل دنبال شوند‬

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Ex: I am hungry. How about you?

Ex: we need one more player?

How about (what about) john? Let us ask him

It+ Take
• It plus take is used to talk about length of time.

.‫استعمال میشود که صحبت کند در باره طول وقت‬It + take

We use it with how long to ask about the length of time.

.‫ استعمال میکنیم که سوال کند در باره طول وقت‬How long ‫ما این کلمات را با‬

• E.g. it takes one year to finish DEL.

• It took us six hours to reach Chicago.

• How long does it take you to reach Kabul?

Tag Question ‫سوال ضمیمه‬

• Tag question is a special construction in English. It is a
statement followed by a mini question. The whole sentence
is a tag question and the mini-question at the end is called
question tag.

‫ این یک بیانیه است که در دنبال ان یک سوال‬،‫این یک اختصار خاص در انگلیسی است‬

‫ تمام جمله سوال ضمیمه است و سوال کوچک که در اخیر است بنام سوال‬.‫کوچک است‬
.‫ضمیمه یاد میشود‬

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We use tag question at the end of statements to ask for

confirmation.

.‫سوال ضمیمه را در اخیر جمله استعمال میکنیم که در خواست کند برای تایید‬

• The main purpose of Tag question is: ‫اهداف اساسی سوال ضمیمه‬

• 1. To ask for information .‫سوال کردن برای معلومات گرفتن‬

• 2. To seek agreement .‫طلب کردن توافق‬

Tag Question Basic Structure

+ Positive statement _ Negative tag?

It is a great day, isn’t it?

- Negative statement +positive tag?

You don’t know her, do you?

E.g.

She did not come yesterday, did she?

• It’s a beautiful car, isn’t it?

Questions Tags with imperatives ‫سوال های ضمیمه با امریه‬

• Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (invita-

tions, orders),

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)‫ امر‬،‫بعضی اوقات ما استفاده میکنیم سوال های ضمیمه را با امریه(دعوت‬

but the sentence remains an imperative and does not re-

quire a direct answer.

.‫ولی جمله در حالت امریه است و ضرورت به جواب مستقیم ندارد‬

We use won’t for invitations. We use can, can’t, will, would

for orders.

‫ را‬Would, will, can’t, can, ‫ را استفاده میکنیم برای دعوت کردن و‬won’t
.‫ما استفاده میکنیم برای امر‬

• Examples:

• Invitation: Come to the party tomorrow, won’t you?

Polite

• Order: close the door, would you? Quite polite

• Order: do your homework, will you? Less polite.

• Order: don’t forget it, will you? With negative imperative

only will is possible.

• Order: Bring me a glass of water, can you? Quite friendly.

• Order: Complete the exercises, can’t you? Less friendly.

• Question tag for let’s is shall we?

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• Let’s eat lunch at a restaurant, shall we?

• Tag questions are also possible with There:

• There is a desk in the room, isn’t there?

• There isn’t a desk in the room, is there?

• Tags for indefinite pronouns:

• Everyone’s at the library, aren’t they?

• Nobody can come here, can they?

• Nothing is interesting, is it?

• Everything is all right, isn’t it?

Tag for this/that is it and for these and those is they.

• E.g. this is a nice view, isn’t it?

• That isn’t a good view, is it?

• These are intelligent students, aren’t they?

• Those aren’t computers, are they?

Countable/ Uncountable noun ‫اسم های قابل شمارش و غیر قابل شمارش‬

• Nouns which can be counted are called countable nouns.

.‫اسم های که قابل شمارش هستند بنام اسم های قابل شمارش یاد میشوند‬

We can use a/an before countable nouns.

.‫ را استفاده میکنیم قبل از اسم های قابل شمارش‬a/an

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• Ex: a car, two cars, an orange, six oranges

Uncountable nouns ‫اسم های غیر قابل شمارش‬

• An uncountable noun is a noun which cannot be counted.

.‫یک اسم غیر قابل شمارش اسم است که شمرده نشود یعنی غیر قابل شمارش باشد‬

We cannot use a/an before an uncountable noun.

.‫ را قبل از اسم غیر قابل شمارش‬a/an ‫و ما نمیتوانیم که استفاده کنیم‬

Uncountable nouns are the names of materials, liquids,

gas, abstract qualities.

.‫ یا کیفیت های خیالی استند‬،‫ گاز‬،‫ مایع‬،‫اسم های غیر قابل شمارش اسم ماده ها‬

• Ex: rice, water, gas, beauty, cloth…………

Nouns which are treated as uncountable in English but

countable in some other languages.

