FUNDEMENTALS OF IOT

UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF
THINGS
Presented by
T. Snehitha Reddy
Assistant Professor
Ece Dept.
Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women
Unit 1 Syllabus Suggested Readings:
1. Olivier Hersent, David Boswarthick, Omar Elloumi, The
■ Introduction to IoT Internet of Things: Key Applications and
Protocols, Wiley, 2012.
Physical design of IoT 2. David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete ,
Things in IoT Robert Barton, Jerome Henry, IoT Fundamentals
Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for the
■ Logical Designs of IoT Internet of Things,” Pearson Education,
IoT Functional block 2017.
3. Arshdeep Bahga and Vijay Madisetti, "Internet of Things:
IoT communication Models A Hands-on Approach," Universities Press,
2015.
■ IoT enabling Techniques Reference Books:
Wireless sensor Networks 1. Raj Kamal, "Internet of Things: Architecture and Design
Principles," McGraw Hill Education, 2017.
■ Levels of IoT 2. Olivier Hersent, David Boswarthick, Omar Elloumi, "The
■ Social benefits of IoT Internet of Things: Key Applications and
Protocols," Wiley, 2012.
■ IoT and M2M 3. Pethuru Raj and Anupama C. Raman, "The Internet of
Things: Enabling Technologies, Platforms, and
Use Cases," CRC Press, 2017.
Introduction to Internet of Things
■ Definition of Internet of Things
– Internet of Things means a network of physical things (objects) sending,
receiving, or communicating information using the Internet or other
communication technologies and network just as the computers, tablets and
mobiles do, and thus enabling the monitoring, coordinating or controlling
process across the Internet or another data network.
(or)
– Internet of Things is the network of physical objects or ‘things’ embedded with
electronics, software, sensors and connectivity to enable it to achieve greater
value and service by exchanging data with the manufacturer, operator and/or
other connected devices.
  Data itself does not have a meaning, until it is processed into
useful information.
 Information is basically a data which thoroughly filtered,
processed and categorized.
 This information obtained, is then organized and structured to
infer knowledge about the system and/or its users, its
environment, and its operations and progress towards its
objectives, allowing a smarter performance,
Ex: In IoT, sensors collect raw data, but this data alone has no
clear meaning. For example, a weather station might generate
readings like {(52, 65), (78, 90)…}. At this stage, they are just
numbers.
When we assign names to these values, such as (temperature, humidity), the data becomes more meaningful. Now we
can understand that at a certain temperature, there is a particular humidity in the air. This is the step where data
becomes information.
Next, we can process the information to make it more useful. For example, instead of looking at each reading, we can
calculate the average temperature and humidity over the last five minutes. This gives us a clearer picture of the weather
trend.
Finally, when we analyze the information and connect it to conditions, we get knowledge that can be used for action.
For example, if the average temperature in the last five minutes is more than 120°F, the system can send an alert. The
alert may even depend on the user’s location.
This shows how IoT works in steps: raw data → information → knowledge → action. Each step adds more meaning
and helps in making better decisions.
Characteristics of the Internet of Things :
■ There are the following characteristics of IoT as follows. Let’s discuss it one by one.
Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity) –
■ IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing contexts and
scenarios. Assume a camera meant for the surveillance. It should be adaptable to
work in different conditions and different light situations (morning, afternoon,
night).
Self-Configuring:
These IoT devices have self-configuring capability, which allows many devices to
work together to provide certain function.
Eg: Weather monitoring system
■ Devices can:
■ Connect to the IoT network on their own
■ Adjust or set up their configurations
■ Download and install the latest software updates
■ This happens with minimal manual work from the user.
Interoperable Communication Protocols:
loT devices may support number of interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and
with the infrastructure.
Ex: A smart bulb can use Wi-Fi to connect to the internet, and Bluetooth to connect to a smartphone.

