CHAPTER 0

REVISION EXERCISE

Ratio
Ratio compares two quantities of the same kind
Example: 3 : 5
Proportion
When two ratios are equal
[ a : b = c : d => ad = bc ]
Types of Proportion
(A) Direct Proportion
If one quantity increases, the other also increases
Examples:
Speed ∝ Distance
Cost ∝ Quantity
Formula
x1 y1
[ x = y ]
2 2

(B) Inverse Proportion

If one increases, the other decreases
Examples:
Workers ∝ 1/Time
Speed ∝ 1/Time (for fixed distance)
Formula
[x1 y1 = x2 y2 ]
Continued Proportion
[ a : b = b : c => b 2 = ac ]
Tricks
✔ Always check unit consistency
✔ Put quantities in columns
✔ If question involves “more → less”, it’s inverse
Properties of Perfect Squares
Last digit cannot be 2, 3, 7, 8
Even number of zeros
Even powers of prime factors
Square Root Methods
(A) Prime Factorisation
Write number as product of primes
Take one from each pair
Example:
144 = 2² × 2² × 3²
√144 = 2×2×3 = 12
(B) Long Division Method
Used for:
Large numbers
Decimal numbers
 Properties of Perfect Cubes
Odd powers of prime factors
Number of zeros multiple of 3
Cube Root Trick
Last digit of Last digit of cube
cube root
1 1
8 2
7 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
3 7
2 8
9 9
0 0
Cube Root Steps
Separate digits into groups of 3
Find nearest cube
Use last digit rule
Laws of Indices
a ×a =a
m n (m+ n) m
a
a ÷a =a
m n (m−n)

(a m ¿ ¿ n = a mn
a =1
0

1
a
−n
= n
a
(ab) = a nb n
m

n
a
¿= n
b
Errors
❌ (a 2 + a 3 ≠ a 5)
❌ Negative index ≠ negative value
FACTORISATION
Methods
(A) Common Factor
Example:
[ 6x + 12 = 6(x+2) ]
(B) Grouping
[ax + ay + bx + by = (a+b)(x+y)]
(C) Identity Method
All Important Identities
((a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2)
((a-b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2)
(a^2 - b^2 = (a-b)(a+b))
((a+b+c)^2)
(a^3+b^3 = (a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2))
(a^3-b^3 = (a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2))
Factorisation Trick
If no middle term, check identity
If 4 terms, try grouping

MENSURATION
2D Figures
Figure Area Perimeter
Square a² 4a
Rectangle lb 2(l+b)
Triangle ½bh —
Circle πr² 2πr
Semi-circle ½πr² πr+2r
3D Figures
Curved / Lateral Total Surface Area
Solid Volume
Surface Area (TSA)
Cube LSA = 4a² TSA = 6a² V = a³
Cuboid LSA = 2h(l + b) TSA = 2(lb + bh + hl) V = lbh
Cylinder CSA = 2πrh TSA = 2πr(h + r) V = πr²h
Cone CSA = πrl TSA = πr(l + r) V = ⅓πr²h
Sphere — TSA = 4πr² V = 4/3 πr³
 CHAPTER 1
REAL NUMBERS

A number is prime if it has only two factors, 1 and itself.