،‫اسم های که مورد بحث قرار گرفته در زبان انگلیسی بحیث اسم های غیر قابل شمارش‬
.‫ولی اسم های قابل شمارش بوده در بعضی زبان های دیگر‬

• Advice= a piece of advice

• Bread= a loaf of bread/ a piece of bread

• Grass=a blade of grass

• Information = a piece of information

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• Knowledge= a fact

• Luck= a stroke/bit of luck

• Money= a coin, a note, a bill

• News= a piece of/ five items of news

• Work = a job, a piece of work

Names of illnesses are usually uncountable including

those ending in s • She had the measles for five months. •
Some minor ailments such as a cold, a headache, sore
throat are countable. The names toothache, earache, stom-
ach-ache and backache are more often non- countable in
British English. However, in American English these nouns
are generally countable when referring to particular pain.

E.g.

• She has been suffering from toothache since last night.

(GB)

• She has been suffering from a toothache since last night

(AmE)

Some & Any ‫ کدام‬/‫کمی از یا بعضی‬

• Some and any are the two indefinite quantifiers which dis-
cuss vague or unclear number or amount.

.‫دو کمیت سنج نامعین استند که بحث میکند در باره چیزی مبهم یا مقدار نامعلوم‬
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They can be used both with countable and uncountable

nouns.

.‫با هر دو اسم های قابل شمارش و غیر قابل شمارش استفاده میشود‬

• Some is usually used in positive sentences. But it is pos-

sible to use some with interrogative sentences while mak-
ing requests.

‫ معموآل استفاده میشود در جمالت مثبت ولی امکان دارد که استفاده شود در‬Some
.‫جمالت سوالیه در وقت درخواست کردن‬

• Examples: They are going to buy some English books.

• Would you please give me some milk?

• Kristine needs some water.

Any on the other hand is usually used in negative and in-

terrogative sentences. It is also possible to use any in posi-
tive sentences when it means (It does not matter which).

‫ به عبارت دیگر معموال استفاده میشود در جمالت منفی و سوالیه و امکان دارد‬Any
‫که استفاده شود در جمالت مثبت وقتی به معنی این باشد(موضوع نیست کدام) مانند که‬
.‫در مثال ذکر شده یعنی گپی نیست هر نوع فساد باشد مقصد فساد نمیخواهیم‬

• E.g. we do not want any corruptions.

• Do you want any sugar?

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The following are some expressions of quantity used to de-

scribe number or amount of nouns. They can function both
as adjective or pronoun.

‫ یا‬،‫پایین بعضی اصطالحات مقدار استند که استفاده میشوند تشریح کنند مقدار از اسم ها‬
.‫شماره را و میتواند بحیث صفت و ضمیر عمل کند‬

• As adjective they are used directly before noun.

E.g. Thomas would like to buy some oranges.

• As pronouns they are used without the noun following

them. We use these expressions of quantity when the noun
is clear( both the speaker and listener know which noun is
meant)

‫ ما استفاده میکنیم این‬.‫بحیث ضمایر استفاده میشود بدون اسمی که در تعقیب ان است‬
‫اصطالحات مقداری را وقتی اسم واضع باشد هر دو گوینده و شنونده بفهمند که کدام‬
.‫اسم منظور است‬

• I have many computers. Do you have any?

•Instead of: Do you have any computers?

Much is used before non- count nouns to show a high

quantity.

‫استفاده میشود قبل از اسم های غیر قابل شمارش که مقدار زیاد را نشان‬Much
.‫دهد‬

• Many is used before count nouns to show a big number.

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.‫ فبل از اسم های فابل شمارش استفاده مبشود که مقدار زیاد را نشان دهد‬Many

• A few a few is the opposite form of many.

.‫ است‬Many ‫ شکل مخالف‬A few

• A little is the opposite form of much.

.‫ است‬Much ‫ شکل مخالف‬A little

• A couple means two or more. We use it with )of( before

noun to show a small number.

‫ استعمال میشود که مقدار کوچک یا‬of ‫ به معنی دو یا بیشتر و همراه‬A couple

.‫کم را نشان دهد‬

• Some

• Any

Conjunction:

Coordinating Conjunction

Subordinating Conjunction

Correlative Conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs Transitions

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A coordinating conjunction joins words or groups of words

that have equal grammatical weight in a sentence.

‫ ربط میدهد کلمات یا گروپ از کلمات را که وزن گرامری داشته‬:‫حرف ربط همپایه‬
.‫باشد‬

• Coordinating conjunctions are:

• And, but, or, so, nor, for, yet.

• E.g. we didn’t ask the direction, nor did we consult a map.

A subordinating conjunction joins two words or thoughts

in such a way to make one dependent on the other.

