Alliance School of Applied Mathematics

Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

Module 2: Multivariable Calculus

Syllabus
Multiple Integration: Double integrals (Cartesian), change of order of
integration in double integrals, Change of variables (Cartesian to polar),
Applications: areas and volumes, Center of mass and Gravity (constant and
variable densities); Triple integrals (Cartesian), orthogonal curvilinear
coordinates, Simple applications involving cubes, sphere and rectangular
parallelepipeds;

Scalar line integrals, vector line integrals, scalar surface integrals, vector
surface integrals, Gradient, curl and divergence, Theorems of Green,
Gauss and Stokes.
Motivation:
In the modern world, problems in engineering, physics, economics, and
computer graphics often involve understanding and working with systems that
depend on multiple variables. To solve such problems, the tools of multivariable
calculus become indispensable. Multiple integration allows us to compute
quantities like area, volume, and mass in higher-dimensional spaces, extending
our intuition from single-variable calculus to complex, real-world scenarios.
On the other hand, vector calculus equips us to analyze dynamic systems
involving forces, fluid flow, and electromagnetic fields, which are essential in
fields ranging from aerospace to quantum mechanics. Concepts like divergence,
curl, and gradient provide a powerful language to describe change and interaction
in multidimensional spaces.
By mastering these topics, students develop not only the analytical skills to
tackle mathematical models but also the confidence to apply these techniques in
real-life applications, such as designing machinery, optimizing resources, or
predicting natural phenomena. This module bridges the gap between abstract
mathematical theory and its practical utility, inspiring curiosity and innovation in
addressing complex challenges.

Part – I Multiple Integrals and their Applications

Double Integrals in Cartesian coordinates

Consider a function 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) of two independent variables 𝑥 and y, defined at each

point in the finite region R of the 𝒙𝒚 − plane.
The double integral of function 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) over a region R is defined as:

∬ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝑹
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

Evaluation of Double integrals

I. Let 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) be a continuous function in R where,

𝑹 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃 ; 𝒄 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒅}
Then,
𝒃 𝒅 𝒅 𝒃
∬ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ [∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚] 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ [∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙] 𝒅𝒚
𝑹 𝒙=𝒂 𝒚=𝒄 𝒚=𝒄 𝒙=𝒂

II. If 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) be a continuous function defined over the region R where, 𝑹 =

{(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃 ; 𝒚𝟏 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒚𝟐 } [here 𝒚𝟏 and 𝒚𝟐 are function of x and a,
b are constants], then
𝒃 𝒚𝟐
∬ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ [∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚] 𝒅𝒙
𝑹 𝒙=𝒂 𝒚=𝒚𝟏

III. If 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) be a continuous function defined over the region R where, 𝑹 =

{(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒙𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒄 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒅} [here 𝒙𝟏 and 𝒙𝟐 are function of y and c,
d are constants], then
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

𝒅 𝒙𝟐
∬ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ [∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙] 𝒅𝒚
𝑹 𝒚=𝒄 𝒙=𝒙𝟏

Note:
1. If the limits of one variable depend on another variable, while the other
variable has constant limits, then the integration should be performed in the
following order: first, integrate with respect to the variable whose limits are
functions of the other variable, and then integrate with respect to the second
variable using its constant limits.
2. ∬𝑹 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 or ∬𝑹 𝒅𝑨 represents area of the region R.

Practice Problems
2 3
1. Evaluate ∫1 ∫1 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
1 𝑥
2. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
1 𝑥
3. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 .

Application Based Questions:

1. A data center monitors CPU usage, where the time elapsed is 𝑥(in hours)
and the number of active CPU cores is 𝑦. The CPU load density at any
point (𝑥 , 𝑦)is modeled as 𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 2 , for 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2and 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3.
Compute the total CPU load over the given time and number of cores using
a double integral.
2. A cloud storage server records the number of data requests per second (𝑥)
and the size of each data block in MB (𝑦) being accessed. The workload
density at any moment is modeled as 𝑊(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and
0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥, reflecting that larger blocks are accessed more frequently at
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

higher request rates. Compute the total data workload over the given
request and block size range using a double integral.
3. A network monitoring system tracks the time elapsed (𝑥, in seconds) and
the size of data packets (𝑦, in KB) being transmitted. The traffic intensity
at any moment is modeled as 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5and
0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 , reflecting that traffic increases with both transmission time
and packet size. Compute the total network traffic over this time and packet
size range using a double integral.