Unique Identity:–
■ Unique Identity
– Each IoT device has a unique identifier, such as an IP address or a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier).
– This ensures that every device can be recognized and addressed individually.
■ Intelligent Interfaces
Ex: Smart watch:
– IoT systems may have smart interfaces that:
Identified uniquely via Bluetooth ID and IP
■ Adapt to the context (situation or environment)
address when connected to Wi-Fi.
■ Allow communication with users
Tracks health data and adjusts interface
■ Interact with the environment based on activity (walking, running,
■ Device Interfaces sleeping).
– Interfaces let users: User can check heart rate, battery status,
■ Query the device (ask for information) and control notification settings remotely
■ Monitor its status (check battery, signal, usage, etc.)
■ Control the device remotely (turn on/off, change settings)
– This works together with the IoT control, configuration, and management infrastructure.
■ Integration into Networks
IoT devices are usually connected to an information network.
This allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems.
These devices can be discovered automatically in a network (without manual setup).
They can also describe themselves (their functions, features, or data type) to other devices or
applications.
■ Example
A weather monitoring node can tell other connected nodes that it measures temperature,
humidity, and pressure.
Another node (or application) can then use this data for collaboration.
When many IoT devices share data, the system becomes “smarter”.
ADV: Data from multiple devices can be aggregated and analyzed to extract useful insights.
Physical Design of IoT
Things in IoT
■ The “Things” in IoT refers to IoT devices. Each device has a unique identity (e.g., IP address).
■ IoT devices can perform important tasks like:
Remote sensing → collecting data (e.g., temperature, humidity).
Actuating → controlling physical devices (e.g., turning a motor on/off).
Monitoring → keeping track of environmental or device conditions.
■ IoT devices can:
Exchange data with other devices or applications (directly or indirectly).
Process data locally (on the device).
Send data to a server/cloud for further processing.
Split tasks → some done locally, some done in the cloud (based on memory, speed, and
network latency).
■ A typical IoT device includes several interfaces to support its functions. These may include
– input/output (I/O) interfaces for connecting sensors,
– interfaces for internet connectivity (like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or 5G),
– memory and storage units to hold data, and
– even audio or video interfaces for multimedia communication.
Through these interfaces, IoT devices can collect different types of data such as temperature,
humidity, or light intensity.
■ The Connectivity block in an IoT device enables communication with other devices and the internet. It
includes USB Host and Ethernet (RJ45). For example, a smart home hub uses Ethernet to connect to the
router.
■ The Processor (CPU) is the brain of the IoT device. It processes data from sensors and controls operations.
For instance, in a smart thermostat, the CPU processes temperature readings and decides whether to turn the
heater or cooler on.
■ The Audio/Video Interfaces allow the device to handle sound and video. HDMI is used in smart TVs and
streaming devices, 3.5 mm audio jacks in smart speakers or headphones, and RCA connectors in older
multimedia IoT devices like CCTV monitors.
■ The I/O Interfaces connect IoT devices to sensors and actuators. Different protocols are used:
UART is common in GPS modules.
SPI is often used in IoT devices with displays, like smartwatches.
I2C is used to connect multiple small sensors, such as temperature and humidity sensors in weather
stations.
CAN is widely used in automobiles to connect various car systems (engine, brakes, airbags).
■ The Memory block stores data. Flash memory (NAND/NOR) is used in devices like fitness bands to store
health logs, while DDR memory is used in high-performance IoT devices like drones for fast data access
during real-time control.
■ The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) handles visual data. A GPU is used in IoT devices that need displays or
image processing, such as security cameras for video streaming or AR/VR headsets for rendering visuals.
■ The Storage Interfaces provide options for external storage. SD cards are used in surveillance cameras to
store recordings, MMC is used in smartphones for storage expansion, and SDIO interfaces are used in IoT
boards like Arduino to add Wi-Fi or Bluetooth modules.
 Logical Design of IoT:
■ IoT Functional Blocks: Provide the system the capabilities for identification,sensing,
actuation, communication and management.

■ Architecture of IoT Functional Blocks consisting of different blocks:

■ Device
■ Communication
■ Services
■ Management
■ Security
■ Application
Architecture of IoT Functional Blocks
■ 1. Device Block
IoT systems include devices that perform sensing, actuation, monitoring, and control.
General role: Devices sense the environment (e.g., sensors), perform actions (e.g., actuators), and
collect useful data.
Example (Smart Home): Temperature sensors measure room temperature, motion sensors detect
movement, smart thermostats adjust heating/cooling, and smart lights turn on/off when needed.

■ 2. Communication Block
This block manages the communication between IoT devices and other systems.
General role: Uses different communication protocols (Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth, cellular, etc.) to
share data across devices and networks.
Example (Smart Home): The smart thermostat sends data to the cloud using Wi-Fi, while smart
bulbs communicate through Zigbee or Bluetooth with the home hub.
■ 3. Services Block
IoT services allow devices to perform useful tasks.
General role: Includes services like monitoring devices, controlling them, publishing data, and
discovering new devices.
Example (Smart Home): Device monitoring service checks current temperature, control service
allows turning the AC on/off, publishing service sends energy usage data to the cloud, and discovery service
detects when a new smart bulb is connected.

■ 4. Management Block
This block ensures smooth operation of the IoT system.
General role: Handles configuration, fault detection, updates, and efficient operation of the
devices.
Example (Smart Home): If a thermostat stops working, the system reports the fault to the user.
The management block also handles firmware updates for devices and allows configuration of settings like
temperature thresholds.
■ 5. Security Block
The security block protects the IoT system from unauthorized access or attacks.
General role: Provides authentication, authorization, data encryption, and message integrity.
Example (Smart Home): When you log into your mobile app to control the thermostat, you must
authenticate (password/biometric). Data between your phone and devices is encrypted to prevent hacking.
■ 6. Application Block
The application block provides an interface for the user.
General role: Lets users monitor devices, control them, view data, and analyze results.
Example (Smart Home): A mobile app shows the current room temperature, lets you turn on/off
the AC, schedule lighting, and view power usage trends.
IoT Communication Models:
■ Internet of things supports different communication models between the entities in an IoT system.
These communication models are:
1. Request-Response Model
2. Publish-Subscribe Model
3. Push-Pull Model
4. Exclusive Pair Model
1. Request-Response Model
■ The two main entities in request-response model are client and server. The client can be a user,
web application, mobile application, etc.
■ The client may be a browser requesting web pages or accessing an email. Each access of a
resource will be treated as request.
 The request-response model can be illustrated as shown below:

■ The server accepts the requests from the clients, processes them and sends back responses to the
clients. While processing the requests, the server might access additional resources like file,
databases, etc.
■ The request-response model is stateless, i.e., the requests in a session are not related to each
other with respect to a server. Each request is treated as a new one and is completely unrelated to
the previous requests.
■ 2. Publish-Subscribe Model
■ The three main entities in publish-subscribe model are publisher, consumer, and broker. The publisher always
publishes messages at a pre-defined interval.

■ The sensors in IoT can be thought of as publishers. The publishers publish data as topics. The broker is an entity that
maintains different topics to which consumers subscribe. The broker is generally a server.

■ The published messages of publishers are maintained by the broker. The consumers consume the data published by
the publishers.

■ A consumer is generally the IoT application through which the users interact. A consumer can subscribe to one or
more topics maintained by a broker.
■ Eg: 1. Think of YouTube:
■ Publisher → The person who uploads a video.
■ Broker → YouTube itself, which manages the channel and subscriptions.
■ Consumers (Subscribers) → People who subscribe to the channel.