.‫ ربط میدهد کلمات یا اندیشه ها را که یکی وابسته به دیگر باشد‬:‫حرف ربط وابسته‬

• E.g. When I come to the class, I usually study math.

Common subordinating conjunctions are:

When Because So long as Until

After Before As far as Whenever

Although Provided that As long as Since

• Examples:

• After she finishes lunch, she usually goes on a long walk.

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• So long as you work here, you will make some money.

Correlative conjunction ‫ وابسته بهم‬/‫حرف ربط الزم و ملزوم‬

• Correlative conjunction works in pairs to join words and

groups of words of equal grammatical weight in a sen-
tence.

‫حرف ربط وابسته باهم کار میکنند که یکجا سازد کلمات را یا گروپ از کلمات را که‬
.‫وزن گرامری یکسان داشته باشد‬

Some common correlative conjunctions are:

Both…….and Neither…nor

Either….or Not only….but also

Just as….so Whether…or

Examples:

• Neither teachers nor students are happy.

• Neither book nor notebooks are yellow

• To determine whether to use singular or plural verb with

neither…nor, not only…but also, either…or depends on the
subject which is closer to it.

• Neither Diana nor her sisters work hard.

• Neither her sisters nor Diana works hard

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Conjunctive adverbs/ Transitions ‫ انتقالی‬/‫قید های ربط دهنده‬

• A conjunctive adverb is used to clarify the relationship

between clauses of equal grammatical weight in a sen-
tence.

‫قید ربط دهنده استعمال میشود که واضع سازد رابطه را بین قضیه ها که وزن یکسان‬
.‫گرامری داشته باشند در جمله‬

• Conjunctive adverbs are more formal than coordinating

conjunctions. .‫قید ها ربط دهنده بیشتر رسمی اند نظر به حرف ربط همپایه‬

We can use some conjunctive adverbs in place of some co-

ordinating conjunctions.

.‫میتوان بعضی قید ها انتقالی را بجای بعضی حروف ربط همپایه استعمال کرد‬

• To replace But however, nevertheless, still =‫لکن‬/‫مگر‬

• To replace And also, besides, furthermore, moreover.=‫و‬

• To replace Result consequently, accordingly, then, there-

fore, thus.=‫سپس‬

• To replace Equality equally, likewise, similarly=‫مانند‬

Examples:

• We want peace, but some do not want peace.

• We want peace; however, some do not want peace.

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• Note:

• We use a comma before some coordinating conjunctions,

but use a semi colon or period before a conjunctive ad-
verbs and comma after it as above.

‫کامه را استعمال میکنیم قبل از بعضی حروف ربط همپایه ولی سیمی کولن (; ) یا نقطه‬
.‫را فبل از قید ربط دهنده یا انتقالی استعمال میکنیم به مانند مثال باال‬

Voice •
Voice in English grammar is the form a transitive verb
takes to show whether the subject does an action or re-
ceives the action.

‫ در گرامر انگلیسی شکلی است که یک فعل انتقالی میگیرد و نشان میدهد که‬:‫شکل فعل‬
.‫آیا فاعل عمل را انجام میدهد یا اخذ میکند عمل را‬

• E.g. they paint the wall. The subject They performs the ac-
tion.

• There are two types of voice:

• 1. Active ‫معلوم‬

• 2. Passive ‫مجهول‬

• Active: Thomas studies math.

• Passive: Math is studied by Thomas

Active Voice ‫شکل فعل معلوم‬

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• Active voice indicates that the subject of the verb per-

forms an action.

.‫شکل فعل معلوم اشاره میکند که فاعل از فعل عمل را انجام میدهد‬

• E.g. We are taking a test.

• Kristine and Diana cook lunch.

Passive Voice ‫شکل فعل مجهول‬

• In a passive voice sentence, the subject and object get in-

terchanged.

.‫در یک جمله شکل فعل مجهول فاعل و مفعول جایگزین یکدیگر میشوند‬

• E.g. The subject becomes the receiver of the action.

.‫فاعل گیرنده عمل میشود‬

• To convert active into passive we should:

.....‫برای تبدیل کردن شکل فعل معلوم به مجهول ما باید‬

• 1. Move the active sentence object into the position of

subject. .‫مفعول را به جای فاعل انتقال دهید‬

• E.g. My friend sends a letter.

• A letter is sent by my friend.

• 2. Place the subject of active sentence into a phrase be-

ginning with the preposition by.

‫ که شروع آن با حرف‬،‫جایگزین سازید فاعل از جمله معلوم را به یک عبارت‬

.‫ باشد‬by ‫اظافه‬
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• E.g. Active: She played football.

• Passive: football was played by her.

• The general formula for passive is

Be+Past Participle (am,is,are,was,were,been,being)

• We always use the past participle (3rd ) form of a verb.