Changing the order of integration

In the given double integral, the process of converting the order of

integration is called change of order of integration. Change of order of integration
changes the limits of integration.
Consider a double integral ∬𝑹 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 where R is region pf
integration. Assume that R lies between the lines 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 , 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟏 and curves
𝒚 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙) and 𝒚 = 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙). For points of R, 𝑥 lies in the interval [𝒙𝟎 , 𝒙𝟏 ]; y
varies between 𝑓1 (𝑥) and 𝑓2 (𝑥), where 𝑓1 (𝑥) and 𝑓2 (𝑥) are the ordinates of the
points at which the boundary of R is intersected by line through (x, y) and parallel
to y-axis.

𝒙𝟏 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙)
∬ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ [∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚] 𝒅𝒙
𝑹 𝒙=𝒙𝟎 𝒚=𝒇𝟏 (𝒙)

By change of order of integration, limits of y will be constants 𝒚 =

𝒚𝟎 , 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟏 and x varies between 𝒈𝟏 (𝒚) and 𝒈𝟐 (𝒚) which the boundary is
intersected by the line through (x, y) and parallel to x-axis.

𝒚𝟏 𝒈𝟐 (𝒚)
∬ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ [∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙] 𝒅𝒚
𝑹 𝒚=𝒚𝟎 𝒙=𝒈𝟏 (𝒚)
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

Procedure to change the order of integration

1. Identify the variables for the limits.

2. Trace the curve.
3. If we are evaluating with respect to y first, then take strip parallel to y-axis.
If the evaluation is with respect to x first, then take strip parallel to x-axis.
4. Rotate the strip to 900 in anti-clockwise direction and identify the starting
and ending points of the strip, which will be below and upper units of that
variable.
5. Identify the limits for other variables for the region of consideration.
6. Evaluate the double integral with new order of integration.

𝒂 √𝒙/𝒂
Example: Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙/𝒂 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 by change of order of
integration.
Solution: Before change of order in integration: 𝒙 ∶ 𝟎 to 𝒂; 𝒚 ∶ 𝒙/𝒂 to √𝒙/𝒂

After change of order of integration:

𝟐
𝒙 ∶ 𝒂𝒚 to 𝒂𝒚, 𝒚 ∶ 𝟎 to 𝟏

𝑥
𝑎 √ 1 𝑎𝑦
𝑎
∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
0 0 𝑎𝑦 2
𝑎
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

1 𝑎𝑦
1 3 2
= ∫ [ 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑦
0 3 𝑎𝑦 2

1
1 1
= ∫ [ 𝑎3 𝑦 3 + 𝑎𝑦 3 − 𝑎3 𝑦 6 − 𝑎𝑦 4 ] 𝑑𝑦
0 3 3
1 3 4 1 4 1 3 7 1 5 1
= [ 𝑎 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦 ]
12 4 21 5 0
1 1 1 1
= [ 𝑎3 + 𝑎 − 𝑎3 − 𝑎]
12 4 21 5
𝒙
𝒂 √
𝒂 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
∫ ∫ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 + 𝒂
𝟎
𝒙 𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟎
𝒂

Practice Problems

1. Changing the order of integration of the following integrals:

6 2+𝑥
a) ∫0 ∫2−𝑥 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝟐 𝟔 𝟖 𝟔
Ans: ∫−𝟒 ∫𝟐−𝒚 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + ∫𝟐 ∫𝒚−𝟐 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

𝑎 𝑥+3𝑎
b) ∫0 ∫√𝑎2−𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝒂 𝒂 𝟑𝒂 𝒂 𝟒𝒂 𝒂
Ans: ∫𝟎 ∫√𝒂𝟐−𝒚𝟐 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + ∫𝟑𝒂 ∫𝒚−𝟑𝒂 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

4 9−𝑦
c) ∫0 ∫𝑦/2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟓 𝟒 𝟗 𝟗−𝒙
Ans: ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + ∫𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + ∫𝟓 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

Application Based Questions:

 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

1. In a graphics engine, let 𝑥be the horizontal position and 𝑦 the color/light
𝑎
𝑎
𝑦2
intensity at 𝑥; compute the total rendering load ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦by
√𝑦 4 −𝑎2 𝑥 2
√𝑎𝑥
0
changing the order of integration.