Every composite number can be expressed as a product of prime factors.
H C F of two numbers = Product of the smaller power of each common factor in the
numbers.
H.C.F. of (30, 45) = 3 x 5 = 15. [30 = 2 x 3 x 5 ;45 = 32 x 5]
L C M of two numbers = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor involved in
the numbers.
L C M of ( 30, 45 ) = 2 x 32 x 5 = 90
𝐻 𝐶 𝐹 ( 𝑎, 𝑏 ) x 𝐿 𝐶 𝑀 ( 𝑎, 𝑏 ) = 𝑎 x 𝑏
𝐻 𝐶 𝐹 ( 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ) x 𝐿 𝐶 𝑀 ( 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ) ≠ 𝑎 x 𝑏 x 𝑐
 CHAPTER 2
POLYNOMIALS
x is a variable and 𝑎0, 𝑎1, … … … . . 𝑎𝑛 be real numbers, n is a positive integer then
f(x) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑎2𝑥2 + − − − − 𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑛 is a polynomial in the variable of x.
The exponent of the highest degree term is called the degree of the polynomial.
Constant Polynomial : 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 , a is constant.
Linear Polynomial : 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑎 ≠ 0
Quadratic Polynomial : 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝑎 ≠ 0
Cubic Polynomial : 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑥2+ 𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑑 , 𝑎 ≠ 0
A real number ‘a’ is a zero of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑎) = 0
A polynomial of degree ‘n’ can have at most ‘n’ real zeros.
Geometrically, the zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) are the 𝑥
coordinates of the points where the graph
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) intersects the 𝑥 axis.
If 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are the zeroes of the quadratics polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
−b
Sum of the Zeros = 𝜶 + 𝜷 = a
c
Product of the Zeros = 𝜶 𝜷 = a

Given the sum of the zeros and product of the zeros, the quadratic polynomial is
k[ 𝑥2 − 𝑥(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠) + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠)] ;
𝒌 [𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 ( 𝜶 + 𝜷) + 𝜶 𝜷]

If 𝜶 + 𝜷 and 𝜶 𝜷 are given / known, then

𝛂𝟑 + 𝛃𝟑 = (𝛂 + 𝛃 ) 𝟑 − 3 𝜶 𝜷(𝛂 + 𝛃)
𝛂𝟐 + 𝛃𝟐 = (𝛂 + 𝛃 ) 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝜶 𝜷

𝛂𝟒 + 𝛃𝟒 = (𝛂𝟐 + 𝛃𝟐) 𝟐 − 𝟐( 𝛂 𝛃)𝟐

If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑑 , then

𝜶+𝜷+𝜸= a
−b

𝜶𝜷 + 𝜷𝜸 + 𝜸𝜶 = a
c

𝜶𝜷𝜸= a
−d
CHAPTER 3
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦 ) 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.
A pair of linear equations in two variables 𝑥, 𝑦 is
𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0; 𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑏2𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0
𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0; 𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑏2𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0
Graphically the two straight lines are,
Intersecting lines, 𝑎1 𝑏1
if ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
Parallel 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
lines, if = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Coincident 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 (The equations are
lines, if = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
dependent linear equations)

𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0; 𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑏2𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0

Consistent and have unique solution if
𝑎1 𝑏1
≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
Consistent and have infinite number of solutions if

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎2
Inconsistent and no unique solution if
6

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= ≠
𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎2

Certain basic facts to know :

(𝒊) 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒚 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
(𝒊𝒊 ) 𝒙 = 𝒂 ( 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 )𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒚
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
(𝒊𝒊𝒊 ) 𝒚 = 𝒃 ( 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 )𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
(𝒊𝒗 ) 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 = 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝑿 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
(𝒗 ) 𝑰𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒔,
𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒚, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝟏𝟎 𝒚 + 𝒙 .

Consider the two linear equations 49 𝑥 + 51 𝑦 = 499 𝑎𝑛𝑑

51 𝑥 + 49 𝑦 = 501.
The coefficients of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 are interchanged in the two equations. In such cases add the
two equations, simplify ; subtract the two equations , simplify. Very easy method to
solve.
7
CHAPTER 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Standard form of a Quadratic Equation is 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 =0,𝑎 ≠ 0
Examples of Quadratic Eq. : 𝑥2 −6 𝑥 + 4 = 0,2𝑥2 - 7 𝑥 = 0
3 = 𝑥2 𝑥2 +
Examples of Equations which are not Quadratic:𝑥 +
𝑥

