Benefits of Grid Synchronization:

1. In a synchronous grid, all the generators naturally lock together electrically and run at the
same frequency, and stay very nearly in phase with each other. when the grid is heavily
loaded, the frequency slows, and governors adjust their generators so that more power is
output (droop speed control). When the grid is lightly loaded the grid frequency runs above
the nominal frequency, and this is taken as an indication by Automatic Generation
Control systems across the network that generators should reduce their output.
2. Inertia in a synchronous grid is stored energy that a grid has available which can provide
extra power for up to a few seconds to maintain the grid frequency. Historically, this was
provided only by the angular momentum of the generators, and gave the control circuit’s time
to adjust their output to variations in loads, and sudden generator or distribution failures. In
case of Grid system, it is considered to have ideally infinite inertia.
3. In short circuit situations, it's important for a grid to be able to provide sufficient current to
keep the voltage and frequency reasonably stable until circuit breakers can resolve the fault.
Many traditional generator systems had wires which could be overloaded for very short
periods without damage, but inverters are not as able to deliver multiple times their rated
load. In case of Grid system, it has high short circuit ratio.

Formation of National Grid:

The National Grid is the high-voltage electricity transmission network in India,
connecting power stations and major substations and ensuring that electricity generated
anywhere in India can be used to satisfy demand elsewhere. The National Grid is owned, and
maintained by state-owned Power Grid Corporation of India and operated by state-
owned Power System Operation Corporation. It is one of the largest operational synchronous
grids in the world with 417.68 GW of installed power generation capacity as of 31 May
2023.
India's grid is connected as a wide area synchronous grid nominally running at 50 Hz.
The permissible range of the frequency band is 49.5-50.5 Hz, effective 17 September 2012.
The Union Government regulates grid frequency by requiring States to pay more when they
draw power at low [Link] are also synchronous interconnections to Bhutan, and
asynchronous links with Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Nepal. An undersea
interconnection to Sri Lanka (India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection) has also been
proposed. A proposed interconnection between Myanmar and Thailand would facilitate the
creation of a power pool and enable trading among all BIMSTEC nations.
The Indian Power system for planning and operational purposes is divided into five
regional [Link] integration of regional grids, and thereby establishment of National Grid,
was conceptualised in the early nineties.
 Initially, State grids were interconnected to form a regional grid and India was
demarcated into 5 regions namely Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and
Southern region.
 In 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected. Further, in 2003, Western
region grid was connected with it.
 In august 2006 North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4 regional grids are
synchronously connected forming a central grid operating at one frequency.
 On 31st December 2013, the southern Region was connected to the Central Grid.
Thereby achieving 'One Nation, One Grid, One Frequency’.
 All possible measures are taken to ensure that the grid frequency always remains
within the 49.90-50.05 Hz (hertz) band.

Grid Characteristics:
 Load Demand: The demand, or load on an electrical grid is the total electrical
power being drawn by the loads connected to the grid. The extra peak demand
requirements are sometimes produced by expensive peaking plants that are
generators optimised to come on-line quickly but these too are becoming less
common.
 Constant Voltage: Grids are designed to supply electricity to their customers at
largely constant voltages. This has to be achieved with varying demand, variable
reactive loads, and even nonlinear loads, with electricity provided by generators and
distribution and transmission equipment that are not perfectly reliable
 Constant Frequency: In a synchronous grid all the generators must run at the same
frequency, and must stay very nearly in phase with each other and the grid.
 Infinite Inertia: Grid is interconnection of all the generators in parallel that
ideally has infinite inertia. Hence, grid system is dynamically stable for smaller
disturbances.

Power System Security:

System security involves practices suitably designed to
keep the system operating when components fail. Besides economizing on fuel
cost, the power system should be operationally “secure”. An operationally “secure”
power system is one with low probability of blackout or equipment damage. All
these aspects require security constrained power system optimization (SCO).
Since security and economy are normally conflicting requirements, it is
inappropriate to treat them separately. The final aim of economy is the security
function of the utility-company. The Energy Management System is to operate
the system at minimum cost, with the guaranteed alleviation of emergency
conditions. The emergency condition will depend on severity of violations of
operating limits (branch flows and bus voltage limits). The most severe violations
 result from contingencies. An important part of security study, therefore, moves
around the power system’s ability to withstand the effects of contingencies. A
particular system state is said to be secure only with reference to one or more
specific contingency cases, and a given set of quantities monitored for violation.
Most of the security related functions deal with static “snapshots” of the
power system. They have to be executed at intervals compatible with the rateof-change of
system state. This quasi-static approach is, to a large extent, the
only practical approach at present, since dynamic analysis and optimization are
considerably more difficult and computationally more time consuming.
System security can be said to comprise three major functions that are
carried out in an energy control centre:
(i) System monitoring,
(ii) contingency analysis, and
(iii) corrective action analysis
System monitoring supplies the power system operators with pertinent upto-date
information on the conditions of the power system. Telemetry systems
measure and transmit the data. Voltages, currents, current flows, and the status
of circuit breakers and switches in every substation in a transmission network
are monitored. Further, other critical and important information such as
frequency, generator outputs and transformer tap positions can also be
telemetered.
The second major security function is contingency analysis. Modern
operation computers have contingency analysis programmes stored in them.
These model possible system troubles (outages) before they occur. They study
outage events and alert the operators to any potential overloads or serious
voltage violations This allows the system operators to locate defensive operating states
where no single contingency event will generate overloads and/or voltage
violations.
The third major security function, corrective action analysis, permits the
operator to change the operation of the power system if a contingency analysis
program predicts a serious problem in the event of the occurrence of a certain
outage. Thus this provides preventive and post-contingency control. A simple
example of corrective action is the shifting of generation from one unit to
another. This may result in change in power flows and thus can change loading
on overloaded lines.
These three functions together consist of a very complex set of tools that can
help in the secure operation of a power system.

Controlling Loading of Transmission Lines:

Methods of loading in Transmission Lines by means of which voltage at a bus can be

controlled.
since the torque angle δ is small under practical conditions, real and reactive powers
delivered by the line for fixed sending-end voltage |VS| and a specified receiving-end voltage
|VSR| can be written as below

1. Reactive Power Injection:

in order to keep the receiving-end voltage at a specified value |VSR|, a fixed amount of VARs
(QSR) must be drawn from the line. To accomplish this under conditions of a varying VAR
demand QD, a local VAR generator (controlled reactive power source/compensating
equipment) must be used as shown in Fig. 5.27.

2. Static VAR generator:

It is nothing but a bank of three-phase static capacitors and/or inductors. the expression for
the VARs fed into the line can be as under.
3. Rotating VAR generator:

It is nothing but a synchronous motor running at no-load and having excitation adjustable
over a wide range. It feeds positive VARs into the line under overexcited conditions and
feeds negative VARs when underexcited. A machine thus running is called a synchronous
condenser.

Figure 5.29 shows a synchronous motor connected to the receiving-end bus bars and running
at no load. Since the motor draws negligible real power from the bus bars, E G and VR are
nearly in phase. XS is the synchronous reactance of the motor which is assumed to have
negligible resistance.