.‫ما همیشه حالت سوم فعل را استفاده میکنیم‬

• E.g. • Forgotten, done, completed.

• Uses of the passive voice. ‫استعمال شکل فعل مجهول‬

• When it is not necessary to mention the doer of the action

as it is clear.

.‫وقتی مهم یا ضروری نباشد که ذکر شود انجام دهنده عمل قسمیکه واضع است‬

• E.g. The window has been broken.

• A man was murdered.

• To become polite.

• E.g. The room should be left.

• When we don’t know exactly, or have forgotten who did

the action..‫وقتی دقیق نفهمید یا فراموش کرده باشید که کی عمل را انجام داده‬

• E.g. The lawyer was killed

• In newspaper articles, books and printing stations.

.‫ ایستگاه های چاپ یا مطبعه‬،‫ کتاب ها‬،‫در سرخط اخبارها‬

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• E.g. Written by: Thomas Edison

• Lectured by: Michael Swan

• Prepared by: Nelson Mandela

• Printed by: Afghan Press

• The passive occurs only with verbs used transitively

(verbs followed by object).

‫شکل فعل معلوم تنها با افعال که انتقالی باشند و توسط مفعول دنبال شده باشند استفاده‬
.‫میشود‬

• E.g. Active: She passed the test.

• Passive: The test was passed.

• By phrase in passive voice is used to show the doer or

performer of the action.

.‫ در شکل فعل مجهول استفاده میشود که نشان دهد انجام دهنده عمل را‬By‫عبارت‬

• The computer is damaged by Nancy.

• When passive voice is used to talk about the instrument

used by the performer of the action.

.‫ به انجام عمل‬،‫استعمال شکل فعل معلوم به وسیله که انجام دهنده ان را استعمال کرده‬

• The computer is damaged by Nancy with a hammer.

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• Changing Tenses into passive:

‫تبدیل زمان های فعل به شکل مجهول‬

The Simple Present •

is/am/are + Past Participle

• Active: They complete the work.

• Passive: the work is completed by them

the Simple Past Tense

Was/were + past participle

• Active: The film fascinated me.

• Passive: I was fascinated by the film.

The simple future tense

• will be/ is/am/are + going to + be+ past participle

• E.g. We will wash the car.

• The car will be washed by us.

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The present progressive

Is/am/are + being + past participle

• Active: Shelly is helping the old man.

• Passive: The old man is being helped by Shelly

The Past Progressive Tense

Was/were + being + past participle

• E.g. Sarah was cleaning the window.

• The window was being cleaned by Sarah.

The Present Perfect Tense

have/has been + past participle

• E.g. He has brushed his teeth.

• His teeth have been brushed by him.

The Past Perfect Tense

had been + past participle

• E.g. They had finished their work.

• Their work had been finished by them/

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The Future Perfect Tense

Will have been + past participle

• E.g. The afghan president will have governed Afghani-

stan.

• Afghanistan will have been governed by the Afghan presi-

dent.

Present/Future Modal Verbs

Modal verb + be + past participle

• E.g. We can rebuild our country by working day and night.

• Our country can be rebuilt by us by working day and

night.

Interrogative structure in passive ‫ساختمان سوالیه از شکل مجهول‬

• Does he play cricket on Fridays?

• Is cricket played by him on Fridays?

• Did you paint the wall orange?

• Was the wall painted orange by you?

• What does he learn in English class?

• What is leant in English class by him?

Imperative passive ‫شکل مجهول امـــــریه‬

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• Affirmative imperative passive structure:

.‫امریه مثبت در شکل مجهول‬

• Let object noun/pronoun + be +past participle

• E.g. Open the door.

Affirmative Imperative

• Let the door be opened.

Affirmative imperative passive

• Let it be opened.

• We can also use You plus be plus advised, asked, com-

manded, ordered , requested, required or told + to + verb
to state affirmative commands or requests in passive voice
and also can use them in negative structure as advised,
asked, commanded, ordered, requested, required, or
told + not + to + verb to state negative commands or re-
quests..

‫ را با کلمات که در باال ذکر شده استعمال میکنیم که بیان کند امــر یا درخواست‬You +
.‫مثبت را در شکل مجهول و همچنان در ساختمان منفی استعمال میشوند‬

• E.g. Talk to the people in your area.

• You are requested to talk to the people in your area.

• Negative imperative passive Structure:

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• Let + object + noun/pronoun + not + be+P.P .

• E.g. • Don’t use Sheldon’s toothpaste. Negative

• Let Sheldon’s toothpaste not be used.

• Don’t close your books.

• Let your books not be closed.

• Let them not be closed.