2√𝑥 − 3 = 0.
A real number 𝛼 is called a root of the quadratic Equation 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏 𝑥
+ 𝑐 if 𝛼 satisfies the quadratic equation i.e. 𝑖𝑓 𝒂 𝛼2 + 𝒃 𝛼 + 𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝒙 =
𝛼 is a solution of the quadratic equation.
Zeros of the quadratic polynomial is 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are the same as the roots of the
quadratic Equation
𝒂𝒙𝟐+𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation Method: If the Quadratic Equation 𝒂𝒙𝟐+𝑏
𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is factorizable into a product of two linear factors, then the roots of the
quadratic equation can be
found by equating each linear factor to ‘0’.
Solving a Quadratic Equation by Formula : The real roots of the Quadratic Equation
𝟐
−𝑏 ±√𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐 2
𝒂𝒙 +𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are given by ;𝑏 −
2𝑎
4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0.
Nature of the roots of the Quadratic Equation depends on 𝐷 =
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐, which is the Discriminant.
The Quadratic Equation 𝒂𝒙𝟐+𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 has
(𝑖) 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 ), 𝑖𝑓 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 =0 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 , 𝑖𝑓𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
8
CHAPTER 5 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
A sequence 𝑎1, 𝑎2, … … … . . 𝑎𝑛 is an Arithmetic Progression ( A.P ) if the difference
between any two consecutive terms is the same and that is the common difference ‘d’
which can be positive or negative.
General A.P is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d where a is the first term and d is the common
difference.
The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of an A.P with a as the first term and d as the common difference is given
by,
an = a + (n-1) d ( a10 = a + 9 d ; a16 = a + 15 d )
Easy way to find some term from the end of the sequence which is an A.P :
Find the 7𝑡ℎ term from the end of the sequence 17,14,11 (− 40 ).
Just write the sequence from the end.( - 40 ), (-37 ) 17.
Now for this A.P a = - 40 .d = 3 ;
a7 = a + 6 d a7 = (- 40) + (6 x 3) = - 22.
If you want to find out whether a given number belongs to the A.P,you can find out ‘a’
the first term and ‘d’ the common difference of that A.P. Use the formula an = a + (n-1)
d.
In the place of an substitute the given number, and the values
of ‘a’ and ‘d’. Find ‘n’. If n is a positive whole number, then the
9

given number belongs to the A.P. Otherwise it doesn’t belong

to that A.P.
Sum to n terms of an A.P is denoted as Sn .
Sn = n/2 [ 2 a + (n-1) d ] or n/2 [ a + 𝒍 ] where 𝑙 is the last term.
Sum of the first ‘n’ natural numbers
= 1 + 2 +3 + +n = n ( n+1 ) /2.
Sum of the first ‘n’ odd natural numbers
= 1 + 3 + 5 + ---- + ( 2n -1 ) = 𝑛2
Sum of the first ‘n’ even natural numbers
=2+4+6+ + 2n = n ( n+1 )
S1 = a1 ( first term ) ; S2 = a1 + a2 ; S3 = a1 + a2 + a3 and so on.
S2 – S1 = a2 ; S3 – S2 = a3 ; ------ In general an = Sn – Sn-1
10
CHAPTER 6 TRIANGLES
Two figures having the same shape and same size are congruent figures.

Two figures having the same shape but not the same size are similar figures.

All congruent figures are similar but all similar figures need not be congruent.
Two polygons having the same number of sides will be similar if the corresponding
angles of the two polygons are equal and the corresponding sides are proportional.
Basic Proportionality Theorem : If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to
intersect the other two sides in two distinct points, then the other two sides are divided in
the same ratio.

PQ || BC; 𝐴 𝐴𝑄
𝑃 =
𝑄𝐶

𝑃
𝐵
Converse of a Basic Proportionality Theorem: If a line divides any two sides of a triangle
in the same ratio, then the
11

line is parallel to the third side.