2. On a 2D surface, let 𝑥be the horizontal coordinate and 𝑦 the vertical

4𝑎
2√𝑎𝑥
height/intensity; evaluate ∫ ∫𝑥 2/4𝑎 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of
0
integration to find the total surface intensity.
3. For light traveling from a source, let 𝑥be the distance of the source and 𝑦the
∞
∞ −𝑦
𝑒
distance traveled by light; compute ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥by changing the order
𝑦
𝑥
0
of integration to determine cumulative light decay.
Change of Variables from Cartesian to Polar Coordinates

In many physical and graphical simulations—such as lightning effects, radial

glow, shock waves, and electric discharge patterns—the region of interest
possesses circular or radial symmetry. In such cases, evaluating double integrals
in the Cartesian coordinate system (𝑥, 𝑦) becomes algebraically complex. To
simplify the integration, a change of variables from Cartesian to polar coordinates
is employed.

Cartesian to Polar Transformation

The transformation between Cartesian and polar coordinates is given by:

𝑥 = 𝑟cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin 𝜃

where

• 𝑟 represents the radial distance from the origin, and

• 𝜃 represents the angular position measured from the positive 𝑥-axis.

Under this transformation, the area element changes as:

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

The factor 𝑟 is known as the Jacobian of transformation, and it accounts for the
stretching of area elements in polar coordinates.

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

If a region 𝑅 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane is bounded by curves that are easily described in

terms of 𝑟and 𝜃, then the double integral

∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅

can be converted into polar form as:

∬ 𝑓(𝑟cos 𝜃, 𝑟sin 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑅

The limits of integration are chosen as:

• 𝑟 = 𝑟1 to 𝑟 = 𝑟2 , representing the radial extent,

• 𝜃 = 𝜃1 to 𝜃 = 𝜃2 , representing the angular spread.

Practice Problems:

1. Evaluate the following integrals by changing to polar co-ordinates:

1 √1−𝑦 2
a. ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 √2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2
b. ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 √2𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑥
c. ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )

Application Based Questions:

1. In a lightning visualization model, 𝑥and 𝑦 represent the horizontal and vertical

distances from the strike point, and the light intensity is proportional to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ;
evaluate the double integral over the circular region 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑎2 by converting
from Cartesian to polar coordinates to determine the total light intensity.

2. In a computer graphics simulation of lightning glow, 𝑥and 𝑦denote pixel

coordinates measured from the center of the glow, and the brightness distribution
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

is given by √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ; determine the total brightness over the region 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤

4using polar coordinates.

3. In a lightning-effect animation, 𝑥and 𝑦represent spatial coordinates from the

2 2
lightning origin, and the energy density is modeled by 𝑒 −(𝑥 +𝑦 ) ; evaluate the
double integral over the circular region 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1by changing variables to
polar coordinates to find the total energy released.

Application of double integrals in finding Area

Consider the area enclosed by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓1 (𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑥) and the
ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥 = 𝑥2 .
Then the required area is given by,
𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙)
𝑨=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟏 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙)
Similarly, the area enclosed by the curves 𝑥 = 𝑓1 (𝑦) and 𝑥 = 𝑓2 (𝑦) and the
ordinates 𝑦 = 𝑦1 , 𝑦 = 𝑦2 is given by,
𝒚𝟐 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚)
𝑨=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝒚𝟏 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚)
Practice Problems:

16
1. Show that the area enclosed by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 is 𝑎2 .
3
2. Find the area included between the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Application Based Questions:

1. In a 3-D printing process, let x represent the length of a printed filament

segment in centimeters and y represent the width of the segment in
centimeters. The feasible printing region is bounded by curves 9xy = 4 and
2x + y = 2. Determine the area of the region, which represents the
combinations of length and width that can be printed safely without exceeding
material or printer limits.
2. In a 3-D printed base plate, x is the length and y is the width in cm. The edges
follow y = x² and y = 4x. Find the area enclosed.
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

