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Short Notes

The document outlines fundamental concepts in physics, including motion, vectors, projectile motion, laws of motion, work, energy, and thermodynamics. It discusses various principles such as Newton's laws, conservation of momentum, friction, and the properties of solids and fluids. Additionally, it covers heat transfer methods, thermodynamic processes, and the behavior of materials under stress and strain.

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kushkuril24
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5 views20 pages

Short Notes

The document outlines fundamental concepts in physics, including motion, vectors, projectile motion, laws of motion, work, energy, and thermodynamics. It discusses various principles such as Newton's laws, conservation of momentum, friction, and the properties of solids and fluids. Additionally, it covers heat transfer methods, thermodynamic processes, and the behavior of materials under stress and strain.

Uploaded by

kushkuril24
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
* Motton fu straight line = one 2 Tustomtomenus velocity ~ velocity of a particle ata given Tustance « ve es Average velocity = Total dteplace ment” “tat time taken average speed = otal distance ae Total twee taken sAecelevetion = yate of change of velocity a> ov ae tugs acceleradion = Total change ‘in veloci hy Wa-v) Som Hue taken (titi) Mope of a-t graph = velocity wope of vet graph = accelerahon prea wader vit grag = Ateplacement prea mde at graph = change in vod hy for — unifpym acceleration + vertically projected body with a velocity Su) reaches a 2 height He wo a 5 yecly -palltng body pling pom & hetght ‘take aime te 8 to reach the grownd Motfon in_a plane t ee —* Vectors: ) magninde of Tal= [araay t tan YD BB en Aaeba, tye by, 847 Ow D vate ver Ro o= la) D> WE: pweose > econ WB — tal le) AXBR = ABS B. a) > dno - kx B) ) Rewuttamt, ail Projectile motion: eee men D Equation of — projectle 4 ye atone - _ a 2 Lu eos*6) D Fine of fight = 2usine 3 j ae > Maximum Height = siete 24 D Horlyontal ange wtetale J Oruslor Motions eS ¥ vt . ur; ) Cemtri petal acceleration = Y= wy de ge Iw w< 2K where T= dime pemtod ) wed®, ase, wd py We werd , BH Wet + bat, we wes 246 Laws of Mottow' Legs of Mellow * Aristotlels allay, An extemal force hu needed to keep a body in mottow Thera = property of a body to resist Me chomge tm ths Arete of vest oy molon * Newtouls Stew + Evemybedy continues to be tn Its state of creat OY wotfon unless compelled by an extemal force % ackng on it * Newton's 24 tao. The Aate of chomge of momentunn incatek same ae of a body %s divectly proportional to the applied force. Wu maoneentaw. e = rego [Eg] “ee a is | Pema x velocity ee = . a a Ta =maq , Fy Sf2 = may » Fur Sok = may whee Fa, Fy, FR ame forces along 4) Pa, Py, Py are momenta along 1 41% an, ay, 43 97e acceler atom along SY % — Tmpulse cin short Hime of Tutewal Large force actfng U chomge tn T waomentwun oe Newton's Oda Te event foree | there, pe —_—— te am equal od opporite fore: ol co @ apro € contervation of —mnanneniann * bo Fret P Boe cotton mM tana ronaaing —eorutonet when net force externally aching omenharn en a body “w Bere FrichHon’. The 4prce porraltel to the *sfece of a bo dy iw contact with a ough Har face opposing motion 07 ‘inapending motfon * Ty per of ficHous © Stale 4pietiow : f, £ BEN 2: Klmetic satcttows fae HeN potting anitton: fy = PrN uses of Frichon. [+ Brakes in machines | automobiles 2: Walking % powrible without slipping 3 Peceleraton Of veltcler due tp fiction betwen cor yr ond wood . Bombing of road ' Vente = JaRg for hovizowtal ewr pace: oe V mow | eg (4 tome dor bonked surface: \- perme. Work, Power, Freagyy® lork, Pow 4 % Work: FS = Fsees@ (ov Work © fF-de *® Power = a a Fx Types of Energy: 1 KimeHe energy = mv 2. Gyovitatfonal Potential energy > mgh 3B. Spring potential energy > hae *® Work — Cuergy “Theorem: Werk done by all em Kinetie, forces Ene > Wat = Kpeki au con Work done by _ Change tin Kinetic + potenhiaf ven conservative Forces = energy 2 Wrep = ARF AD * dyvea under Fos graph = Wowk done by that force work done ‘a independent of path be Conservative force: Forces whose followed by the bodys gravitational, - Tw. ~aU) where Wer = merle done by coniervative (poser force Av = change im fotenval mergy A FvicHon, viecous force, aly aedstance are — non~ Conservative feee- yp Lan of conservation of mecherleal energy: of tonseryation of mec a4 \P Work done by non-conservative forces “Te Jerod Chey only cowervative forces do wort) (KE + PE) Atmatvs covutaut + then total Mechanical energy so AU AK =O (w-€ Treovens) (ry) Hee) £2 > Waer =? > Ke t¥r = Eitey Tune « Kinete fing constant x Collision typex Clute = Kinet wmagy vematns jnelaate = Kinehe murgy ty dost dusting Collision * For all types of calllsion, momentum can be conserved, Mechamteal properes oF soltds. —— - w# Elactcity = The property of a body by which it regal tts origmmal shape and Sige when applied extumal force aemoved . The vertoring forte pa uvlit aca © Tay * Stren = * Types of ates longi mdnal stew = Tensile | compressive ce Area 2+ Shearing — stvew = Tangential fore oi wren & Volumetric free B+ Volumebtc Atrem = aren + Shrathe Ratio of change In dimentton to original dimension * TOPS drat; | Longimdnal shatw = 2+ Shearing stat = = tame cl? re Be Volumebte strain = v Atrem amd trate For 4mall values of strewn = Kx strain + Hookels Laws ptceke x = Modulus of Elasticity Modul Elashieity oung’s Modul x Types_ok _Medutog of fleabenys 1 Youngts Medlta (D> Reais a+ Shearing modulus (@)) = feAL 3 Bulk Modus (g) . -y . (sv) A = Proportionalihy Vit B= Yfeld poinh . = Elaahte Heit D © ullimate tensile strength © = Frockwe pelt A move brittle aa strain close > material 4 D md & are ductile, D amd € owe far apart =) watevial is more * *& Poisson's Rato c Ratto of fateral soln 4d Longitudual Shon, * Elaste potenhal energy U< ax stress x Btrain x Volume % foteuttal energy Pr wit volume + 0 * \ a - 1 ‘ — “sale Abn stron » stain 2 Lx (strain) yi; 1 = stron) 4% eS i‘ = mechonical properties a patel aN * Toscalle yw: In a fluid at vest, premuve ‘w poluts. lor) Tr an enclosed fluld, 4 change im predure ia some at all be equally tromrmitted tn all directo. yr Cxomaple: Hy dvaulfe Machines a pet the te Be . , ‘ F Cae Premare jn 2 Yutd varstn witha deptn a, | Pe Pittgh where f= demvthy of He usd i called # Guage peemure: The exces premare ab Bel Guage premure =Ur-Pr) = fab 4 Skreamitne flows At a given potnty tte Poming Yuid semaine covtomt with dime # Crifeal Speed: The speed after whieh How changes pom Atremmline be turbulurt + CS 1o tnta 7 % Squation of continuity + | eee We point Te “a 5 steady plow velocity of every pavbete of steady | streawline flew, for amy ee cnvell Sim pine fag Zt potas Wee oh ee tO" 2 9 2 9 A yori cellt ead ome he epcea mets effluz from the side of 4 tentat Toy tcl ie a cnery (open from fresop)) = Oaem Olen. by, he helght oF te lve (aah where the ‘tep- Sd where there % prenure differ opening from ay Dynamte Itt: In a moving ul ence, fuid Op applies 4 rneving fluid- exanspiesg 1 Magnus effect ( Upward force ona epfantng ball in atv) 2+ Lift on atveraft ving (Clift of wings on an