SIMILAR TRIANGLES :
A A A SIMILARITY : If the corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then their
corresponding sides are proportional. The two triangles are similar.
A A SIMILARITY : If two angles of one triangle are equal to the corresponding two
angles of another triangle, the two triangles are similar.
S S S SIMILARITY : If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional ( the
corresponding angles are equal ) then the two triangles are similar.
S A S SIMILARITY : If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle
and the sides including these angles are in the same ratio, then the two triangles are
similar.
R H S SIMILARITY : In two right triangles, if the hypotenuse and one side are
proportional then the two triangles are similar.
PYTHAGORUS THEOREM : In a right triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal
to the sum of the squares on the other two sides.
CONVERSE OF PYTHAGORUS THEOREM : If in a triangle, square of one side is
equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first
side is a right angle.
The line joining the mid points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and
half the third side.
The diagonals of a trapezium divide each other proportionally.
12
CHAPTER 7 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
The distance of a point from y axis is called the x coordinate or abscissa.
The distance of a point from x axis is called the y coordinate or ordinate.
Any point on the x-axis will be of the form ( 𝒙, 𝟎 )

A is ( 𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏 ) and B is ( 𝒙𝟐, 𝒚𝟐 )

Any point on the y-axis will be of the form ( 𝟎, 𝒚 )

Distance AB = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2

Distance of a point 𝑷 ( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒙 𝒊𝒔 | 𝒚 | 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔.

Distance of a point A (x,y) from the origin O = OA =√(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2

Distance of a point 𝑷 ( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒙 𝒊𝒔 | 𝒙 | 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Three points A, B, C are collinear if the sum of the distances between two pairs of points
= the distance between the third pair.

𝑷𝑸 + 𝑸𝑹 = 𝑷𝑹 . 𝑷, 𝑸, 𝑹 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔.

𝑨𝑪 + 𝑪𝑩 ≠ 𝑨𝑩 . 𝑨, 𝑩. 𝑪 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 .
SECTION FORMULA :

𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩(𝒙𝟐, 𝒚𝟐)
INTERNAL DIVISION :
𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒎 ∶ 𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚.
13
𝑚𝑥2+𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2+𝑚𝑦1
P(x,y) = ,
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛

𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩(𝒙𝟐, 𝒚𝟐)
EXTERNAL DIVISION :

𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒎 ∶ 𝒏 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚.

𝑚𝑥2−𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2−𝑚𝑦1
P(x,y) = ,
𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛

𝑰𝒇 𝑷 ( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅

MID – POINT FORMULA :

𝑩(𝒙𝟐, 𝒚𝟐)
( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) =
𝑷 𝑥2+𝑥1 𝑦2+𝑦1
,
2 2
Points of Trisection : The points which divide the line joining A and B in the ratio 2 : 1
and 1 : 2 are called the points of Trisection.
To prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, ( given the vertices
) prove that the midpoints of both the diagonals are the same. Use the same concept to
find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram if three vertices in order are given.
To prove that the quadrilateral is a rectangle, ( given the vertices ) prove that the opposite
sides are equal and the two diagonals are equal.
To prove that the quadrilateral is a rhombus, ( given the vertices ) prove that all the four
sides are equal. [ Diagonals are not equal. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other
at right angles. Important property of a Rhombus ]
To prove that the quadrilateral is a square, ( given the vertices ) prove that the four sides
are equal and the two diagonals are equal.
14
CHAPTER 8 and 9
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND APPLICATION OF
TRIGONOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS:
In Right triangle ABC,
∠B = 90 ° Side AC opposite to that is the hypotenuse.

Let ∠A =𝜃
AB is the adjacent side and BC is the opposite side. The six trigonometric ratios are
explained in the figure

cosec θ = 1 ; sec θ = 1 ; cot θ = 1 ; cot θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
15

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF STANDARD ANGLES:

Values of Trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the lengths of the sides of the
triangle.

PYTHOGORUS THEOREM : The square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares on the other two sides containing the right angle.

Examples of some Pythagorian Triplets : 3, 4, 5 ; 5, 12, 13 ; 8, 15, 17 ; 7, 24, 25 and any

multiples of these numbers.

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES:

ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION:

16
CHAPTER 10 CIRCLES
RECAPITULATION OF CONCEPTS LEARNT IN IX STANDARD :
Equal Chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle.
Equal chords of congruent circles subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle.
Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre of the circle.
Equal chords of congruent circles are equidistant from their corresponding centres.
If you consider two chords of a circle, the one which is nearer to the centre is larger than
the other.
The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle bisects the chord.
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Angle subtended by an arc at the centre of the circle is double the angle subtended at any
other point in the remaining part of a circle.
Angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary (Their sum is 𝟏𝟖𝟎°) .
If the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie on a circle, it is a cyclic quadrilateral.