• E.g. Don’t talk before you think.

• You are advised not to talk before you think.

• Don’t come late.

• You are requested not to come late.

Participle ‫وجه وصفی‬

• A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and
ends in ing/ed.

‫فعلی تحت لفظی است که استعمال میشود بحیث یک صفت و خاتمه می یابد با‬
. ing/ed

• Types of participle ‫انواع وجه وصفی‬

• 1. Present participle ‫وجه وصفی حال‬

• 2. Past participle ‫وجه وصفی گذشته‬

• 1. Present participle Adjective: ‫صفت وجه وصفی حال‬

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• When the ing form of a verb is used to modify a noun, it

said to be present participle adjective.

‫ شکل یک فعل استعمال شود که تغیر وارد کند در حالت یک اسم بنام صفت‬ing ‫وقتی‬
.‫وجه وصفی حال یاد میشود‬

• We need some drinking water.

• They are boring people.

• Some common present participle adjectives are:

Shocking Frightening Surprising Embarrassing

Satisfying Amazing Moving Entertaining

Irritating Amusing Depressing Exciting

Interesting Annoying Disgusting Horrifying

• E.g. That news was upsetting.

• What an inspiring poem.

• Your words are really astonishing.

• The past participle adjective: ‫صفت وجه وصفی گذشته‬

• When the past participle form of a verb is used to modify

a noun, it is said to be past participle adjective. The past
participle is used to say how people feel.

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‫وقتی شکل گذشته یک فعل استعمال شود که تغیر دهد حالت یک اسم را بنام صفت وجه‬

.‫وصفی گذشته یاد میشود‬

• E.g. We are all interested in learning grammar as it plays a

core role in learning a language.

• Some common past participle adjectives are:

Shocked Frightened Surprised Embarrassing

Satisfied Amazed moved Entertaining

Irritated Amused Depressed Excited

Interested Annoyed Disgusted Horrified

• E.g. We were all shocked.

• The children are entertained.

• Thomas and his wife were excited when they announced

Thomas as the first Nobel Prize winner.

get + ‫وجه وصفی حال‬ Get + present Participle.

Get plus adjective ( Become) Get can be followed adjective
to give the idea of change or becoming.

‫به معنی( شدن) بوده میتواند با صفت استعمال شود که معنی تغیر کردن یا شدن را ارایه‬
.‫کند‬

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e.g. Kristine gets sick in cold weather.

The united nations food council is getting better.

Get + Past Participle ‫ وجه وصفی گذشـــــــته‬+ ‫گیت‬

Get plus past participle can be used instead of be plus past
participle sometimes with no difference in meaning or with
little difference in meaning.

‫ حالت گذشته بعضی اوقات‬+ be ‫ حالت گذشته میتواند استعمال شود بجای‬+ Get
.‫بدون کدام تغیردر معنی یا با تغیر کوچک در معنی‬

e.g. The man was killed.

The man got killed

Degrees of Adjective: ‫درجه های از صفت‬

Simple or positive =‫درجه ساده یا مثبت‬

Comparative =‫درجه مقایسهای‬

Superlative =‫درجه عالی‬

 Simple degree of an adjective shows simple

quality of a noun or a pronoun.
.‫ کیفیت ساده از اسم یا ضمیر را نشان میدهد‬،‫درجه ساده از صفت‬

Ex: Maneezha is a beautiful girl.

This class is hot.

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 Comparative degree of an adjective compares

two persons, two places, two things, two ani-
mals and two ideas.
‫ دو‬،‫ دو چیز‬،‫ دو مکان‬،‫ مقایسه میکند دو شخص‬:‫درجه مقایسه ای از صفت‬
.‫حیوان و دو نظریه را‬

1: We add r/er to one syllable adjective in order to

be changed to comparative degree.

.‫ را به صفت یک هجآ که به شکل مقایسه ای تبدیل شود‬r/er .‫عالوه میکنیم‬

Examples:
Small=smaller nice=nicer

2: If a one syllable adjective ends in a consonant

and before the consonant there’s a vowel, the last
consonant is doubled in both comparative and su-
perlative degrees.

‫اگر صفت یک هجآ خاتمه می یابد به یک کانسوننت و قبل از کانسوننت واو‬

.‫یل باشد کانسوننت اخیری را ډبل ساخته در هر دو درجه مقایسه ای و عالی‬

Big = bigger the biggest.