alverafe) offered tora flutld fn raskion “uy ree on afody present In the, Jaa ig Vesoosity : The —realghance called viecosity = + Co-effetent of _ viccostty ° [n 7B] Force velocity of Prea of contact veo vitco top layer . =v sz unit of Y= Poiseiuelle (Pr) = Nsm = Pars a For Nquids, temperatave fT then viscosity JL Fey gases, temporahive at ten Vis cost hy + * Co. e ficient _of viscotity = Ratio of sheavtug stem to thea’ oe Atrodue “I * Stoke's Law: A gpherteal body of radius 'y' falling with a velocthy Sv! ta a Nguid of viscosity 4) eapertences [Few] Viscous force mover with constant * A sphevical body falling Tm a Uqutd velocity , when net force (Buoyant , vigrovs, qravitetoual) balance each other called as ‘terminal velocity’ ws \ Vee 2d Pe dewity of Uquid i au do] demir, of the sphere * Buoyancy: Tre net upward tausst exerted by Liquid on a aclid which completely ey peettally ammaersed th it: % suapece Tension: The force per wit lengtr ackng om Wie, : at the bounding aurhace pee Liquid The extra meray have, 08 compared do the Tntostor. tnkerpace «x Surface Emagey? ot the futer face + Angle of contact! The angle peavpoce a the point of that the molecules betwun Maid surpace omd tarde the Lquid . eutact > wolid * Excers premure [fnsrde ble = AE] drop = 27 ) qo suryace femston ——yadivs of &= augle of contact, ¥= cagillony tbe Themed properties oh matter: a t=O 2 te- be te 23 joo — vin-3e Bak aay + Heat: Energy that gets fromferned prem one body to awother diffeumce due to he temperature of hetem oy caldnen of o hooky * Temsperahire: The maeaaure Thermal _expamiton ty pes: 1 Linear ex pemafon 5 we bin os b a Areal expauvion; = ps ty AB oT Oe B. Volume expen: 9 (av) = Ly SY or? [Pe2A end Poa] dead se tten: The stew diveloped fnrtde a en pawion by fixing % Theymel wed when Ths end: it Ww beated but prevented the * Specifre heatr The amount of — heat meray yequived pe Temperate of one ui ma fw eapetiy aise avbstance by ov 1K. 2 a [es am a8 + molar specitNe Meat ae. gmowet oF pte capa thy duak — nergy “ . sree Hes temperttine mole of sebctamee by | oy 1K * Calov?mel Measurevent Ay teat weap neue r = Heat 9% % Prind le of Calerimeboy * neat Lest by aqubstounce grine by another pubston ce * Feiple point: The tenaporitioe at which — all the phases ( sold, s a mbstance - vepous) com coentst for Priple pot of aaa. te required to change the - teteat , The ‘ertieuet of — Heat —s state of 4 unit man ap a whstance - ” ) Conduction: The mode of baad bramipere % Methods of. Heat travafers benwen hoo adjacent tedies wttheuh omtf auhral rovernent ea particles: Heat tousfow between 2-~bodies with ached / oq paiteles (ithe te pat) (&9* Land Breeze, Sea Breeze) 2+ Radialton: neat tomar which doesnot require omy wredtum pofen! p : nes ] * fens dtc plscement law + } AT = constant A= wavelengin correapenelteg to vadiatou op maaxinnunn 2+ Convection + plese movenunt Inbenesty Te tempurahire of the body Wien's contrat = ax? mw emitted yodtator, the energy fre surfore aver F we bode Te temperature For o perfect A Ste fan- poltzmann laws Hue per unit Te Stefan boltymann's x Newtonls Low oy woling + } The rate of Lost oF Tn cooled fs directly proportional to the temperature avd awcrrowndiugs « or abedy vhich Te getting difference. Fs tne body Thermnody naval a! 4 a Thewnel squilibdwm: The alate when there & no type of teat sachamge between hwo bodies ‘u * eqpilibruwn Hate - * Leno dew! Two aston equilibium with a third rystem seperrattliy ore tm equilibnum with each other: # Tatemal energy: (v) The sum of Hinette ond potential erated oy all molecules te called Tntemol energy OF the mystou - + Pt tae thamotypomias [AQ* 004 AM] Bg = +e if heat ty wepplied to Hystewn -ve if duct UU veleoned by sy shen poz we tb temp. of gas Increases ave th tP of you decremses awe tye tf work “done by the goer eth ee yy done On the gat Mayer's velaton | on ey * Thewmodynamate stoke vevlables The poroumetente whtels desutbe dhe state Sf % system Leg: Premure, volume ete) + Typ oF vemable: |. Cakemsivg — State Vantables that depend on the ammount of nubshomee- Eqt Volume, man, Prevent + a Tutenvve- State vaniables thet do vot depend on the awnourt 4 abstance Eg? Tewaperadure , dow hy ere ean aad that the system rake proven: tm tnpfetely slow fe curred ngs trvoughout + si equilibtum with He ante proces where temperatire Ts kept % Tsothennal procem! Themed —_ fixed trroughout [T= courant} vy | Ee pes procens where previure is kept on] * mobaric_ proce sremmodynouic Corstant Haroughout» » ' : : Tyochoyic process Thermodynamic process where Volume of the system te kept covatant: [Ve conthant} oo |p contr | T no eat flows between % Adiqhatle proces: hewn , abate proton: Temmodynamic proces where the system avd surroundings - [ae] por OW: de t - ; a lork_done | Tn Teothesmal proces = mRT do Ya. = 2-308 meTIEg ee ; x ae i yh 2. En Tyo varie proces = PL va-M) aR |» In Adiabatic proce = wel 7D. Pave KY) | votes (Ibe where as op ce % cydic_ procs The system yeluaa to tte initfal state 2 AU+o 2. pbR= OW ye Werk «done = Area tasicle the carve (R-Y) + a4 raw of Theo dynamie® ena nel._stateme u 7 ole ve eevine Planck statement + Ne proces possi be a oe complete yesult fg absorptton of heat from 4 weaervoly * P convertion Into work , ‘ ible whose sole resale 2+ cawdus etatement > No coten B poss! Ne piect wm Watton object” te tamper of heat fom wider ob + Reversible prow: Thewmody nani proces where both system ond surroundings cor be. returned back t thety original states , with no other change ty the unlverse- &q: melting of ice, Ts0the expansion of gm in a ajlinder with movable piston eft we Cornet _emgine t Reversible heat engine operating petween two a le Wyte bas the highest efpueny for h ‘ae * a eouy heat ~ & . Qe Th KineHe Theory of gases - ¥ AN gases at high temp evahives and low pressures show same, benaviour. and o| es yet ey tenet | f= BBY Trot eT * Acumplions fr Kine theong « 1s KIL gas molecules ave fo constant yvandlom molfon ge wwolecules (0) moleaties amd wall of contatney 2 Collislons between ave all clastic. Tine volume of gat molecules is neglighbte compared to volume ef container * 4 AN molecules obey Newton's laws of melon S: Time taterval between Colliclone 16 negligible * Boyle's law: PVe conctanty we Chatels low Vo ews constant] = * Geyrtutbectiow = J e eusi ° oa, ie te density of 9 es pe 4 PY en Van = Took mean square Te Temp: of ideal gas Ms Moleaslay nase of tdeal gar- of possible ways 9 The total number be dighttbuted- y of HE IM * vegreet of freedowt! which total tnternal ener ean she total enevgy fs equally clistri buted with each aaa] anenergy equal to 2) Re univerzal gas omsh x Low of equipartion of energy tn all degrees of freedom ker. ( kpe Beltyrtann vovatant) | Crys a ( tian OTe | Naz tvagadre nuaber | & 1s 1% Mowoatomle i 2 S ay Diam = a ‘s eee ibratonal modes Diatowmy &.. YR aR Ys of cleqrees of freedom Trlatow T = AR aR Ws Poly atom c See eS | a+ FY aepe [arpa] ST Yarey *% Specific heat capaci hy of solids (ene | oo oo travelled ky the molecules between * Mean free path pverage distan: collisions: (A collisions. HA pee of ge diameter of He olecules pev unit volume dwo successive molecules: Ss | 25 Sanse Oscillatous! * Periodic motion: she moton which repeats itself after regular