■ Ex:2, Publisher → A soil moisture sensor in a field.

■ Broker → An IoT broker (like MQTT broker).
■ Consumers → A farmer’s smartphone app (to get real-time updates).
■ An automatic irrigation system (to water crops if soil is dry).
3. Push-Pull Model
■ The main entities in a push-pull model are publisher, consumer, and queues. The publisher pushes messages to the queues.

■ The sensors in IoT can be thought of as publishers of data. One or more queues store that data pushed by the publishers.

■ Unlike the publish-subscribe model, there is ordering of messages in push-pull model.

■ The consumers pull the messages from the queues and consume the messages. A consumer is generally the IoT application
through which the users interact.
■ Ex: soil moisture control
■ How it works:
– Soil moisture sensors push their readings (moisture levels) into a queue.
– The irrigation controller (consumer) pulls the data from the queue when it’s ready.
– The queue ensures buffering if the controller is slow or busy.
■ Example:
– Sensor pushes “Moisture = 25%” → Queue stores it.
– After a few seconds, irrigation system pulls the reading and decides to turn on sprinklers.
 ■ Publish–Subscribe Model
Push–Pull Model
How it works: ■ How it works:
Soil moisture sensors push their readings – Soil moisture sensors act as publishers.
(moisture levels) into a queue. – They publish their data to a broker (e.g.,
The irrigation controller (consumer) pulls the MQTT broker).
data from the queue when it’s ready.
– Multiple consumers (subscribers) can
The queue ensures buffering if the controller is subscribe to the sensor topic.
slow or busy.
– The broker forwards each new reading
Example:
to all subscribers.
Sensor pushes “Moisture = 25%” → Queue
stores it. ■ Example:
After a few seconds, irrigation system pulls the – Sensor publishes “Moisture = 25%” →
reading and decides to turn on sprinklers. Broker forwards it to:
Best for: Handling different speeds between data ■ Irrigation controller (to decide watering)
producers (sensors) and consumers (controllers) ■ Farmer’s mobile app (to display alerts)
■ Cloud server (to store history for
analytics)
■ Best for: When the same data is needed
by multiple devices simultaneously.
Feature Push–Pull Publish–Subscribe

Sensor → Queue → Irrigation Sensor → Broker → Sends to

Flow
controller pulls later multiple subscribers instantly

Usually one main consumer Many consumers (controller, app,

Consumers
(irrigation controller) cloud, etc.)

Consumer pulls when ready → Subscribers get data immediately

Timing
may delay processing from broker

Useful when data must be shared

Useful when irrigation system and
Use Case widely (farmer app, analytics,
sensors work at different speeds
control)
4. Exclusive Pair Model
■ The main entities in an exclusive pair model are client and server. The client and server establish
a full duplex connection for sending and receiving data.
■ Before sending a request, the client establishes a connection with the server and then sends the
request.
■ The data requests can be one or more. The server receives these requests through the same
connection and sends back responses. After the data transfer is complete, the connection between
the client and server is terminated.
■ Unlike publish-subscribe model, exclusive pair model is stateful. So, the server can automatically
identify that the request is coming from a previous client or not.
■ Example:
– Scenario: A smart home Bluetooth lock system.
Devices: A smartphone directly pairs with a Bluetooth-enabled door lock.
Working: The phone sends a secure unlock command directly to the lock. The lock
responds with a status (“Unlocked”).
Benefit: Very fast, private, and secure because communication happens directly one-to-
one, without intermediaries.
ASPECT REQUEST–RESPONSE PUBLISH–SUBSCRIBE PUSH–PULL EXCLUSIVE PAIR

Publishers send data to broker Producers push to queue, Direct device-to-device

BASIC IDEA Client requests, server responds
→ broker forwards to subscribers consumers pull from queue communication

PARTIES INVOLVED Client & Server Publisher, Broker, Consumer Producer, Queue, Consumer Only two devices

Publisher does not know Producer does not know

AWARENESS Client knows server
consumer consumer
Both devices know each other

One publisher → many Many producers/consumers →

DATA FLOW One request → one response
subscribers queue mediates
One-to-one continuous exchange

Asynchronous (broker pushes Asynchronous (queue buffers Synchronous/Asynchronous

DELIVERY STYLE Synchronous (client waits for response)
updates) data) depending on design

Medium (queues balance load

SCALABILITY Low (one-to-one only) High (one-to-many supported)
but need resources)
Very Low (only one pair)

Soil moisture sensor pushes

Smart home app requests temperature Weather sensor publishes → A Bluetooth headset directly
IOT EXAMPLE from thermostat multiple user apps get updates
data to queue → irrigation app
connected to a smartphone
pulls later
Internet of Things (IoT) Enabling Technologies
 IoT is enabled by several technologies
■ Wireless Sensor Network
■ Cloud Computing
■ Big Data Analytics
■ Communications Protocols
■ Embedded System
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) :
■ A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the environmental and physical
conditions. A wireless sensor network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators.
 End nodes have several sensors attached to them.
 Routers are responsible for routing the data packets from end-nodes to the coordinator.
 The coordinator collects the data from all the nodes. Coordinator also acts as a gateway that connects the WSN
to the Internet.
Example :
 WSNs used in IoT systems are described as follows:
o Weather Monitoring System: in which nodes collect temp, humidity and other data, which is aggregated and analyzed.
o Indoor air quality monitoring systems: to collect data on the indoor air quality and concentration of various gases.

o Soil Moisture Monitoring Systems: to monitor soil moisture at various locations.