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3: We add more before two or more syllable adjec-

tives while changing them to comparative degree
and the most before superlative degree.
‫ را قبل از صفات دو هجایه یا بیشترهنگامیکه‬More ‫ما عالوه میکنیم کلمه‬
‫ را قبل از درجه‬Most ‫انها را به درجه مقایسوی تبدیل میکنیم و کلمه‬
.‫عالی صفت استعمال میکنیم‬
Beautiful= more beautiful = the most beauti-
ful
intelligent= more intelligent the most intelli-
gent

4: If a two syllable adjective ends in y, change y to

I and add er in comparative and est in superlative
degree.
‫ و سپس عالوه‬I ‫ را به‬y ‫ تغیر دهید‬y ‫اگر صفت دو هجآیه خاتمه می یابد با‬
.‫ را در درجه عالی صفت‬est‫ را در درجه مقایسه ای و‬er ‫کنید‬

Pretty= prettier= the prettiest.

Superlative Degree: ‫درجه عالی صفت‬

Superlative degree of an adjective shows the

highest quality of someone or something /
somewhere.

‫ چیز یا از مکان‬،‫درجه عالی صفت نشان میدهد کیفیت عالی شخص‬

.‫را‬
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Ex: Nancy is the laziest person.

Good better the best

Far farther the farthest
Little less the least
few less the least
Bad worse the worst
Much/many more the most

Simple
Diana is a simple person.
Diana is more simple than shahnaz.
Diana is simpler than Shahnaz.

Repeating comparatives ‫مقایسه ای تکراری‬

It shows gradual increase or decrease of

something or someone.
‫ افزایش یا کاهش تدریجی چیزی یا شخص را‬:‫مقایسه ای تکراری‬
.‫نشان میدهد‬
Ex: The situation gets worse and worse.

Double comparatives: ‫مقایسه دوتا یا ډبل‬

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In double comparatives the second compara-

tive shows the result of the first one.
.‫ مقایسه دوم نتیجه اولی را نشان میدهد‬،‫در مقایسه ای دبل‬
We start each comparative sentence with the
definite article The.
.‫ اغاز میکنیم‬The ‫ما هر جمله مقایسه ای را با حرف تعریف‬

The more you smile, the more beautiful you

become.

As…as :
We use this structure to talk about equal
qualities of people, things, animals and
places.
‫این ساختمان را استعمال میکنیم که بیان کند کیفیت های مساوی از‬
.‫ حیوانات و مکان ها را‬،‫ اشیا‬،‫مردم‬

Ex: Kabul is as cold as Nangarhar.

Ex: Kabul is not as cold as Nangarhar.

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SPEECH

• Direct Speech Indirect

(Quoted speech) (Reported speech)

• Direct speech: ‫کالم مستقیم‬

we may quote the exact words of the
speaker with no change.
.‫ما انتقال میدهیم کلمات دقیق گوینده را بدون تغیر‬
• Example:
• Nancy says to Diana: I am sick.
• Nancy said, “I am sick”.

• If I want to take these actual words to a dif-

ferent place and in a different time, I shall use
reported speech.
‫اگر من قصد کنم که این کلمات دقیق را به مکان مختلف در وقت‬
.‫مختلف برسانم من خواهد استفاده کردم کالم غیر مستقیم را‬

Reported speech ‫کالم غیر مستقیم‬

• Reported Speech:

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• In reported speech, we may not use/say the

exact words of speaker and may say the main
idea instead.
.‫در کالم غیر مستقیم مفهوم را بجای گپ های دقیق ارایه میکنیم‬
• Example:
• Direct speech: She said, “I am sick.”
• Indirect speech: She said that she was sick.

Changing Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

‫تغیر کالم مستقیم به غیر مستقیم‬

• T hey said , “ We love Afghanistan . ”

• The first letter of the quotation must be cap-
italized.
• He said, “I want to kill you.”

• My father said, “Always do good. Behave

well.”
• “Always do good.” my father said. “Behave
well.”

• We are tired, “they said, "of asking you for

help again and again.
• In Reported speech:
• The pronoun I changes to he/she.
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• The conjunction that is added.

• Time and place adverbs get changed.
• The commonest reporting verbs in both di-
rect and indirect speech are say, tell and ask.

• Say can be used alone or followed by an op-

tional to, but tell must be followed by an ob-
ject (tell him, her, someone)

Tell ‫ لکن‬to ‫ میتواند تنها استعمال شود یا بطور اختیاری ب‬Say

.‫باید همراه مفعول استعمال شود‬

• After request we can use an object

• He asked, “Are you blind?”
• Now becomes then
• Here becomes there
• Ago becomes before
• Thus becomes so
• Today becomes that day
• Tomorrow becomes the next day
• The day after tomorrow becomes in two
days’ time.
• Next week/month/ year becomes the follow-
ing week/a week later
• Yesterday becomes the day before
• Last week/month/year becomes the previ-
ous week/month/year.
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• Last night becomes the night before

• This becomes that
• These becomes those

• Tense changes in the Reported Speech:

‫تغیر زمان در کالم غیر مستقیم‬

• The simple present to the simple past

• He said, “I am a student.” Direct Speech
• He said that he was a student.

