Module 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Notes SubCode:1BAIA103/2

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1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)

What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that deals with creating machines
or software that can think, learn, and make decisions like humans.

👉 In simple words:
AI enables machines to behave intelligently.

Examples:

 Google Maps suggesting fastest routes

 Voice assistants (Siri, Alexa)
 Face recognition in mobile phones
 Chatbots and self-driving cars

Definition of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is the ability of a machine to perform tasks that normally require
human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, and
understanding language.

How Does AI Work?

AI works by combining:

1. Data – large amount of information

2. Algorithms – step-by-step rules
3. Models – mathematical representations
4. Computing power – fast processors

Basic Working Steps:

1. Data is collected
2. Algorithm analyzes the data
3. Model learns patterns
4. AI makes predictions or decisions

📌 Example:
Spam email detection

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 Input: Emails
 AI learns patterns of spam
 Output: Spam or Not Spam

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

 Works 24/7 without fatigue
 Reduces human errors
 Fast decision-making
 Handles dangerous tasks (mining, space, defense)
 Improves efficiency and productivity

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 High development cost
 Job displacement (automation)
 Lack of emotions and creativity
 Dependence on data
 Ethical and privacy concerns

History of Artificial Intelligence

 1950 – Alan Turing proposed “Can machines think?”
 1956 – Term Artificial Intelligence coined by John McCarthy
 1970s–90s – Slow progress (AI winter)
 2000s – Growth due to big data and faster computers
 Today – AI used in healthcare, finance, education, transport

Types of Artificial Intelligence

1. Weak AI (Narrow AI)

 Designed for specific tasks

 Cannot think independently
 Most common AI today

Examples:

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 Google Assistant
 Recommendation systems (Netflix, Amazon)

2. Strong AI (General AI)

 Can think, reason, and learn like humans

 Has general intelligence
 Still theoretical (not yet achieved)

Based on Functionality of AI
1. Reactive Machines

 No memory
 React only to current inputs
 Cannot learn from past

Example:

 IBM Deep Blue (chess computer)

2. Limited Memory

 Uses past data for decision-making

 Most modern AI systems belong here

Example:

 Self-driving cars (use past traffic data)

3. Theory of Mind

 Can understand emotions, beliefs, intentions

 Under research stage

Example:

 Emotion-aware robots (future)

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4. Self-Awareness

 AI has consciousness and self-understanding

 Can understand its own existence
 Does not exist yet

Is AI Same as Augmented Intelligence and Cognitive

Computing?
Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Replaces human effort

 Focuses on automation

Augmented Intelligence

 Assists humans
 Enhances human decision-making
 Example: AI helping doctors in diagnosis

Cognitive Computing

 Mimics human thinking process

 Understands language, images, reasoning

Introduction to Machine Learning (ML)

What is Machine Learning?

Machine Learning is a subset of AI where machines learn from data without being
explicitly programmed.

Example:

 Email spam detection

 Product recommendations

Types of ML:

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 Supervised Learning
 Unsupervised Learning
 Reinforcement Learning

Introduction to Deep Learning (DL)

What is Deep Learning?

Deep Learning is a subset of Machine Learning that uses neural networks with multiple
layers.

Inspired by the human brain.

Applications:

 Image recognition
 Speech recognition
 Medical diagnosis
 Autonomous vehicles

2. Machine Intelligence
What is Machine Intelligence?
Machine Intelligence refers to the ability of machines to perform intelligent tasks such as
learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making similar to humans.

👉 It is a part of Artificial Intelligence that focuses on how machines show intelligent

behavior.

Defining Intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to:

 Learn from experience

 Understand and reason
 Solve problems
 Adapt to new situations
 Make decisions

📌 In AI, intelligence means acting rationally to achieve goals.

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Components of Intelligence
The major components of intelligence are:

1. Learning – acquiring knowledge from data or experience

2. Reasoning – logical thinking and decision making
3. Problem Solving – finding solutions to complex situations
4. Perception – understanding inputs from sensors (vision, sound)
5. Language Understanding – processing natural language
6. Planning – deciding future actions

Differences Between Human and Machine Intelligence

Human Intelligence Machine Intelligence

Natural and biological Artificial and man-made

Emotional and creative Logical and data-driven

Learns from experience Learns from data

Can think independently Depends on programming

Has consciousness No consciousness

📌 Important: Machines are faster, humans are more flexible.

Agent and Environment in AI

Agent

An agent is an entity that:

 Perceives its environment through sensors

 Acts upon the environment using actuators

Environment

Everything outside the agent that it interacts with.

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Agent–Environment Interaction
Environment → Sensors → Agent → Actuators → Environment

Example

 Agent: Self-driving car

 Sensors: Camera, radar
 Actuators: Steering, brakes
 Environment: Road, traffic, pedestrians

Search Algorithms in AI
Search algorithms are used to find solutions by exploring possible states.

Applications

 Path finding (Google Maps)

 Puzzle solving
 Game playing
 Robot navigation

Types of Search Algorithms

1. Uninformed Search Algorithms

 Do not use extra information

 Explore blindly
 Simple but slow

Examples

 Breadth First Search (BFS)

 Depth First Search (DFS)
 Uniform Cost Search

📌 Used when no heuristic information is available.

2. Informed Search Algorithms

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 Use heuristic information

 Faster and efficient
 Uses domain knowledge

📌 Heuristic = rule of thumb

Pure Heuristic Search

 Uses only heuristic function h(n)
 Chooses node that appears closest to goal
 Does not consider path cost

Advantages

 Faster search
 Less memory

Disadvantages

 May not give optimal solution

Best-First Search Algorithm (Greedy Search)

What is Best-First Search?

Best-First Search selects the best node based on heuristic value.

📌 Greedy approach → chooses best option at each step.

Evaluation Function
f(n) = h(n)

Where:

 h(n) = heuristic estimate to goal

Steps of Greedy Best-First Search

1. Start from initial node

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2. Add it to OPEN list

3. Select node with lowest h(n)
4. Expand the node
5. Repeat until goal is reached

Example

Finding shortest path using distance heuristic.

Advantages

 Fast
 Simple to implement

Disadvantages

 Not optimal
 Can get stuck in local minima

Comparison: Uninformed vs Informed Search

Feature Uninformed Informed

Knowledge used No Yes (heuristics)

Speed Slow Fast

Efficiency Low High

Optimality Sometimes Depends

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