o Surveillance Systems: use WSNs for collecting surveillance data (motion data detection).
o Smart Grids: use WSNs for monitoring grids at various points.
o Structural Health Monitoring Systems: Use WSNs to monitor the health of structures (building, bridges) by collecting vibrations from sensor nodes deployed at various points in the
structure

WSNs are enabled by wireless communication protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4. ZigBee is one of the most popular
wireless technologies used by WSNs.
They are self-organizing networks, so there is no need to manually configure each node. If some nodes fail or new nodes
are added, the network can automatically reconfigure itself, making it more reliable and robust.
Levels of IoT 1. Device
An IoT device is any physical object with sensors or actuators that can:
Collect data (sensing)
■ Components of IoT Perform actions (actuating)
• Device Be identified (has an ID)
• Resource Be monitored or controlled remotely
Example: A smart bulb, a fitness tracker, or a soil moisture sensor.
• Controller Service
• Database 2. Resource
Resources are the software parts inside the IoT device that:
• Web service
Access, process, and store sensor data
• Analysis component Control connected actuators
• Application Enable network access (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.)
Think of them as the "apps" inside the IoT device that make it work.

3. Controller Service
A controller service runs on the IoT device and acts like a messenger:
Sends device data to the web service
Receives commands from the application (through the web service) and controls the
device
Example: The service that sends your heart rate from a smartwatch to the health app
and applies settings back to the watch.
■ 4. Database
6. Analysis Component
■ A database stores IoT data, either:
This part analyzes the IoT data to generate useful results,
■ Locally (inside or near the device) either:
■ In the cloud (accessible over the internet) On the device (local)
■ Example: Temperature logs stored in cloud servers for In the cloud
later analysis. Example: Turning raw step counts into “You walked 5 km
today” on your fitness app.
■ 5. Web Service
■ A web service is the middle layer that connects IoT
devices, apps, and databases. 7. Application
It can use two main communication styles: An IoT application is the user interface (app/web dashboard)
■ REST (HTTP-based): that:
– Stateless (each request is separate) Lets users monitor the system
– Works in one direction (client → server) Control devices
– Request-response model View processed data and system status
– Slower, more overhead → not good for real-time
– Easier to scale
■ WebSocket:
– Stateful (server remembers connections)
– Bi-directional (client server)
– Full-duplex (both talk anytime)
– Less overhead, good for real-time apps
– Harder to scale horizontally
■ Level 1 IoT
A Level-1 IoT system is the simplest form of IoT deployment, consisting of a single device or node. This
device can perform sensing or actuation, storing data locally, carrying out basic analysis, and even hosting the
application. Such systems are best suited for low-cost and low-complexity solutions where the amount of data
involved is small and the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.

Example: Home automation

■ A single IoT device is used to control the lights and appliances in a home.
■ The device connects to the appliances using electronic relay switches.
■ The status of each light or appliance is stored in a local database.
■ REST services deployed locally are used to retrieve and update the state information in the database.
■ A controller service continuously monitors the database to check device status and triggers the relay
switches as needed.
■ The application, deployed locally, provides a user interface for controlling the appliances.
■ Since the device is connected to the Internet, the application can also be accessed remotely for
monitoring and control
Level 2 IoT
■ A Level-2 IoT system consists of a single device or node that performs sensing and/or actuation along
with basic local analysis. However, unlike a Level-1 system, the data generated by the device is stored in
the cloud, and the application is also usually cloud-based. These systems are well suited for cases where
the volume of data is large, but the analysis requirements are not highly computationally intensive and
can still be handled locally.
Example:
■ A single IoT node monitors soil moisture level and controls the irrigation system.
■ The device collects data from soil moisture sensors.
■ A controller service continuously checks the moisture readings.
■ If moisture drops below a threshold, the irrigation system is activated.
■ Actuators such as solenoid valves are used to control water flow.
■ The controller also sends moisture data to the cloud.
■ A cloud-based REST web service handles storing and retrieving moisture data.
■ Data is stored in a cloud database.
■ A cloud-based application visualizes moisture levels over time.
■ Visualization helps in planning irrigation schedules.
Level 3 IoT
■ A Level-3 IoT system consists of a single device or node, but unlike Level-1 and Level-2 systems, both data
storage and analysis are handled entirely in the cloud, and the application is also cloud-based. These
systems are most suitable for scenarios where the data generated is large and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.

■ Example: Package Handling System (Level-3 IoT)