• The Simple Past to the Past perfect

• She told me, “I liked to stand in the rain.”
• She told me that she had liked to stand in
the rain.

• The Past Perfect to the Past Perfect

• He said, “I had lost the money.”
• He said that he had lost the money.

• Present Progressive to Past Progressive .

• They said, “We are working now.” Direct

Speech
• They said that they were working then.

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• The Simple Present Perfect to the Past Per-

fect

• They said, “We have loved to eat cheese

pizza.”
• They said that they had loved to eat pizza.

• Present Perfect Progressive to the past Per-

fect
Progressive

• They said, “We have been working for eight

hours.”
• They said that they had been working for
eight hours.

Simple future tense to would

• He said, “I will buy a new car next week.”

• He said that he would buy a car the follow-
ing week.

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• Future progressive to would be plus verb

ing

• They said, “We will be having a great time.”

• They said that they would be having a great
time.

Can to Could
• She said, “I can lift 1000 kg.”
• She said that she could lift 1000 kg.
• May to Might

• They told us, “We may protest against the

minister.”
• They told us that they might protest against
the minister.
• Might to Might

• They said, “We might have a meeting next

month.”
• They said that they might have a meeting
the following week.

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Should/Ought to remains the same

• She said, “You should leave me alone.”

• She said that I should leave her alone.
• I said, “He ought to abide by the rules.”
• I said that he ought to abide by the rules.
• Used to remains the same and does not
change
• He said, “I used to go to gym.”
• He said that he used to go to gym.

Could to Could

• They said, “We could live here.”

• They said that they could live there.

• In reporting questions, the indirect speech

is introduced by verbs such as asked, in-
quired investigated and wanted to know…
• The subject comes before the verb
• The auxiliary verbs, do, does, and did are
deleted.
• The auxiliary verb do is not deleted in nega-
tive questions.
• Question mark changes to period (Full
stop).
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• Yes/No questions are reported with

if/whether.
• She said to me, where do you live?
• She asked (me) where I lived.
• “Do you have computer?” She asked.
• She asked if I had a computer.

• Changing commands, requests, promises

and advice to reported speech.
• Direct speech relevant to command, re-
quest, promise and advice is reported in the
structure of infinitive or object plus infinitive.
• She said, “I will buy you a car.”
• She promised to buy me a car

• Common verbs followed by object plus in-

finitive are:
Encourage someone to Expect someone to
Permit someone to Convince someone to
Warn someone to Order someone to
Invite someone to Motivate someone to
Tell someone to Challenge someone to

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• Examples:

• My father said, “Be honest.”

• My father advised me to be honest.
• She said, “I thought you would always care
about me.”

• She expected to always care about her.

What is Sentence? ‫جمله چیست؟‬

• is a group of related words which has a sub-
ject, verb, object/complement and all the time
gives complete meaning.
‫ مفعول یا‬،‫ فعل‬،‫گروپ از کلمات وابسته است که شامل انجام دهنده‬
.‫تکمیل کننده بوده و همیشه معنی مکمل میدهد‬
• Clause: is a group of related words which
has a subject, verb, object/complement and
sometimes gives complete meaning.
،‫ گروپ از کلمات وابسته است که شامل انجام دهنده فعل‬:‫قضیه‬
.‫مفعول یا تکمیل کننده بوده و بعضی اوقات معنی مکمل میدهد‬

Difference between sentence and clause!

‫فرق بین جمله و قضیه‬

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• CLAUSES AND SENTENCES ‫قضیه ها و جمالت‬

• A simple sentence can be a clause, but a

clause can’t be a sentence.

‫یک جمله ساده میتواند یک قضیه باشد مگر یک قضیه نمیتواند‬

.‫یک جمله باشد‬

• A sentence always has complete meaning

.‫یک جمله همیشه معنی مکمل دارد‬
• A clause may or may not have complete
meaning
.‫یک قضیه شاید معنی تکمیل ارایه کند یا نکند‬
• A sentence can include more than one clause
.‫یک جمله میتواند شامل یک قضیه یا بیشتر از یک قضیه باشد‬
• Examples:
• I performed the morning prayers.
(A sentence and also a clause)
• When I saw,
(just a clause, not a sentence)
• If I were you, I would kill myself.
(Two Clauses OR One Sentence)

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Components of a sentence ‫ترکیب دهنده یک جمله‬

• The components of a sentence are:

1. Subject 2. Predicate

subject: is who or what the sentence is

about, that usually performs an action.
‫ کسی یا چیزیکه جمله در باره آن است که معموآل عمل را‬:‫فاعل‬
.‫انجام میدهد‬

• The subject is the noun or pronoun:

• Example: John moved the chair.
• He moved the chair.