If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced, then the exterior angle is equal to the
interioropposite angle.

CONCEPTS IN X STANDARD
Tangent is a line which intersects a circle at only one point.
Secant is a line which intersects a circle in two points.
From a point inside the circle, no tangent can be drawn to that circle.
From a point on the circle, only one tangent can be drawn to the circle.
From a point outside the circle two tangents can be drawn to the circle.
17
CHAPTER 11
CONSTRUCTION
1 DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT IN A GIVEN RATIO
1️⃣
🔹 Problem Type
Divide a line segment AB in the ratio m : n
🔹 Construction Steps (STANDARD BOARD FORMAT)
Draw the line segment AB
Draw a ray AX making an acute angle with AB
On AX, mark (m + n) equal points
(A₁, A₂, A₃, …)
Join the last point A₍m+n₎ to B
Through the m-th point, draw a line parallel to the joining line
The point of intersection on AB divides it in the ratio m : n
🔹 Key Tips
✔ Number of points = sum of ratio
✔ Ray angle should not be too small
✔ Parallel line must be accurate
2️⃣CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES
🔹 Case I: Given
Base
One base angle
Sum or difference of the other two sides
🔹 General Steps
Draw the given base BC
Construct the given angle at the base
On the ray, cut a segment equal to sum/difference
Join this point to the other base point
Draw perpendicular bisector (or arc method)
Locate the required vertex and join sides
🔹 Exam Tip
Sum of sides → arc outside
Difference of sides → arc inside
3️⃣CONSTRUCTION OF SIMILAR TRIANGLES
⚠️VERY IMPORTANT – DIRECT BOARD QUESTION
🔹 Given:
A triangle ABC
Construct a triangle similar to it such that:
[
\frac{AD}{AB} = \frac{m}{n}
]
🔹 Method Used
Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT)
🔹 Construction Steps
Draw the given triangle ABC
Draw a ray AX making an acute angle with AB
 Mark n equal points on AX
Join the last point to B
Through the m-th point, draw a line parallel to the joining line
Intersection gives the required similar triangle
🔹 Scale Factor Rule
Conditi Trian
on gle
Reduc
m<n
ed
Enlarg
m>n
ed
🔹 Memory Trick
If scale factor = 3/5 →
Mark 5 points, take 3rd
🔹 PART 2: CIRCLE CONSTRUCTIONS (11.2)
🔴 BASIC THEORY (FOUNDATION)
A tangent touches the circle at one point
Tangent at any point is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact
👉 Every construction in 11.2 is based on this.
4️⃣CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT AT A POINT ON THE CIRCLE
🔹 Given:
A circle with centre O
A point P on the circle
🔹 Construction Steps
Draw the given circle with centre O
Join OP
At point P, draw a line perpendicular to OP
The perpendicular line is the required tangent
🔹 Justification
Radius is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.
🔹 Common Mistake
❌ Drawing tangent without drawing radius
❌ Not mentioning “perpendicular”
5️⃣CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENTS FROM A POINT OUTSIDE THE CIRCLE
⚠️MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION OF THE CHAPTER
🔹 Given:
A circle with centre O
A point P outside the circle
🔹 Construction Steps (EXAM-PERFECT)
Draw the given circle with centre O
Join OP
Construct the perpendicular bisector of OP to locate midpoint M
With M as centre and MO as radius, draw a circle
Let it intersect the given circle at T₁ and T₂
Join PT₁ and PT₂
PT₁ and PT₂ are the required tangents
🔹 Why This Works
Triangle OPT is right-angled at T
(OP is the hypotenuse – Thales theorem)
🔹 Visual Flow (MEMORISE)
Join OP → Bisect OP → Draw circle → Join touch pointsState

CHAPTER 12
AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES

Perimeter ( Circumference ) of a circle 𝑷 = 𝟐 𝝅 𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝝅 𝒅

Area of a Circle 𝑨 = 𝝅 𝑟2
𝒓 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔; 𝒅 = 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓

Distance travelled by a wheel in one revolution is equal to its circumference.

