Rationale

This module discusses the circumstances which

affected the change of how Rizal viewed the Spanish rule of
our country. As somebody who merely asking for reforms
especially on social justice and one who campaigns for
assimilation of our country as one of the province of Spain
into an outward manifestation of abuses and injustices
committed by the leaders and friars. You will also be
introduced in this chapter the real causes on why the
Filipinos were called indolent by the Spaniards. Why Rizal
abandoned the campaign for assimilation and the writing of
his second novel, El Filibusterismo, with its implication on
the development of national consciousness.

Module Outcomes

At the end of this chapter, the learners must have:

1. identified the literary works of Rizal and their
importance in our better understanding of the
19th century Filipinos;
2. compared and contrasted the two novels of Rizal,
“Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo”); and
3. explained the implication of “El Filibusterismo” on
the development of our national consciousness.
 Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. realized how the Spaniards looked down on us thinking that
they are superior human beings compared to Filipinos;
2. provided at least three reasons or root causes why Filipinos
during Rizal’s time were seemingly indolent; and
3. analyzed the significance of Rizal’s Sobre La Indolencia de los
Filipinos in relation to the development of Filipino nationalism.
.
Introduction
No human being is indolent, it is the nature of man to work and exert effort
in order to live. As was stated in the Bible “Those who do not work should not
eat” (2 Thes. 3:10). Thus, everybody is industrious in relation to his natural work
of interest.

Activate

Most probably we all were once called by somebody “lazy” in one way or
another, maybe those were the times when we don’t feel like doing what they
want us to do at that very moment or were not feeling well. In the table below,
please list down three ways when you feel industrious and when you feel like
doing nothing.

I am in working if… I feel lazy when...

a ___________________________________ a ___________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________
b ________________________________ b ___________________________
________________________________
___________________________
c ________________________________
c ___________________________
________________________________ ____________________________

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 157
 Acquire
FILIPINO INDOLENCE AND THE SPANISH RULE

A. Rizal’s Essay on the Indolence of the Filipino People

(Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos)

Rizal as an active propagandist contributed his literary works in La

Solidaridad, a biweekly newspaper published in Spain. One of these was his
essay concerning a reply concerning a notion that Filipinos are a kind of indolent
people, entitled Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos.

In his work, Rizal acknowledges that indolence exists among Filipinos,

however it should not be considered as the cause of the backwardness of the
country but rather the effect of the backwardness and the troubles brought about
by the foreign colonizers. He says that one should study the causes of indolence
and not just affirming or denying its existence. Like a long chronic illness, the
indolence should be treated properly. Like a chronic sickness the indolence of
the Filipinos is not a hereditary one. The pre-colonial Filipinos were not like this,
they were actively involved with trade to the neighboring countries, and Chinese
manuscripts of the 13th century spoke about the honesty of the early Filipinos,
while Pigafetta described the inhabitants of Samar as courteous and hospitable.
Since the early Filipinos were active in trade they were engaged in agriculture
and in different industries as seen in their goods being traded with China and
India. He then enumerated the reasons behind the existence of this.

One of these reasons is the hot climate, an hour’s work under the burning
sun is equal to a day’s work in a temperate or colder countries. One cannot stay
long working in the fields under a scorching heat of the sun. Thus, if a Filipino
refuses due to extreme heat they were considered as indolent.

Another were the abuses and discrimination experienced by Filipinos

under their colonizers which led to the deterioration of their values. The Spanish
government did not encourage labor and trade, businesses were monopolized by
many government officials, red tape, bribery, and rampant gambling was
tolerated by the government. The abuses Filipinos suffered under the
encomenderos have caused them to abandon their fields. There was also
discrimination against natives in the field of education. The Church’s wrong
doctrine that the rich will not go to heaven resulted to a wrong attitude toward
works. These are some of the reasons which Rizal cited as causing the
deterioration of values among Filipinos.

Next is the Filipinos’ cultural and economic decadence due to frequent

wars, insurrections, and invasions which brought disorder to the communities.
Communities were depopulated due to war campaigns of the colonizer which

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 158
brought men who are adept in agriculture to wars for Spain. The colonizer’s
policy on forced labor which sent people to shipyards to construct ships and as
well as bridges and churches left many communities deprived of male workers.
The frequent invasions brought about by Mindanao pirates led the people to
leave their fields and fled to the mountains. As a result, the farms were
neglected.