■ A single IoT node is attached to a package being shipped.
■ The device uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensors to monitor vibration levels.
■ The controller service sends sensor data to the cloud in real-time using a WebSocket service.
■ Sensor data is stored in the cloud database.
■ A cloud-based application visualizes the vibration data.
■ Cloud-based analysis components process the data.
■ If vibration levels exceed a threshold, alerts are triggered.
■ WebSocket service is preferred over REST because:
– It supports real-time data transfer.
– Cloud applications can subscribe to live data feeds for continuous monitoring.
REST/ WebSocket
Services
Level 4 IoT
A Level-4 IoT system consists of multiple IoT nodes that work independently, with each node capable of sensing
and performing some local analysis. The data collected by these nodes is sent to the cloud, where it is stored and
analyzed, while the application remains cloud-based. A unique feature of Level-4 systems is the presence of
observer nodes, which can subscribe to and receive data from the cloud. These observer nodes can process and use
the information for various applications, but they do not perform any control functions. Level-4 IoT systems are best
suited for large-scale deployments where the amount of data is very large, and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
Example: (Noise Monitoring example)
■ Multiple IoT nodes are placed at different locations within an area.
■ Each node is equipped with sound sensors to measure noise levels.
■ Nodes function independently and run their own controller services.
■ Each controller service transmits noise data to the cloud.
■ The collected data is stored in a cloud database.
■ Cloud-based analysis identifies noise patterns, monitors pollution levels, and detects violations.
■ A cloud-based application visualizes the aggregated data.
■ Visualization outputs include heat maps and noise trends over time.
■ The system helps city administrators, environmental agencies, and urban planners enforce noise regulations
and improve quality of life.
Level 5 IoT
■ A Level-5 IoT system consists of multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. The end nodes are
responsible for sensing and/or actuation, while the coordinator node collects data from these end nodes and
forwards it to the cloud. Once the data is sent to the cloud, it is stored, analyzed, and processed through
cloud-based applications. Level-5 IoT systems are particularly suitable for wireless sensor network
(WSN)-based solutions where the amount of data generated is large and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive. The presence of the coordinator node ensures efficient data collection and
connectivity between distributed end nodes and the cloud, enabling large-scale monitoring and decision-
making.
■ Example: Forest fire detection
■ Multiple IoT end nodes are deployed across a forest to monitor temperature, humidity, and CO₂ levels.
■ End nodes are equipped with different sensors (temperature, humidity, CO₂).
■ A coordinator node collects the sensed data from all end nodes.
■ The coordinator acts as a gateway providing Internet connectivity to the IoT system.
■ The controller service on the coordinator sends the collected data to the cloud.
■ Data is stored in a cloud database.
■ The computing cloud aggregates the data and performs predictive analysis for fire detection.
■ A cloud-based application visualizes the data for decision-makers.
Level 6 IoT
■ A Level-6 IoT system is characterized by multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation
and directly send their data to the cloud. The data collected from these nodes is stored in the cloud, where
analytics components process it to generate meaningful insights. These analyzed results are also stored in the
cloud database and then visualized through cloud-based applications for user interpretation. Unlike earlier
levels, Level-6 IoT systems employ a centralized controller that is aware of the status of all connected nodes.
This centralized controller not only monitors the system but can also send control commands back to the end
nodes, enabling both data-driven decision-making and active control of the environment. Such a system is ideal
for applications requiring large-scale monitoring, real-time analytics, and centralized control across multiple
independent devices.
■ Example: Weather Monitoring
■ Multiple IoT nodes are deployed in different locations to monitor temperature, humidity, and pressure.
■ Each end node is equipped with dedicated sensors (temperature, pressure, humidity).
■ End nodes transmit data to the cloud in real time using a WebSocket service.
■ The data is stored in a cloud database for further use.
■ Cloud-based analytics aggregate and analyze the data to make predictions (e.g., weather forecasting).
■ A cloud-based application is used to visualize the results for users such as meteorologists and the public.
■ The centralized controller continuously monitors all end nodes and can send control commands when
necessary.
IoT and M2M
 Social benefits of IOTs
 The Internet of Things (IoT) applications span a wide range of domains Home
Automation Cities Environment, Energy, Retail, Logistics, Agriculture, Industry and
Health & Lifestyle.
HOME AUTOMATION
 HOME AUTOMATION

 IoTApplications for Smart home includes

 Smart Lighting

 Smart Appliances

 Intrusion Detection

 Smoke/Gas Detectors

Dept. of CS&E, MSRIT

 SMART LIGHTING

 Smart Lightning for homes helps in saving energy

 Smart lighting includes LED lights and IP enabled lights.

 Wireless enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT
applications such as a mobile or web application.

 Smart lights with sensors for occupancy, temperature, etc.., can be configured to adapt the
lighting based on the ambient conditions sensed in order to provide a good ambience.
 SMART
APPLIANCES
 Modern homes have a number of appliances such as
TVs, refrigerators, music systems etc.

 Smart thermostats allow controlling the temperature

remotely and can learn the user preferences.

 Smart refrigerators can keep track of the items stored and

send updates to the users when an item is low on stock.

 Smart TVs allows users to search and stream videos and

movies from the Internet on a local storage drive, search
TV channel schedules and fetch news, weather updates
and other content from the Internet.
 INTRUSION
DETECTION
 Home Intrusion detection system uses a security cameras and
sensors such as PIR sensors and door sensors to detect
intrusions and raise alerts.

 Alerts can be in the form of an SMS or an email sent to the user.

 Advanced systems can even send detailed alerts such as an
image grab or a short video clip sent as an email attachment.

 A cloud controlled intrusion detection system uses location

aware services, where the geo location of each node of a
home automation system is independently detected and stored
in the cloud.
 SMOKE/GAS
DETECTORS
 Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to
detect smoke that is typically an early sign of fire.
 Smoke detectors use optical detection, ionization or sampling
techniques to detect smoke.
 Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals
to a fire alarm system.
 Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such
as carbon monoxide (CO), liquid petroleum is and send an
SMS or email to the user or the local fire safety department
and provide feedback on its status.
 SMART CITIES
 IoTApplications for Smart cities includes
 Smart Parking
 Smart Lighting
 Smart Roads

 Structural Health Monitoring

 Surveillance
 Emergency Response
 SMART PARKING
 Smart parking make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.

 Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the number of empty parking slots and send the
information over the internet.

 These applications can be accessed by the drivers from smart phones, tablets and in car navigation systems.

 In smart parking, sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is empty or occupied. This
information is aggregated by a local controller and then sent over the internet to the database.
 SMART LIGHTING
 Smart Lighting systems for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.
 Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adaptive to the
ambient conditions.
 Smart lights connected to the internet can be controlled remotely to configure
lighting schedules and lighting intensity.
 Custom lighting configurations can be set for
different situations such as foggy day, a
festival etc. smart lights equipped with
sensors can communicate with other lights
and exchange information on the
sensed ambient conditions to adapt the
lighting.
 SMART ROADS

 Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions, travel time
estimates and alerts in case of poor driving conditions, traffic congestions and accidents.
 Such information can help in making the roads safer and help in making the roads safer and help in
reducing traffic jams.
 Information sensed from the roads can be communicated via the Internet to cloud based
applications and social media and disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to such applications.
 STRUCTURAL HEALTH
MONITORING
 It uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels in the
structures such as bridges and buildings. The data collected from
these sensors is analyzed to assess the health of the structures.