3. A cooling channel in a printed part has x as horizontal distance and y as

vertical height. Its cross-section is bounded by y = 3 − x² and y = 1. Compute
the area.
Triple integrals and Their Application

Consider a function 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 of three independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦 and z,

defined at every point of a 3- dimensional region V.
The triple integral of function 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) over a region V is defined as:

∭ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒅𝑽

For purposes of evaluation, it can also be expressed as the repeated integral,

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟏
If 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 are constants; 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒚𝟐 are either constants or functions of 𝒙, and 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 are
either constants or functions of 𝒙 and 𝒚, then this integral is evaluated as follows:

First 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) is integrated w.r.t. 𝒛 between the limits 𝒛𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐 , keeping

𝒙 and 𝒚 fixed. The resulting expression is integrated w.r.t. 𝒚 between the limits
𝒚𝟏 and 𝒚𝟐 , keeping 𝒙 constant. The result just obtained is finally integrated w.r.t.
𝒙 from 𝒙𝟏 to 𝒙𝟐 . Thus
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐(𝒙) 𝒛𝟐 (𝒙,𝒚)
𝑰 = ∫ [∫ [∫ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒅𝒛] 𝒅𝒚] 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏(𝒙) 𝒛𝟏 (𝒙,𝒚)

where the integration is carried out from the innermost rectangle to the outermost
rectangle.

Volume as Triple Integral:

Divide the given solid by planes parallel to the coordinate planes into rectangular
parallelepipeds of volume 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧.
Then total volume of solid is given as:
𝑉 = lim ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝛿𝑥→0
𝛿𝑦→0
𝛿𝑧→0
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

⇒ 𝑽 = ∭ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
with appropriate limits of integration.

Practice Problems:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
1. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧.
1 1 1−𝑥
2. Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
3. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ (1+𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)3 over the volume of the tetrahedron 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =
0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.

Application Based Questions:

1. In a physics-based animation, let 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 denote positions inside a

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
tetrahedron bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and + + = 1; find the
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
total volume-weighted property (like mass or effect intensity) using
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧.

2. In a 3D medical imaging system, let 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 represent the spatial coordinates

of a voxel, and the intensity function is 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧. Evaluate the total
intensity over the cuboid 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3.

3. In a thermal simulation of a 3D object, let 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 be spatial coordinates and

the heat density is 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . Find the total heat contained in the
object for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3.

Part – II Vector Calculus and their Applications

Scalar and vector line integrals

Line Integral: A continuous vector function F(R) which is defined at each point
of curve C and R is a position vector of any random point on C, then integration
F along the length of the curve C is defined as line integral.
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑅
𝐶

where 𝐹 = 𝑓 𝑖̂ + 𝑔𝑗̂ + ℎ𝑘̂ and 𝑑𝑅 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘̂

Practice Problems:

1. If 𝐹 = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑖̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑗̂, then evaluate ∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑅 where C is the curve in the xy-

plane y =2𝑥 2 from (0,0) to (1,2).
2. Evaluate the line integral ∫𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 where C is the
square formed by the lines y = ±1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = ±1.
3. If A = (3𝑥 2 + 6𝑦)𝑖̂ − 14𝑦𝑧 𝑗̂ + 20𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘̂ , evaluate ∫ 𝐴. 𝑑𝑅 from (0,0,0) to
(1,1,1) along the path 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 .

Application Based Questions:

1. In a data transmission network, let x and y be spatial coordinates along a cable,

and the data flow is represented by the vector field F(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 + 𝑦)î +
(𝑥 − 𝑦)ĵ. The transmission path C follows y = x² from (0,0) to (1,1). Evaluate
the line integral.
2. In a network router model, let x and y represent packet arrival coordinates,
and the vector field is F(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦 2 )î + (𝑥 2 )ĵ. The path C is the parabola y =
2x² from (0,0) to (1,2). Evaluate the line integral.
3. In a data center, let x and y represent positions of data nodes, and the vector
field is F(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦) î + (𝑦 2 + 𝑥) ĵ. The path C is the parabola y = x²
from (0,0) to (2,4). Compute the line integral.

Scalar and vector surface integrals

Surface Integral: Consider a continuous vector function F(R) and a surface S.