Predicate: the part that tells you something

about the subject is a predicate.
.‫ بخش که به شما میگوید در باره فاعل بنام مسند یاد میشود‬:‫مسند‬

• Example: John moved the chair.

Kinds of sentences

Meaning Structure Formation

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According to Meaning: ‫نظر به معنی‬

Declarative

Interrogative

Imperative Sentences

Exclamatory Sentences

Optative sentences

Declarative Sentence: ‫جمله اظهاری‬

It is used to state or assert something officially.

.‫استعمال میشود که چیزی را بطور رسمی بیان کند‬

Ex: Washington is the capital of America.

Interrogative Sentence: ‫جمله سوالیه‬

It is used to ask question.

.‫استعمال میشود برای پرسش سوال‬

Ex: What do you want to be in the future?

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Imperative sentences: ‫جمالت امریه‬

Imperative Sentence is a sentence which expresses com-

mand, request, suggestion or direction.

.‫ پیشنهاد یا رهنمایی را‬،‫ درخواست‬،‫جمله امریه جمله است که بیان میکند امر‬

Examples:

 Sit down.
 Shut the door.
 Do it.
 Would you get me a chair?
 What if you come early to the class?
 Let’s get something to eat.
 Read the passage through.

Exclamatory sentence: ‫جمله تعجبی‬

• Exclamatory sentence is used to show strong or

sudden feeling and it ends with exclamation mark.

‫جمله تعجبی استعمال میشود که نشان دهد احساس قوی یا تصادفی را و خاتمه‬
.‫ان با عالمت ندایی میباشد‬

• How lovely!

• No!
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• Wow!

• Ouch!

• What a shot!

Optative Sentence: ‫جمله ارزویی‬

• A sentence that express wish/ prayers is called Opta-

tive Sentence.

.‫جمله است که بیان میکند آرزو یا دعا را‬

Examples:

• I wish I had wings to fly.

• May Allah grant you a beautiful home.

According to Structure: ‫نظر به ساختمان‬

Simple Sentences

Compound Sentences

Complex Sentences

Compound Complex Sentences

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Simple sentence: ‫جمله ساده‬

A simple sentence is a sentence that contains one inde-

pendent clause and no dependent clauses.

.‫ و قضیه وابسته ندارد‬،‫ جمله است که شامل یک قضیه غیر وابسته بوده‬:‫جمله ساده‬

Examples:

• I understand English.

• He and I understand English.

Compound Sentence: ‫جمله ترکیبی‬

• In English language, a compound sentence is com-

posed of at least two independent clauses.

‫در زبان انگلیسی یک جمله ترکیبی حد اقل تشکیل شده دو قضیه غیر وابسته‬
.‫میباشد‬

• It does not require a dependent clause.

.‫و ضرورت به قضیه وابسته ندارد‬

• The clauses are joined by coordinating conjunctions

(FANBOYS) plus comma or only semicolon that func-
tions as a conjunction.

‫ عالمت ویرگول یا‬+ ‫قضیه ها توسط حرف ربط وابسته یکجا میشود فن بویس‬
.‫تنها سیمی کولن که بحیث حرف ربط عمل میکند‬

• Look at the structure:

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• Main Clause+ , + Cor. Conj+ Main Clause.

Example:

• My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to

go.

• (FANBOYS)

F = for = because

A = and = also
N = nor = not
B = but = however
O = or = otherwise

Y = yet = despite that

S = so = thus, consequently

Complex sentence: ‫جمله مختلط‬

A complex sentence is a sentence which is made of one

independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
(subordinating clause).

‫جمله مختلط ترکیب شده یک قضیه غیر وابسته و یک یا بیشتر از یک قضیه‬

.‫وابسته بوده‬

• Example:

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When I was a child, I went to school every day.

Compound Complex Sentence: ‫جمله ترکیبی مختلط‬

• This type of sentence contains two independ-

ent and one or more dependent clauses.

‫این نوع جمله شامل دو قضیه غیر وابسته و یک یا بیشتر از یک‬

.‫قضیه وابسته میباشد‬

Ex: I was sick, so I went to the doctor because it

was very important.

According to Formation: ‫نظر به شکل‬

Positive (Affirmative) Sentences

• I am callow.

Negative Sentences

I am not callow.

Positive Interrogative (Ques-

tion)

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• Am I callow sir?

Negative Interrogative (Ques-

tion)

Aren’t I callow sir? (Am I not callow sir?)

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