 By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and

mechanical breakdowns, locate the damages to a structure and also
calculate the remaining life of the structure.

 Using such systems, advance warnings can be given in the case of

imminent failure of the structure.
STRUCTURAL HEALTH
MONITORING
 SURVEILLANCE
 The video feeds from surveillance cameras can
be aggregated in cloud based scalable storage
solution. The video feeds from surveillance
cameras can be aggregated in cloud-based
scalable storage solutions.

 Cloud-based video analytics applications can be

developed to search for patterns of specific
events from the video feeds.
 EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
 IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage detection can help in generating alerts and
minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructures. IoT systems can be used for monitoring
the critical infrastructure cities such as buildings, gas, and water pipelines, public transport and
power substations.
 IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregation and sharing of information
collected from lager number of sensors.

 Using cloud-based architectures, multi-modal information such as sensor data, audio, video feeds
can be analyzed in near real-time to detect adverse events.

 The alert can be in the form :

 Alerts sent to the public
 Re-rerouting of traffic
 Evacuations of the affected areas
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
 ENVIRONMENT
 IoT Applications for Environment includes
 Weather monitoring
Air pollution Monitoring
 Noise Pollution Monitoring
Forest Fire Detection
 River Floods Detection
 WEATHER MONITORING
 Weather monitoring systems can collect data
from a number of sensor attached such as
temperature, pressure etc.., and send the data to
cloud based applications and storage back
ends.

 The data collected in the cloud can then be

analyzed and visualized by cloud based
applications. Weather alerts can be sent to the
subscribed users from such applications.
 AIR POLLUTION MONITORING
 IoT based air pollution monitoring
systems can monitor emission of harmful
gases ( CO2, CO, NO, NO2 etc) by
factories and automobiles using gaseous
and meteorological sensors.

 A real time air quality monitoring system

can comprise of several distributed
monitoring stations that communicate via
wireless with a back end server using
machine to machine communication.
NOISE POLLUTION MONITORING

 Due to growing urban development, noise levels in cities have increased and even become alarmingly
high in some cities.

 IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise monitoring systems that are deployed at
different places in a city.

 The data on noise levels from the station is collected on servers or in the cloud. The collected data is
then aggregated to generate noise maps.

 It uses a number of noise monitoring stations that are deployed at different places in a city.

 The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on servers or in the cloud and then the collected
data is aggregate to generate noise maps.
FOREST FIRE DETECTION

 Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, properly and human life.
 There can be different cause of forest fires including lightening, human negligence, volcanic
eruptions and sparks from rock fails.
 Early detection of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage. IoT based forest fire detection
systems use a number of monitoring nodes deployed at different locations in forest.

 Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient conditions including temperature,

humidity, light levels etc.
RIVER FLOODS DETECTION
 River floods can cause damage to natural and
human resources and human life. Early warnings of
floods can be given by monitoring the water level
and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring
system uses a no. of sensor nodes that monitor the
water level and flow rate sensors.
 IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number
of sensor nodes that monitor the water level
using ultrasonic sensors and flow rate using velocity
sensors.
 Data from these sensors is aggregated in a server or in
the cloud, monitoring applications raise alerts
when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is
detected.
 ENERGY
 IoT Applications for Energy includes
 Smart Grids
Renewable Energy Systems
 Prognostics
 SMART GRIDS
 It is a data communication network integrated with the electrical grids that
collects and analyze data captured in near-real-time about power
transmission, distribution and consumption.

 Smart grid technology provides predictive information and recommendations

to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage power.

 By using IoT based sensing and measurement technologies, the health of

equipment and integrity of the grid can be evaluated.
 Smart grid collect the data
regarding :
- Electricity generation
- Electricity consumption
- Storage
- Distribution and equipment health data

 By analyzing the data on power

generation, transmission and
consumption of smart grids can
improve efficiency throughout the
electric system.
 SMART GRIDS
 Storage collection and analysis of smarts grids data in the cloud can help in
dynamic optimization of system operations, maintenance, and planning.

 Cloud-based monitoring of smart grids data can improve energy usage

levels via energy feedback to users coupled with real-time pricing
information.

 Condition monitoring data collected from power generation and

transmission systems can help in detecting faults and predicting outages.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
 Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources (such
as solar and wind), integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability
and reliability problems.

 IoT based systems integrated with the transformer at the point of

interconnection measure the electrical variables and how much power is
fed into the grid.

 To ensure the grid stability, one solution is to simply cut off the
overproductions.
 PROGNOSTICS
 IoT based prognostic real-time health management systems can predict
performance of machines of energy systems by analyzing the extent of
deviation of a system from its normal operating profiles.

 In the system such as power grids, real time information is collected using
specialized electrical sensors called Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)

 Analyzing massive amounts of maintenance data collected from sensors in

energy systems and equipment can provide predictions for impending
failures.
 RETAIL
 IoTApplications for Retail includes
 Inventory Management
 Smart Payments
 Smart Vending machine
 INVENTORY
MANAGEMENT
 Inventory management for retail has become increasingly important over
stocking of products can result in additional storage expenses and risk, under
stocking can lead to loss of revenue.

 IoT systems using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags can help in
inventory management and maintaining the right inventory levels.

 RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in real time so
that the inventory levels can be determined accurately and products which are
low on stock can be replenished.
 SMART PAYMENTS

 Smart payment solutions such as contact less payments powered by

technologies such as Near field communication (NFC) and
Bluetooth.

 Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smart

phones and other devices to communicate with each other by bringing
them into proximity or by touching them.

 Customer can store the credit card information in their NFC-enabled

smart-phones and make payments by bringing the smart-phone near
the point of sale terminals.

 NFC maybe used in combination with Bluetooth, where NFC initiates

initial pairing of devices to establish a Bluetooth connection while the
actual data transfer takes place over Bluetooth.
 SMART VENDING MACHINE

 Smart vending machines connected to the Internet allow remote

monitoring of inventory levels, elastic pricing of products,
promotions, and contact less payments using NFC.

 Smart phone applications that communicate with smart vending

machines allow user preferences to be remembered and learned
with time.

 When a user moves from one vending machine to the other and
pairs the smart phone the vending machine, a user specific
interface is presented.

 Users can save their preferences and favorite products. Sensors in

a smart vending machine monitor its operations and send data to
the cloud which can be used for predictive maintenance.
 LOGISTICS

 IoTApplications for Logistics includes

 Route Generation and scheduling
 Shipment Monitoring
 Remote Vehicle diagnostics
Route Generation and scheduling

 Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected from multiple

sources.

 By collecting large amount of data from various sources and processing the
data into useful information

 Data driven transportation systems can provide new services such as

advanced route guidance, dynamic vehicle routing

 Route generation and scheduling systems can generate end to end routes.
 SHIPMENT MONITORING
 Shipment monitoring solutions for transportation systems allow
monitoring the conditions inside containers.

 For example, containers carrying fresh food produce can be monitored to

prevent spoilage of food.

 IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as temperature,

pressure, humidity, for instance, to monitor the conditions inside the
containers and send the data to the cloud, where it can be analyzed to
detect food spoilage.
REMOTE VEHICLE DIAGNOSTICS
 Remote vehicle diagnostics systems can detect faults in the vehicles or warn of impending faults.

 These diagnostic systems use on board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle operation and
status of various vehicle sub systems.

 Such data can be captured by integrating on-board diagnostic systems with IoT devices using
protocols such as CAN bus.

 Modern commercial vehicles support on-board diagnostic (OBD) standards such as OBD-II.

 OBD systems provide real time data on the status of vehicle sub systems and diagnostic trouble
codes which allow rapidly identifying the faults in the vehicle.

 IoT based vehicle diagnostic systems can send the vehicle data to centralized servers or the
cloud where it can be analyzed to generate alerts and suggest remedial actions.
 AGRICULTURE
 IoTApplications forAgriculture includes
 Smart irrigation
 Green House Control
 SMART IRRIGATION
 Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yields while saving water.
 Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine
the amount of moisture in the soil and release the flow of water through the
irrigation pipes only when the moisture levels go below a predefined threshold.

 Smart irrigation systems also collect moisture level measurements on a server

or in the cloud where the collected data can be analyzed to plan watering
schedules.
 GREEN HOUSE CONTROL
 Green houses are structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide conductive environment for
growth of plants.

 The climatological conditions inside a green house can be monitored and controlled to provide the
best conditions for growth of plants.

 The temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide levels are monitored using sensors
and the climatological conditions are controlled automatically using actuation devices.

 IoT systems play an important role in green house control and help in improving productivity.

 The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or in the cloud where analysis
is performed to optimize the control strategies and also correlate the productivity with different
control strategies
GREEN HOUSE CONTROL
 INDUSTRY
 IoTApplications for Industry includes
 Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis
 Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
 MACHINE DIAGNOSIS
AND PROGNOSIS
 Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine
by analyzing the data on the current operating conditions and how
much deviations exist from the normal operating conditions.

 Machine diagnosis refers to determining the cause of a machine

fault.

 IoT plays a major role in both prognosis and diagnosis of industrial

machines.
 INDOOR AIR QUALITY
MONITORING
 Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health and safety
of the workers.

 Harmful and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen

monoxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), etc., can cause serious health
problems.

 IoT based health monitoring systems can help in monitoring the indoor air
quality using various gas sensors.
 HEALTH AND
LIFESTYLE
 IoT Applications for Health and Lifestyle includes
 Health and Fitness Monitoring
 Wearable Electronics
HEALTH AND FITNESS
MONITORING
 Wearable IoT devices that allow non-invasive and continuous monitoring of
physiological parameters can help in continuous health and fitness monitoring.
 The wearable devices form a type of wireless sensor networks called body area
networks in which the measurements from a number of wearable devices are
continuous sent to a master node such as smart phone which then sends the data
to a server or a cloud based back end for analysis and archiving.
 Health care providers can analyze the collected health care data to determine any
health conditions or anomalies. Commonly uses body sensors include body
temperature, heart rate, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SPo2), blood pressure,
electrocardiogram (ECG).
 Wearable Electronics
 Wearable electronics such as wearable gadgets smart watches, smart glasses,
wristbands etc., and fashion electronics with electronics integrated in clothing
and accessories provide various functions and features to assist us in daily
activities and making us lead healthy lifestyles.
 Smart watches that run mobile operating systems provide enhanced functionality
beyond just timekeeping.
 With smart watches, the users can search the internet, play audio/video files,
make calls and use various kinds of mobile applications.
 Smart glasses allows users to take photos and record videos, get map directions,
check flight status and search Internet using Voice commands
 INTRODUCTION IoT and M2M

■ The term which is often used synonymously with IoT is Machine to Machine (M2M)

■ Though IoT and M2M are often used interchangeably, these terms have evolved
from different backgrounds.