Let the surface element surrounding any point P(R) be 𝛿𝑆 which can be regarded
as a vector; its magnitude being the area and its direction that of the outward
normal to the element, then integration over the entire surface is called normal
surface integral.
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

∫𝑆 𝐹. 𝑑𝑆 = ∫𝑆 𝐹. 𝑁 𝑑𝑆

where N is the unit outward normal at P to S.

Practice Problems:

1. Evaluate ∫𝑆 𝐹. 𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹 = 𝑥 𝑖̂ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑗̂ − 𝑥𝑦 𝑘̂ and S is a

triangular surface with vertices (2,0,0), (0,2,0) and (0,0,4).
2. Evaluate ∫ 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹 = 18𝑧 𝑖̂ − 12 𝑗̂ + 3𝑦 𝑘̂ and S is a portion
𝑆
of the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 in the first octant.
3. Calculate the flux of water through the parabolic cylinder S is the surface
of a parabolic cylinder 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 between the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 =
3, 𝑧 = 2, if the velocity vector is 𝑦 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑧 𝑘̂
{Ans=69}

Application Based Questions:

1. In an image-processing system, the vector field F = 2𝑦𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ +

𝑥 2 𝑘̂models image intensity over the parabolic cylinder 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥in
the first octant, bounded by 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑧 = 6. Using a suitable
theorem, evaluate ∬𝑆 F ⋅ 𝑁̂ 𝑑𝑆 and show that it equals 132. Calculate
gradient, curl, and divergence for the given function(s) in data flow
network model.
2. In a 3D image reconstruction model, the vector field A = (𝑥 −
2𝑧)𝑖̂ + (𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑗̂ + (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘̂acts on the upper surface of
triangle 𝐴(1,0,0), 𝐵(0,1,0), and 𝐶(0,0,1). Using a relevant theorem,
find the flux through the surface. Calculate gradient, curl, and
divergence for the given function(s) in data flow network model

Gradient, Curl and Divergence

Gradient: The vector function ∇𝑓 is defined as the gradient of the scalar point
function 𝑓 and is written as 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓. Thus,
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒇 = 𝛁𝒇 = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + ̂
𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

Divergence: For a continuously differentiable vector point function F,

divergence of F is defined as
Div F = 𝛁. 𝑭 (Dot product)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
where 𝛻 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑖̂ + 𝑔𝑗̂ + ℎ𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Curl: For a continuously differentiable vector point function F, curl of F is

defined as
Curl F = 𝛁 𝑿 𝑭 (Cross product)

Note: A vector V is Solenoidal if divergence of V = 0 (𝛁. 𝑭 = 𝟎) and it would be

termed as Irrotational if Curl of V = 0 (𝛁 𝑿 𝑭 = 𝟎).

Example: Find divergence and curl of 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑧𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑗̂ + 3𝑦𝑧𝑘̂ at (1,1,1).

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Solution: 𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹 = 𝜵. 𝑭 = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) . (2𝑥𝑧𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑗̂ + 3𝑦𝑧𝑘̂)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 2𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧 + 3𝑦.

𝜵. 𝑭|(1,1,1) = 𝟔.

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = | | = (3𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑖̂ − (0 − 2𝑥) 𝑗̂ + (𝑦𝑧 − 0)𝑘̂.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑧 3𝑦𝑧
̂
𝜵 × 𝑭|(𝟏,𝟏,𝟏) = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌

Practice Problems:
1. Find curl and Divergence for the following vectors:
a) F = 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘̂ at (1,2,3)
b) F = 3𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 5𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 7𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑘̂ at (1,2,1)
c) F = grad (𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑧 + 𝑧 3 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 )

2. Define irrotational vector.

3. Show that each of the following vectors are Solenoidal:

 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

a) 3𝑦 4 𝑧 2 𝑖̂ + 4𝑥 3 𝑧 2 𝑗̂ + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘̂
b) (-𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ + (4𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑥)𝑗̂ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 4𝑧)𝑘̂

Application Based Questions:

1. In a computer network model, the stability of data transmission is

analyzed using the vector field F = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘̂,
where 𝑥and 𝑦denote spatial coordinates. To verify the absence of
internal circulation in the data flow, examine the interaction between
the vector field and its curl. Evaluate the given expression by
showing that F ⋅ (∇ × F) = 0, using a suitable vector calculus
theorem.
2. In a data transmission system, let A and Bbe two irrotational data
flow vector fields. Using the relevant vector calculus theorem,
evaluate the given expression and show that the vector field A × Bis
solenoidal, thereby verifying conservation of data flow within the
network.