intervals of Hme- * oscillatory motion: The moton i whieh the bedy hooves to and fro about a mean positon % — Simple_Harmenle _rvotion’ Fv oscillatory motton, fovee 6 directly proporll -enal to its displacement from mean positon. + Every oscillatory motion peviodte, but ery perlodic rnotion neccl not be oscillatory. Leg cireulay rmotion) © Time period: The intewel of time after which the ™okon Ie vepeated (7) % Fyequeny: The \nvevse_ of Time period + the 10" of oscillahons Im one unit of me. [f= 4 cal % cligyacement equation gum: [a= Aeincot +) | awd he enacimnum possible displacement (armplitude)) x acceleration 19 sa =8) SHM The — prajecton of uniform crular mobon Uvde methed © ae if even nolo wiameter of the cjeele follows simple rexere ee ona a Fore law ta SUM! w(t gonere Ke called a “force constant Such that pre-e] [DERE] [ee bet] epee eng seem? << —s Total Energy > SK Wtth Hine. a = tAW (@ x=) Oman = te (Cr) + 4, =tF Vane © min = 2 Va = oe LS m= EA) Amin= 0 (@ %=2) = | + Time period ef simple pendulum: 7 ax 1% | Greeaphs~ a= tr slo(tet + >) ~puwt f Woves! ina medium which carries energy from * Wave- -h disturbance travelling perifeles- one pout > avothey — without any acmal movement of the * oT Yypes— sre Is Mechawieal waves — which vequive o mrcdium te travel q: Sound , Water , waves o% shing quire 4 medium 2+ Now nical Now- Mechanical (Electrommaguee) — which de wef we sto travel eq: Sunlight, x-vays, Anrays ebe SB: Tame = | Tramaverce wawes — in which the pavcles of tne media oscillate, perpendiailay te the atten: gy: Wave om Sting. which the pavitcles oscillate perpendicular creas OF divedtion of wave pre pad © Lomgitwdnal waver — 1 to the wave propagation Eg: Sound waves = : \3 = paln(ea-wt PP suceemdve iw amediam * Eaton of wave nee between fue woevelength— The dista troughs: a) —_ + sped pve TE = in the sting — ee , J \t Te Tension ee 5 ats linenn mana denti¥y) peste Me Torah ius of the medium % speed_Of 2 Bulk mod _ density of me mediura- promune oF a2) (Ce Newion's formula — 2 Laplacele correchon 4o Newton's formula ~ S WO waves are * Prindple of super positon af naves- when nope 2 See 3 i th ASmnultancouly travelling tm a medium, the displacement of e porticder ts given by algebraic sum of displacements due to Tndividual waves: a 2 | Yaoray IF 1TL —— pa wave (4 asin (ka-we)) encounters F eflection of waves — gets vefle cted» additional » For vigid boundary « flvepeered® Taam ten we) CAs, 2- Fer open boundary? | Yvetered = asin (ka-wb) 2 ich other a boundary, it stationary waves] cranding waves ~ cident wave and reflected wave Super impose 07 6 and form Standing wares en 1 Equaten of standing wave! | y= Dacinbaconwt | ave not travelling wave , zo don't camy energy from one 2 They pest to another: a’ amaplibide be nor same 4rroughout the Yave- ay Zero amplitude ave called nodes. | ae nt weleerde-- aumplitde —avecalled —antineales [> ork) % | eon eeaeraes frequenctes of atakonany waves called natural frequen 5. felts with max. # Nahuva) frequencies The possible for a given tength “Vo of the mediunr is (er) Normal andes: v= freqmemesy » For both ends closed “] netrs--- ve Speed of wave = Le length of. medium (a) | we0h 278-77 nic series ts called ‘ fundaments) -dw * or one end open: | x The fivet value of frequencied tn “ harmontes * frequenes” yemalning ave called % Shey ea of waves: Closed endl: | tal Vege air NE me & yea [YO EL YL uer i aa Hint howe 2% harmonic DO hemo ~nte loud and soft counds , altemating a ou nearby frequeny superpose a Beats: The pheromenn of whew v2 gound waver of Othey- oy eu v beat : Le

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