POPULATION
Shylaja.S, Facilitator- Environmental Management, CIS
POPULATION
● The term population refers to all the
people who live in a particular area.
● Present population is 7.9 billion
● In 2016 alone population increased
by 80 million people.
● [Link]
● [Link]
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
CHINA
1,415,539,661
INDIA
1,466,110,848
USA
347,596,279
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF POPULATION
BIRTH DEATH
RATES RATES
The number of live births per The number of deaths per
year per 1000 of the year per 1000 of the
population population
Number of live births / Total population x 1000 Number of deaths / Total population x 1000
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF POPULATION
LIFE POPULATION
EXPECTANCY DENSITY
The number of years the The number of people living in
person is likely to live. a unit area of space (square
km)
FACTORS
AFFECTING THE
POPULATION OF A
PLACE.
BIRTH RATES REFUGEE
AND DEATH INFLUX
RATES
MIGRATION URBANIZATION
AGRICULTURAL TOPOGRAPHY
DEVELOPEMENT AND CLIMATE
EMPLOYMENT
EDUCATION
OPPORTUNITIES
High birth rate leads to population increase
High death rate leads to population decrease
Role of Industrial revolution in 18th century
Birth rate
and Death Developments in agricultural practices
rate Transportation technology
Public health and living standards improved
Declining birth rates and increased death rates also decreases population
Low marriageable age
Factors Religious and social beliefs
for high
Birth rate Illiteracy and ignorance
Poverty
Improved healthcare
Better disaster management
Better public health and hygiene and sanitation.
Factors for
low death Better control of famine, epidemics and infectious diseases
rate Spread of education
Immunization programmes
MIGRATION
IMMIGRATION
The process of coming to live
permanently in another
country that is not one’s own.
EMIGRATION
The process of leaving one’s
country to go and live
permanently in another
country.
REFUGEE INFLUX
REFUGEE
A person who has been forced
to leave his/her country for
political or religious reasons, or
because there is a war, not
enough food, etc
INDIA
India has maintained an open
door policy for all refugee
leading to sharp increase in
population.
Urbanization refers to the population
URBANIZATION shift from rural to urban areas.
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION GROWTH
DUE TO URBANIZATION
● Migration from rural to urban.
● More access to medical care thus less infant mortality
rates.
● Awareness programmes and family planning
programmes launched by Govts.
● Better medical facility and education services
● More reliable food supply
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPEMENT
● Development in agricultural methods
have led to increased production so
less famine.
● Mechanization of agriculture freed the
workers from farm.
● Demand in industries increased.
● Promoted increased birth rates.
EDUCATION
● Education and awareness level of
people have an impact on the
growth of the population.
● Programmes on hygiene and
sanitation can reduce death rates.
● Programmes on family planning can
reduce birth rates.
TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
● Population grows
○ In plains where land is cultivable and
water is available in plenty.
○ Cities near river banks.
○ Places with good accessibility by
roads, rivers and railway lines.
○ Pleasant climate attracts population.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
● Presence of mines and industries are potential source of employment
leading to population growth.
● More the employment opportunities more the population grows.
OVERPOPULATION
● It is an undesirable condition where
number of people in a particular area
exceeds the availability of resources to
meet the needs of all people in the area.
OVERPOPULATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Industrialization Healthcare Immigration
Economic growth Improved medical For better job
and prosperity and healthcare opportunities and
facilities living conditions
Overpopulation can be because of increased birth rates or decreased
death rates.
OVERPOPULATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Illiteracy Healthcare Beliefs
Ignorance of the Improved medical Traditional beliefs,
masses and healthcare customs and outlook
facilities
Overpopulation can be because of increased birth rates or decreased
death rates.
Adverse effect on environment
• More consumption of natural resources
• More land used for cultivation
• Affects the biodiversity
• Increased mining for minerals
• More fossil fuel usage
Developed countries
Impacts of • Improved medical facility has increased the lifespan
• Population of senior citizens has increased
over • Increased the financial burden of Govts.(support and pension)
population
Developing countries
• Scarce resources
• Expensive basic necessities
• Poor sanitary conditions which causes infectious diseases
• Cycle of poverty which leads to rise in crime and conflicts
• Hampers Economic development
It occurs when the size of the population in a
UNDER POPULATION place is small in relation to the resources
available.
Sufficient employment
Lack of labour
opportunities
Negative impacts
Positive impacts
Low productivity No overcrowding
High young population Low levels of poverty
High old population Adequate education and
medical facilities
Fewer tax payers, so low Sufficient natural resources for
income for Govts. all
Not enough people to develop
the natural resources. Less environmental degradation
Population composition or Demographics
Characteristics Age
of the
population
which are Sex
measurable
Place
Place of residence
Language
Religion
Marital status
Literacy
Population Composition
Rural (residing in Population density,
villages) occupation, livelihood,
Place of
residence amenities, transport and
Urban (residing in communication, socio-
towns and cities) cultural environment
Sex ratio
Female
The number of Females
Sex per 1000 males.
Composition
Male Female population /
Male population X 1000
Population Composition
0 - 14 yr Dependent population
Age
14 - 60 yr Working population
composition
60 yr and
Dependent population
above
POPULATION PYRAMID / AGE SEX PYRAMID
Expanding population Constant population Declining population