Green’s, Gauss’s and Stoke’s theorem

Green’s Theorem: If ∅(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦), ∅𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑𝑥 in the region E of the xy-plane
bounded by a closed curve C (oriented anti-clockwise), then
𝜕𝜑 𝜕∅
∫ ∅𝑑𝑥 + 𝜑𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝐸 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Stoke’s Theorem: If S is an open surface bounded by a closed curve C and 𝐹 =

𝑓 𝑖̂ + 𝑔 𝑗̂ + ℎ 𝑘̂ is a continuously differentiable vector point function, then

∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑅 = ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆
Where, N is a unit external normal at any point of S and 𝑑𝑅 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗̂ +
𝑑𝑧 𝑘̂.

Gauss Divergence Theorem

 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

If F is a continuously differentiable vector function in the region E bounded by

the closed surface S, then

∫ 𝐹. 𝑁 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝐸
where dV is the volume component, N is the external normal vector.

𝜕𝜑 𝜕∅
Example: Find ∬𝐸 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 for the region bounded in the first quadrant
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1/𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥/4 where ∅ = 𝑦𝑥 2 and 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦 2 by
using Green’s theorem.
Solution: Let C1 be 𝑦 = 𝑥/4, C2 be 𝑦 = 1/𝑥 and C3 be 𝑦 = 𝑥. C2 is a
rectangular hyperbola.

According to Green’s theorem, line integral over closed curve C is equal to the
surface integral over the area enclosed.
𝝏𝝋 𝝏∅
∬ ( − ) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ ∅𝒅𝒙 + 𝝋𝒅𝒚
𝑬 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝑪

Here 𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑈 𝐶2 𝑈 𝐶3 and the area enclosed has the end points as (0,0), (1,1)
1
and (2, ).
2

∫ ∅𝑑𝑥 + 𝜑𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∅𝑑𝑥 + 𝜑𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∅𝑑𝑥 + 𝜑𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∅𝑑𝑥 + 𝜑𝑑𝑦

𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Along C1: 𝑦 = , therefore 𝑑𝑦 = along C1. Substituting all these values and
4 4
x going from 0 to 2 we get
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

2
2
𝑥3 2
𝑥3 15
∫ (𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 =
0 4 64 16
𝑥
𝐶1 : 𝑦=
4

1
Along C2 : 𝑦 = 1/𝑥, therefore 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥 along C2. Substituting all these
𝑥2
values and x going from 2 to 1 we get

1
2 2
1 9
∫ (𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦) = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = −
𝐶2 : 𝑦=
1
2 𝑥3 8
𝑥

Along C3 : 𝑦 = 𝑥, therefore 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 along C3. Substituting all these values and

x going from 1 to 0 we get

𝑥=1
2 2 3
1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 2. (− ) = −
𝐶3 : y=x 𝐶3 𝑥=0 4 2
Thus,
𝝏𝝋 𝝏∅ 𝟏𝟓 𝟗 𝟏 𝟏𝟏
∬ ( − ) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = − − =−
𝑬 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟐 𝟏𝟔

Example: Using Stoke’s theorem, find the line integral value ∫𝐶 𝐹. 𝑑𝑅 for 𝐹 =
𝑥𝑧 𝑖̂ − 𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑘̂ over the surface S bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8 (excluding XZ plane).

Solution: Stoke’s theorem states that

∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑅 = ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆
where C is the curve surrounding the open surface S. Surface S is formed by the
intersection of planes OAB, OBD, ABD and C lies on XZ plane. C consists of
three lines AO, OD and DA.
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = || || = 𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑥(1 − 2𝑦)𝑗̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥𝑧 −𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦
S consists of three surfaces; S1 is OAB in XY plane, S2 is OBD in YZ plane and
S3 is ABD.