𝜃 × 2𝜋𝑟
Length of an arc of a sector of angle 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑙 =
360

Perimeter of a sector P = 𝒍 + 𝟐 𝒓
Area of a sector of angle 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑨 =
𝜃
× 𝝅 𝑟2
360
Area of a sector is 𝑨 =
𝑙𝑟

Area of the major sector = 𝝅 𝑟2 − 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

2

Area of the minor segment ACB =

Area of the minor sector OACBO – Area of the triangle AOB.
Area of triangle AOB if angle AOB is 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝝅 𝑟
𝐬𝐢 𝜃 2
𝜃 2
𝜽
𝐧 𝑐𝑜𝑠
( Can be used if the angle is 60° , 90°, 120° )

Area of Major segment = 𝝅 𝑟 − 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

2
2
18
CHAPTER 13 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUMES
CUBOID :

TSA of the Cuboid = 𝟐 ( 𝒍𝒃 + 𝒃𝒉 + 𝒉𝒍 ) 𝒔𝒒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

CSA of the Cuboid = 𝟐 𝒉 ( 𝒍 + 𝒃 ) 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Volume of the Cuboid = 𝒍 𝒃 𝒉 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒄 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Diagonal of the Cuboid = √𝑙2 + 𝑏2 + ℎ2

CUBE :
𝒂 = 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒃𝒆
TSA of the Cube = 𝟔 𝑎2 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
CSA of the Cube = 𝟒 𝑎2 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Volume of the Cube = 𝑎3 𝒄𝒖. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Diagonal of the Cube =√3 a units

CYLINDER :

CSA of the Cylinder = 𝟐 𝝅 𝒓 𝒉 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

r = radius h = height

TSA of the cylinder = 𝟐 𝝅 𝒓 (𝒉+r) sq units

Volume of the cylinder = 𝑟2ℎ cu units
CONE :

𝒓 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒉 = 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒍 = 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕

CSA of the Cone= 𝝅𝒓𝒍 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
TSA of the Cone = 𝝅r(𝒍+r) 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
19

Volume of the cone = 1

𝑟 2
ℎ cu units
3
Relation between r,h,l is 𝑙 = 𝑟 + ℎ
2 2 2

SPHERE :
𝒓 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
Surface Area ( TSA = CSA ) of the Sphere = 𝟒 𝑟2 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Volume of the Sphere = 𝑟 cu units
4 3

HEMISPHERE :

CSA of the Hemisphere = 𝟐 𝝅 𝒓𝟐 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

𝒓 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆

TSA of the Hemisphere = 𝟑 𝝅 𝒓𝟐 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Volume of the Hemisphere = c𝒖. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

𝝅𝒓𝟑
𝟐

HOLLOW CYLINDER :
𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 ;
𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 ;

CSA of the Hollow Cylinder = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒉 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 = 𝟐𝝅𝒉 ( 𝑹 + 𝒓 ) 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

Area of the top and bottom of the Hollow Cylinder = 𝟐 ( 𝝅 𝑹𝟐 − 𝝅 𝒓𝟐 ) = 𝟐 𝝅

TSA of the Hollow Cylinder = 𝟐 𝝅 𝒉 ( 𝑹 + 𝒓 ) + 𝟐 𝝅 ( 𝑹𝟐− 𝒓𝟐 ) 𝒔𝒒 . 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

( 𝑹𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐) 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Volume of the material of the Hollow Cylinder = 𝝅𝑹𝟐𝒉− 𝝅 𝒓𝟐𝒉

=𝝅𝒉(𝑹𝟐−𝒓𝟐) 𝒄𝒖. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
20

SPHERICAL SHELL :

Surface area = outer surface area = 𝟒𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 ; 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