Finally, according to Rizal, all the causes of indolence can be reduced to

two factors:
1. The first factor is the limited training and education Filipino natives
receive. The Filipinos do not receive the same opportunities that are
available to the foreigners. They are taught to be inferior.
2. The second factor is the lack of a national sentiment of unity among
them. Because Filipinos think they are inferior, they submit to the
foreign culture, do everything they were told to do, and they tend to
imitate anything which is considered as Spanish.
The solution to this problem of the indolence of the Filipinos then,
according to Rizal, would be education and liberty.

Apply
After learning the causes of the seemingly indolence of Filipinos above,
you may now express your idea or describe the situation of the sorry state of the
Filipinos through making a caricature depicting the state of the Filipinos under the
Spanish colonization. Place your caricature/ drawing inside the box below.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 159
 Assessment

Name: Date: ___________

Program, Year and Section: Score: __________

Direction: In relation to the lesson above, answer the very easy questions
below. Answer the following items in 5 – 10 sentences.
(10 points each / 20 points)
1. Write the three (3) things that you significantly learned from the topic/lesson
above.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Do you believe the Filipinos are indolent/lazy? Defend your answer.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 160
 Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. outlined the Ilustrado campaign for assimilation;
2. analyzed the events that prompted Rizal to consider
other means of achieving justice and demanding reforms
from Spain; and
3. explained the implications of Rizal’s abandonment of the
campaign for assimilation.
.

Introduction
This section presents the circumstances that prompted Rizal to consider
other means of campaigning for reforms for the Philippines. After a series of
setbacks both in the Philippines and in Spain, Rizal was set to move forward to
demand change from the colonizers.

Activate

Most probably we all have experienced or observed some time in our lives
conflicts, break ups of friends, and separations from our peer groups or
“barkada”. Sometimes, we, ourselves decided to cease the relationship or
friendship for good. Please fill up the tables below in accordance to what you
have experienced or observed.

Causes of Break-ups/
Causes of Conflicts
Separations

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 161
 Acquire

RIZAL’S ABANDONMENT OF SPANISH ASSIMILATION

The campaigns of the Filipino Ilustrados and propagandists for reforms

resulted to lack of significant progress which led many to believe that the
campaigns for the needed reforms were futile. This rendered them hopeless and
uninterested in supporting the campaigns.

The Filipinos in Spain were also losing motivation. Others opted to

passively participate in Filipino initiatives while others decided to find other ways
to take part in more active campaigns against Spain. This has been the scenario
among the Filipino nationalists in Spain. Personal rivalries among Filipinos also
arose and became a hindrance to the formation of a concrete plan of actions.

Graciano Lopez Jaena and Jose Rizal’s withdrawal from La Solidaridad

was caused by disagreement and differences in ideals and aspirations. This left
Marcelo H. Del Pilar to manage the newspaper single-handedly. In addition, the
desire of other Filipino nationalists to establish a new organization to counter the
Spanish rule resulted in setbacks on the efforts initiated by La Solidaridad. Many
believed that it would be better to be part of a new organization with members
united towards one goal instead of being in an organization where personal
rivalries hinder concrete actions toward greater nationalism.

One of the predominant reforms lobbied by Filipinos was representation in

the Spanish Cortes. This move would have given Filipinos a voice in the Spanish
government, though in a limited capacity. Such representation was previously
granted to the Filipinos but was taken back. The lack of concrete commitment on
the part of the Spanish government only made the representation of Filipinos
barely enough to materialize.

Around that time, Rizal was also preoccupied with the troubles of
hacienderos in Calamba, whose situation he already brought before the courts of
Spain. For Rizal, the lack of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes and
the denial of justice to the appeal of Filipinos over agrarian problems had proven
the improbability of a campaign for Filipino rights. In a letter written to Blumentritt
in 1887, Rizal already hinted at such sentiment saying, “The peaceful struggle
must remain a dream, for Spain will never learn from her earlier colonies in South
America… But in the present circumstances we want no separation from Spain;

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 162
all we demand is more care, better instruction, better officials, one or two
representatives, and more security for ourselves and our property. Spain can still
win the Philippine for herself forever, if only Spain were more reasonable.”