Since S1 is OAB in XY plane, therefore 𝑁 = −𝑘̂

∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝑆1

Since S2 is OBD in XY plane, therefore 𝑁 = −𝑖̂

∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝑆2
∇(2𝑥+𝑦+2𝑧=8) ̂
2𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +2𝑘
Since S3 is ABD in XY plane, therefore N = |∇(2𝑥+𝑦+2𝑧=8)| =
3

2 1
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹. 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥(1 − 2y)
3 3

To evaluate the surface integral on the surface 𝑆3 , we project S3 onto xz-plane

which gives us
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑆 = = = 1 = 3𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑛.𝑗̂ 𝑛.𝑗̂ ⁄3

For this projection, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8 plane has y =0 which gives the limit for x
as 0 to 4 and z going from 0 to 4 − 𝑥
2 𝑥 32
∫𝑆 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 = ∬𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑋𝑍 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 [ 𝑥 2 + (1 − 2𝑦)] (3𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧) =
3 3 3
2

𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Line Integral = 𝟎 + 𝟎 + = .
𝟑 𝟑
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

Example: Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹. 𝑛𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑧 𝑘̂ and S is the

surface bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0 , 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 6.
Solution:

By Gauss’ divergence theorem,

∫ 𝐹. 𝑁 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝐸

𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 = 2𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑥

By the above theorem, we get,

𝟔−𝒙
𝟔 𝟑
𝟐 𝟑𝟓𝟏
∬ 𝑭. 𝒏𝒅𝑺 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒙)𝐝𝐕 =
𝑺 𝒙=𝟎 𝒚=𝟎 𝒛=𝟎 𝟐

Practice Problems:
1. Verify the Green’s theorem for:∫𝐶 [(3𝑥 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦], where
C is boundary of the region bounded by lines 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
2. Verify Green’s theorem for ∫𝐶 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦, where C is bounded by y
= x and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
3. Using Green’s theorem evaluate ∫C(𝑥 2 + xy)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) dy, where C is
the square formed by the lines 𝑥 = ±1, 𝑦 = ±1

Application Based Questions:

 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

1. The data flow within the enclosed area in the plane is represented by the
line integral ∫𝐶 [(2 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦], where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are
Cartesian coordinates in the plane and 𝑎 is a positive constant representing
the radius of the region. The closed curve 𝐶 is the boundary of the area
enclosed by the 𝑥-axis and the upper half of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 . Apply
Green’s theorem to evaluate the given integral.
2. In a planar data-flow network, the circulation of data packets along a closed
boundary is modeled by the vector field F = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ − 2𝑥𝑦𝑗̂, where
𝑥and 𝑦are spatial coordinates. The flow takes place around a rectangular
closed path bounded by 𝑥 = ±𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, and 𝑦 = 𝑏. Evaluate the given
integrals for the vector field using Gauss Divergence Theorem and verify
by Stokes’ theorem.
3. In a three-dimensional data processing system, the flow of data through a
bounded computational unit is represented by the vector field F = 2𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ +
𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘̂, where 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 denote spatial coordinates and 𝑛̂ is the outward
unit normal. The region is a rectangular parallelepiped bounded by 𝑥 =
0 to 2, 𝑦 = 0 to 1, and 𝑧 = 0to 3. Using Gauss Divergence Theorem,
evaluate the total outward data flow across the closed surface.

Note: For solutions, refer to the class notes.

Extended Learning and Reference:

Students are encouraged to explore these topics not only through theoretical
understanding but also by using MATLAB and other computational tools
to simulate real-world scenarios. These activities help in analyzing data
flow, signal strength, network coverage, animation volumes, and material
usage in 3-D printing. The following resources and activities provide
avenues for extended learning and practical exposure.

▪ MATLAB Documentation: [Link]

Khan Academy – Multivariable Calculus:
[Link]
▪ MIT OpenCourseWare – Multivariable Calculus:
[Link]
fall-2010/ – Lecture notes, examples, and videos.
▪ Wolfram MathWorld – Vector Calculus:
[Link]
 Alliance School of Applied Mathematics
Semester II
Advanced Calculus and Differential Equation

▪ YouTube Tutorials on MATLAB for 3D Graphics: Search for “MATLAB

double integral, triple integral, vector field, curl divergence”.

Reference Books:

1. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Khanna

Publishers.

2. Peter V. O’Neil, Engineering Mathematics CENGAGE Learning India Pvt

Ltd .Publishers.

3. B.V. Ramana, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest Edition, Tata Mc.

Graw Hill Publications
4. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition,
Wiley Publications.