4
Volume of the material of the Spherical shell = 𝜋(𝑅3 − 𝑟3) cu units
3

COMBINED SOLIDS :
WHEN THREE EQUAL CUBES OF SIDE ‘a ’ ARE JOINED END TO END A
CUBOID
IS FORMED.
Length of the Cuboid = 3 a Breadth of the Cuboid = a Height of the Cuboid = a
(Only the length will vary depending on the number of cubes joined)

A CONE SURMOUNTED BY A HEMISPHERE :

= 𝝅 𝒓 𝒍 + 𝟐 𝝅 𝒓𝟐 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Surface area of the solid = CSA of the Cone + CSA of the Hemisphere

A CUBE SURMOUNTED BY A HEMISPHERE :

21

Surface Area of the solid = TSA of the Cube – Area of the base circle of
the Hemisphere + CSA of the Hemisphere.

CYLINDER SURMOUNTED BY A CONE : (CIRCUS TENT SUMS )

Area of the canvas required for the Circus Tent = CSA of the Cylinder +
CSA of the Cone

The diameter of the base of the cone = 𝟐 𝒓 = 𝒂 = 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆. The
A CONE OF MAXIMUM SIZE CARVED OUT FROM A CUBE OF SIDE ‘a’

height ′𝒉′ 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒆 = 𝒂 = 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆.

Volume of the remaining solid = Volume of the Cube – Volume of the Cone. TSA of the
remaining solid = TSA of the Cube – Area of the base circle of the Cone + CSA of the
Cone
22

A cylinder of diameter 7 cm is drilled out from a cubical block of dimensions 15 cm X 10

cm X 5 cm.
Surface Area of the Remaining Solid = TSA of the Cuboid - Area of the top and bottom
Circles of the Cylinder + CSA of the Cylinder.

A Cone of same height and same base radius as a cylinder is hollowed out from the
Cylinder :
T S A of the remaining solid = CSA of the cylinder + Area of the top Circle of the
cylinder + CSA of the Cone

When lead shots or marbles are dropped in a cylindrical or conical vessel ( vessel of any
shape ), the volume of the water raised or the volume of the water overflown = Volume
of the lead shots or marbles dropped. ( Principle of Archimedes )
23
CHAPTER 14 STATISTICS
Mean or average 𝑥̅ of ‘n’ number of observations = sum of all observations / Total no of

𝒙̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑖
observations.
( i = 1,2, n)
𝑛
Mean for ungrouped data = 𝒙̅ = ∑ 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑖 ( i = 1,2, n)
∑ 𝑓𝑖
Median of ‘n’ observations :

If ‘n’ is odd, median is the [(𝒏+𝟏)/𝟐] 𝒕𝒉 observation.

Arrange the given observations in ascending or descending order.

If ‘n’ is even, median=[𝒏/𝟐 𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏+(𝒏/𝟐+ 𝟏) 𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏÷

𝟐
Mode : The most frequently repeated observation.
Mean, Median and Mode are called the Measures of Central Tendency.

CONCEPTS IN X STANDARD :
Class Mark is the Mid-Point of the Class Interval . (Upper Class Limit + Lower Class
Limit) /2
Mean of Grouped Data :
Mean by Assumed Mean Method :

𝑥̅= 𝑎 +∑ 𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑖 ; a = Assumed Mean ; 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎

∑ 𝑓𝑖
Mean by Step Deviation Method : 𝑥̅= 𝑎 + [∑ 𝑓𝑖𝑢𝑖 (h)] 𝑢𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖−𝑎/ℎ
∑ 𝑓𝑖
𝑓 −𝑓
Mode of Grouped Data : Mode = 𝑙 + [([( 1 0 ) × ℎ]

𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 . ( 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕
2𝑓1−𝑓0−𝑓2

𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 )
𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
24

𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 ℎ = 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑁
( −𝐹)
Median for grouped Data : Median = 𝑙 + [ 2 × ℎ]
𝑓
𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
Median class is the corresponding class in which the cumulative frequency is just greater
than N/2
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐹 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑁 = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
ℎ = 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠.
For finding median, the class interval should be continuous. If not, make it continuous.
Ex : Consider 3 Class intervals which are not continuous. 110 – 119 , 120 – 129, 130 –
139 .
The difference between the upper limit of one class interval and the lower limit of the
consecutive class interval is 1. ( 120 – 119 = 1 ) Divide the difference 1 by
2. You get 0.5. Subtract 0.5 from lower limits, add 0.5 to upper limits. The new
continuous Class Intervals are 109.5 – 119.5 , 119.5 – 129.5 , 129.5 – 139.5 .
Now h = 10.
If instead of Class intervals, given less than 20, less than 25 , then
cumulative frequency is given. A proper tabular column with Class interval and
frequency to be prepared.
Empirical Relationship between Mean, Median and Mode :
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
25
CHAPTER 15 PROBABILITY
Probability is the likelihood of occurrence of an event.
Probability of an event A is denoted by P ( A ) .

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 S is called the sample space.

𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝐴)
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑛(𝑆)
TOSSING A COIN :
A ) When a coin is tossed once, 𝑆 = {𝐻 , 𝑇} 𝑛( 𝑆 ) = 2
B ) When one coin is tossed twice or 2 coins are tossed once,
𝑆 = {( 𝐻, 𝐻 ), ( 𝐻, 𝑇 ), ( 𝑇, 𝐻 ), (𝑇, 𝑇)} 𝑛 ( 𝑆 ) = 22 = 4
C ) When one coin is tossed thrice or 3 coins are tossed once,
𝑆 = {( 𝐻,𝐻,𝐻 ), (𝐻,𝐻,𝑇), (𝐻,T,𝐻 ), (𝐻,𝑇,𝑇), ( 𝑇,𝐻,𝐻), (𝑇,𝐻,𝑇), (𝑇,𝑇,𝐻), 𝑇, 𝑇, 𝑇)}
𝑛(𝑆) = 23 = 8.
In general if one coin is tossed ‘n’ times or ‘n’ coins are tossed once , 𝑛(𝑆) = 2𝑛
THROWING A DIE :
A ) When a die is thrown once, 𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } 𝑛 (𝑆) = 6
B ) When a pair of dice are thrown once or a die is thrown twice
(1,1), (1,2), − − −(1,6)
⎛
(2,1), (2,2), − − −(2,6)
⎪
𝑆= (3,1), (3,2), − − −(3,6)
⎨(4,1), (4,2) − − − (4,6)
⎪ (5,1), (5,2), − − −(5,6)
{ (6,1), (6,2), − − −(6,6)
𝑛(𝑆) = 62 = 36
C ) When three dice are thrown once or one die is thrown thrice
𝑛(𝑆) = 63 =216.
Playing Cards :
🔹 Total Cards
52 cards
🔹 Suits (4)
Car
Suit
ds
Spades (♠) 13
Hearts (♥) 13
Diamonds
13
(♦)
Clubs (♣) 13
🔹 Colours
Car
Colour
ds
Red (♥
26
♦)
Black (♠
26
♣)
🔹 Face Cards
King, Queen, Jack
3 per suit
Total = 12 face cards
🔹 Number Cards
2 to 10
9 per suit
Total = 36 number cards
🔹 Aces
Total = 4
4️⃣CARD-RELATED EVENTS (MOST IMPORTANT PART)
🔹 Probability of Drawing:
Favoura Probabil
Event
ble ity
26/52 =
A red card 26
1/2
A black
26 1/2
card
A heart 13 1/4
A spade 13 1/4
A face card 12 3/13
A number
36 9/13
card
An ace 4 1/13
A king 4 1/13
A queen 4 1/13
A jack 4 1/13
🔹 Red Face Cards
Hearts + Diamonds
Face cards per red suit = 3
Total = 6
6 3
𝑃= = P=526=263
52 26
🔹 Black Kings
Spades + Clubs
Kings per suit = 1
Total = 2
2 1
𝑃= = P=522=261
52 26
🔹 Non-Face Cards
Total = 52 − 12 = 40
40 10
𝑃= = P=5240=1310
52 13
🔹 Neither Red nor Black?
❌ Impossible event
𝑃=0 P=0