The situation became more complicated for Rizal after his mother and
sister were arrested in Manila. After several days of imprisonment, they were
asked to go back to the courts in their province on foot before they were finally
released. In a letter written by Rizal in 1891, he wrote, “If our countrymen hope
in us here in Europe, they are certainly mistaken… The field of battle is the
Philippines; there is where we should be.”

Rizal set the course for his return in Manila after the publication of his
second novel, El Filibusterismo. All copies of the novel were shipped to the
Philippines. Upon his arrival, he established new organization – the La Liga
Filipina, a secret society that embodied the ideas Rizal presented in El
Filibusterismo. This included the calls for the provision of mutual protection,
defense against all injustices, and promotion of instruction and education among
Filipinos.

Rizal’s disappointment and frustration in the Spanish government was

aggravated by the rejection of Governor General Eulogio Despujol of his North
Bornean Project. A brief description of the project is stated below.

In January 1892, Rizal prepared an agreement which was to

govern a Filipino colony in Sabah. This colony would be composed mostly
of farmers from Calamba, Laguna who were evicted from their farmland
by the Dominicans. The North Borneo Company offered a permanent
settlement for the emigrants and the sale or lease of lands for 999 years.
None of the settlers would render free labor or forced to serve in the
military unless the territory’s sovereignty was under threat. They would
govern themselves with their own laws under the safeguard of the
company.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 163
 Apply
After learning the reasons for Rizal’s abandonment or giving up of the idea
of assimilation or for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, make a
poem or compose a song (ex. Rap) that shows the sentiments being experienced
by Rizal in the topic on Lesson 2 above. Write your short poem or composition
below.

______________________________________________
Title

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 164
 Assessment

Name: Date: ___________

Program, Year and Section: Score: __________

Direction: Based from the lesson or topic above, answer the questions below.
(25 points)

1. Give three (3) reasons or events that influenced Rizal’s abandonment of

assimilation of the Philippines to Spain. (5 points each/15 points)

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. In your opinion, why did Rizal withdraw from the Filipino Organization in Spain
and as an active contributor of La Solidaridad? Write your answer on the
space provided below in 3 – 5 sentences. (10 points)

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 165
 Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. compared and contrasted the characters, plot and theme
of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo;
2. determined the importance of the youth in nation-building;
and
3. assessed the significance of Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo in the 21st century Philippines.
.

Introduction
This section provides a summary of Rizal’s follow up novel to Noli Me
Tangere, the El Filibusterismo. It focuses on Rizal’s ideologies implied in the
novel, particularly on the communities and changes in Rizal’s ideas in the context
of the novel’s plot, characters, and events. This also focuses on the importance
of the youth in nation-building as presented in the novel.

Activate
Some time in our lives we tend to oppose something, especially against
an authority and really or convincingly fought for it in the very best way we could
in asserting ourselves but deep inside we knew that we are right. Please fill up
the table below showing what you are really asserting, the person or group in
authority, and the result.

Idea or what you are Person/Group in Result: Successful or

fighting for: Authority Unsuccessful
1

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 166
 Acquire
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
After publishing his first novel, Noli Me Tangere in 1887, Rizal planned to
return to the Philippines to see how it would be accepted by the Filipinos and of
course to see Leonor. As Rizal anticipated, the possession and distribution of the
novel were immediately banned by the Spanish authorities and ordered the
burning of available copies. Rizal encountered strong opposition from the
Catholic Church such that he was forced to leave the country again for Europe.

To counter Noli Me Tangere’s hopeful and romantic atmosphere, Rizal

followed it up with El Filibusterismo. Rizal started writing his second novel, El
Filibusterismo in 1888 and finished it in 1889. But just like the fate of Noli Me
Tangere, Rizal also had difficulties in the publication of El Filibusterismo due to
the printing costs. Rizal had to move to Ghent, Belgium to look for cheaper ways
of printing the book but still found it too costly. Fortunately, his friend Valentin
Ventura offered him financial assistance which led to the novel’s publication in
September 1891. El Filibusterismo was much shorter with only 39 chapters
compared to Noli Me Tangere which has 64 chapters. Rizal gave Ventura the
original manuscript of El Filibusterismo as a token of gratitude for his
contributions to the publication of the novel.