■ In this topic mainly focuses on some of the similarities and differences between IoT
and M2M.
 What is IoT and M2M
■ IoT and M2M provide remote access to information without human intervention.

■ Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of machines (or devices) for the purpose of
remote monitoring, control and data exchange.

■ It provides direct communication between individual machines or devices. It designed to

communicate between devices (Machines) for a specific purpose.

■ IoT is a broader concept for internet communication between devices. It involves a wide range of
devices, sensors, actuators, and applications that communicate over the internet.

■ M2M uses non-IP based proprietary networks and IoT uses broad networks protocol based on IP.
Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
M2M

■ The figure shows the end-to-end architecture for M2M systems comprising of M2M area
networks, communication network and application domain.

■ An M2M area network comprises of machines (or M2M nodes) which have embedded
hardware modules for sensing, actuation and communication.

■ Various communication protocols can be used for M2M local area networks such as ZigBee,
Bluetooth, M-Bus, Modbus, UWB, 6LoWPAN, IEEE 802.15.4, etc.

■ The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M area networks.

■ The communication network can use either wired or wireless networks (IP based).
 M2M Gate Way
■ While the M2M area networks use either proprietary or non-IP based communication
protocols, the communication network uses IP-based networks.

■ Since non-IP based protocols are used within M2M area networks, the M2M nodes
within one network cannot communicate with nodes in an external network.

■ To enable the communication between remote M2M area networks, M2M gateways are
used. It acts as an intermediatory between various devices and systems in a machine-
to-machine setup.

■ The below figure shows the block diagram of an M2M gateway.

M2M Gate Way
 M2M Gate Way
■ The communication between the M2M nodes and the M2M gateway is based on the
communication protocols which are native to the M2M area network.

■ M2M gateway performs protocol translations to enable IP-connectivity for M2M area networks.

■ M2M gateway act as a proxy performing translations from/to native protocols to/from Internet
Protocol (IP).

■ With an M2M gateway, each node in an M2M area network appears as a virtualized node for
external M2M area networks.
Difference between IoT and M2M

■ Though both M2M and IoT involve networking of machine or devices, they differ in the underlying
technologies, systems architecture and types of applications.

■ The differences between M2M and IoT are described as follows:

1. Communication Protocols

– M2M and IoT can differ in how the communication between the machines or devices
happens.

– M2M uses either proprietary or non-IP based communication protocols for communication
within the M2M area networks.
 Difference between IoT and M2M
■ The focus of communication in M2M is usually on the protocols below the network layer.
■ Where as the focus of communication in IoT is usually on the protocols above the network layer.

Application Layer Application Layer

HTTP CoAP WebSocket's HTTP CoAP WebSocket's

MQTT XMPP DDS AMQP MQTT XMPP DDS AMQP

IoT
Transport Layer Transport Layer

TCP UDP TCP UDP

Network Layer Network Layer

IPv4 IPv6 6LoWPAN IPv4 IPv6 6LoWPAN

M2M
Primary Point to Point
Link Layer Link Layer
802.3 - Ethernet 802.16 - WiMax 802.3 - Ethernet 802.16 - WiMax
2G/3G/LTE - 2G/3G/LTE -
Cellular Cellular
802.11 - WiFi 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN 802.11 - WiFi 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
Difference between IoT and M2M
2. Machines in M2M vs Things in IoT

– The "Things" in IoT refers to physical objects that have unique identifiers and can sense and
communicate with their external environment

– M2M systems, in contrast to IoT, typically have homogeneous machine types within an M2M
area network

3. Hardware vs Software Emphasis

– While the emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with embedded modules, the emphasis of
IoT is more on software.

4. Data Collection and Analysis

– M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on-premises storage infrastructure.

– In contrast to M2M, the data in IoT is collected in the cloud

Difference between IoT and M2M
5. Applications
– M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be accessed by
on-premises applications such as diagnosis applications, service
management applications, and on premises enterprise
applications.
– IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed by cloud
applications such as analytics applications, enterprise
applications, remote diagnosis and management applications, etc.
Difference between IoT and M2M
M2M IoT
M2M is about direct communication between machines. The IoT is about sensors automation and internet
platform.
It supports point to point communication. It supports cloud communication.
Devices do not necessarily rely on an internet connection. Devices rely on an internet connection.
M2M is mostly hardware – based technology. IoT is both hardware and software-based technology.
Machines normally communicate with a single machine Many users can access at one time over the internet.
at a time.
A device can be connected through mobile another Data delivery depends on the Internet Protocols
network. (IP)network.
M2M applications include vending machines, ATMs, IoT applications include smart cities, offices and
smart meters. homes, telehealth, connected cars and EV charging
networks, wearables.
Sensors
■ Definition: A sensor is a device that detects changes in physical, chemical, or environmental
conditions and converts them into measurable electrical signals. These signals can then be
processed, displayed, or used to trigger actions in a system.
Examples of Sensors
– Temperature Sensor: Measures temperature (e.g., LM35, DHT11).
– Motion Sensor: Detects movement (e.g., PIR sensor).
– Light Sensor: Measures light intensity (e.g., LDR).
– Pressure Sensor: Detects pressure changes (e.g., barometer).
– Proximity Sensor: Detects presence of nearby objects (e.g., ultrasonic sensor).
Actuators
■ An actuator is a device that converts electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical energy into
physical motion to perform a specific task.

– They are the action-taking components in automation, robotics, IoT, and control systems.
– Example:
Automobiles: Electric window actuators, throttle control, ABS braking.
•Robotics: Servo motors for precise movement.
•Smart Homes: Automatic door locks, motorized curtains, HVAC dampers.
•Healthcare: Syringe pumps, prosthetics.
•Aerospace: Flight control surfaces (flaps, rudders).