Rizal used his first novel, Noli Me Tangere, to expose to the Filipinos the
abusive ways of the Spanish authorities and friars. Through the characters of the
plot of the novel, Rizal was able to bring to light the corruption of the Spaniards.
Through the different characters in the novel, Rizal provided insights regarding
the condition of the Philippine society under the Spanish colonial rule. It was
also through the experience of these characters that Rizal was able to direct
readers into recognizing the ills that plagued the country. For instance, Elias, a
character whose family suffered from abuses of the Spaniards and thus took part
in the revolutionary struggle, can be considered a representation of the
revolutionary spirit of the Filipinos. The main antagonist in the novel, Padre
Damaso, is the epitome of hypocrisy and moral corruption of the Spaniards,
particularly the friars. At the end of the novel, Rizal challenged the youth, in the
character of Basilio, to recognize their role in the society—as the catalyst for
social change.

In El Filibusterismo, Rizal warned Spain that its corrupt and self-seeking

colonial government would only lead to disaster, such as what happened to
Kabesang Tales and Basilio in the novel. The novel focuses on the discontent
of the youth, led by Basilio, with the condition of Philippine society. Basilio
experienced great loss in both novels. In Noli Me Tangere, he lost his brother
Crispin and mother Sisa and in El Filibusterismo, he once again lost two very
important individuals in his life, Juli and Kapitan Tiyago. In some analyses,
Basilio seemed to represent Rizal in the novel.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 167
 Furthermore, Rizal condemned the elite Filipinos, who out of greed,
selfishness, complacency, and cowardice, turned a blind eye on the abuses of
the Spanish authorities as long as these did not affect them. Rizal illustrated this
contempt through the characters of Doña Victorina and Paulita Gomez who
preferred to be associated with the wealthy Juanito Pelaez over the poor
Isagani.

Despite presenting a narrative that starkly condemned the Spanish rule,

Rizal was not asking for a revolution to demand immediate independence.
Instead, he proposed that the task of Filipinos was to prepare for eventual
independence once they are proven to be worthy and ready for it. It is through
education, exemplary lives, and willingness to sacrifice that freedom can be
achieved, according to Rizal. At the end of the novel, Rizal through Padre
Florentino, called on the youth to respond to such challenge.

Today, the two novels remain popular. The original manuscript of Noli Me
Tangere was acquired by the Philippine government in 1911 for 32,000 pesos
from Soledad Rizal de Quintero. The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo
was sold by Valentin Ventura to the Philippine government in 1928 for 10,000
pesos. Both were kept in Manila City Hall for safekeeping. However, the
liberation battle of 1945 destroyed almost everything in Manila and the looting
and pilferage of historical documents became rampant because of their
outstanding monetary value.

In 1946, most of the lost documents were returned to the National Library
under a “no publicity-no question policy” arrangement. Through this, the
invaluable works of Rizal were safely kept by the National Library in the Rare
Books and Manuscripts Section. In 1961, as the government prepared for the
centennial celebration of Rizal’s birth anniversary, the original works of Rizal
including Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo and Mi Ultimo Adios were included
in the exhibit as part of the International Conference organized by the Jose Rizal
National Centennial Commission.

However, on December 8, 1961, the three works were stolen from the
glass-encased-locked display counter. Upon negotiations, they were returned to
the National Library on February 9, 1962.

A few years ago, the original copies of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo in the possession of the National Library were reported to be
decaying. Once more, the cultural treasures were under the threat of being lost
forever. Fortunately, the German government offered a conservation project in
2011 just in time for the 150th birth anniversary of Jose Rizal.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 168
 Apply
If you are asked to change the title of the second novel of Rizal, its ending,
and do some minor changes in the events that took place what would it be?
Write your answers below.

A. New Title of the Second Novel of Rizal:

_____________________________________________________________________

B. Minor Changes in the Events that happened in the Second Novel of Rizal:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

C. The Ending of the Second Novel of Rizal:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 169
 Assessment

Name: Date: ___________

Program, Year and Section: Score: __________

Direction: Based from the lesson above, answer the following items below:

1. Describe the characters, plot and theme of El Filibusterismo. Write your

answers on the table and spaces provided below.

Characters of El Filibusterismo Description/Representation

2. What is the theme of El Filibusterismo?

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 170
3. What is the plot of the El Filibusterismo?

4. Describe how the second novel of Rizal was published and the sacrifices Rizal
went through just to finish and publish it.

5. Discuss the importance of the youth in the nation building.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 171
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INTERNET SOURCES

AFP. (2019). Emmanuel Macron continuing his series of debates [Online

Image]. Only in France: French president spends eight hours
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