Newton's Laws of Motion We define physical state of a body with the help of velocity. 42> State of rest (V'= 0) 2> State of uniform motion (V'= const) Inertia > Property of object, not a physical quantity, does not have unit and dimension. Inertia « Mass P¥Force ( Force is anything that causes an object to start moving, stop moving, change direction, or change its shape. Types of force + Contact Forces: Require physical touch (friction, tension, spring, normal force). + Distant Forces: Act over a distance without touching (electrostatic force, gravitational force, magnetic force). Weight Weight is how strongly gravity pulls on an object. It's why things fall to the ground when dropped formula of weight: wimg Where, where m is the mass of the object, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Normal Reaction When you place a book on a table, the table pushes up on the book with a force equal and opposite to the weight of the book. This push is the normal reaction. N(on book) (on table) N me Tension:- Tension is a force that is always present j, ing rope, string, or cable when it is pulled tigi It is a reactive force, meaning it responds 4, other forces acting on the rope. 7 M Key Points about tension + Tension always pulls along the length of the rope or string. + Tension is not an active force; it exists because other forces are acting. + When a rope passes over a massless (idea!) or frictionless pulley, the tension in the rope remains the same throughout its length. + IF the tension force drops to zero, the rope becomes slack and no longer pulls. Law of inertia: No external net force required to keep the body in same physical state, Net force required to change physical state. For Gonstant velocity, a = O, Fret =O Restinertia of a body depends on its mass, ‘The larger the mass, the larger is the inertia of the body. For ideal spring replace it by string & find tension that will be equivalent to spring force. Ideal Spring: Force is same at all Points! ifa string is massless, the tension in it is the same. every where. however, if a sting has a mass, tension at different points will be different. + Abody is in equilibrium when the combined effect of all the forces acting on it is zero. This means that the body will stay at rest or move with constant velocity, + Mathematically, if you add up all the forces acting on the body and their sun is zero, the body is in equilibrium. Example: + Consider two forces, F, and Fa, acting on a particle. [J oF, + For the particle to be in equilibrium, these two forces must cancel each other out. ‘This means that the sum of these forces must be zero: F,+F,=0 + IF F, is pointing in one direction, F, must be equal in magnitude but pointing in the opposite direction. If three forces act on a particle and keep it in equilibrium, each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces. Newton's Laws of Motion F, Fy, a Fs wna Sin Then, 7 + + F=0 Q2. Find Tension in wire? Sol. 150°of (20+30) together fe T, = 900N make EBD. [saKg of (40+30+20) # together 2okg os ska 30kg 20kg Contact force b/w 10kg. and 20kg. Make F.B.D. of (3+10) kg. N= 430N 13kg mg = 130N Q4. Auniform rope of mass nm and length L is fixed at one end and vertically from rigid support then tension in rope at distance x fron rigid support. 7 L Ltx @ "9T (b) mg rT ey mg (a) mg [— () mg L a) © Mm a) MR* IF x=0 T=mg and If x=L then T=0 Q.5. Aman of mass m is standing on a plank of mass M. A light string Passing over a fixed smooth pulley connect man and Plank. find tension force exterted by man on string to keep block at rest. ® F.B.D. of Man + Plank 2T (mem )g Qe, Release from rest then falling dg, find Normal reation b/w them” t0kg 20kg Ans. Momentum > Quantity of motion containe; in a body. 4 P= Me > Vector, Kg m/sec, parallel to velocity > frame dependent. ¢ AP =fedt Area ab i Fe Peg, = = slope de + Newton's Second Law of Motion states that the vate of change of linear momentum of an object is equal to the applied fore! and occurs in the direction of the applied force. PhysiFrcs Fog at AP —_ AP “3 At zm iv odin “dt de aie = Gad) = const” (variable as Ex:- Rocket ee Note:- + Ball Rebounds With Same Speed Find Change in Momenturm:— Vi = Velocity 1 to Surface + Ball change direction perpendicular with same speed then, |AP | = (2 mv + BuLLet plate question vay. > ~ m ane » OP = 2nmu. at (change in momentum |] Tefe dt = BP =F, at Newton's Laws of Motion + Inapulse is the result of a force acting over a certain period of tine. It represents the change in momentum of an object: + The SI unit of impulse is the newton- second (N-8) or kilogram meter per second ([Link]/s) + The total impulse for a force applied over atime interval from t, to t,, can be found by calculating the area under the force~ time (F-t) graph for that interval. = AP. 2mveos) ar 4r EW) newton's 3rd law [Action-Reaction] + Action-Reaction pair acts on two diff. body but they should be of same nature. 2 Fi Fh, 2 yer Mathematically, Fy) = — Fy, BR conservation of momentum [Fro external forces act ona system, the total linear momentum of the systera remains constant.law) 6 P = const™ n-Bullet System:~ Forces Involved: + Recoil Force (R): The force exerted by the gun on the shooter due to the bullet being fired. + Action and Reaction: According to Newton's third law, the force on the bullet (action) and the force on the gun (reaction) are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Recoil on gun R— (Reaction) Force on bullet (Action) M gun = No. of bullet fired per sec. 7 G&D Te a |= — , (KE), [Pond Peat Rocket Problem:- time ¢ OO tivne aia = } ocala a (KE Physics0) aoe LIFT SAWAAL:~ I When lift accelerates upward Q7. Find acceleration and normal reaction. Normal on 13 kg N, = 13kg x @ = 13x3 = 39N Normal on & kg by 5 kg Ng = (8+23)a = 24x3 = 63N Front mass Q find T, and T, =40N eo Sol. Net Pulling force "Net Mass 1s 90-60 = m/s 90-T,=3x2 For 7kg. Newton's Laws of Motion (2) N= M (g +a) = Acct” up. When lift accelerates dovinvioard (2) N= M (gy ~ a) = Acct” dovin ‘amlall Lift at rest or waoving with a constant speed N= Mg = Accl" = 0 % @ V= const” FR] Pulley Block System-| + In a pulley block system, we have two masses, + M, and Ma, connected by a rope over a pulley. Here's a breakdown of how the system works and the key concepts: + *The acceleration of the system can be determined by the difference in the gravitational forces acting on the two masses divided by the total mass of the system: + The tension in the rope connecting theal My two masses: Ms] la IM, =M,>a=0 IFM, =O orM,=O>a=g => Think MR* for tension © IFM,=0 |M,=0 T=0 0 check also dimension of ace" and tensionERA Pulley Block System-ll in this type of pulley block system, we have two masses, m, and m,, connected by a rope over a pulley, with one mass hanging and the other on a horizontal surface. wat my Acceleration of systern mi +m, Tension in the rope Think MR* for ‘ta’ and Tension Bey inclined Plane Pulley Block System In this system, we have two masses, My; and m,, connected by a rope over a pulley Mass mn, i on an inclined plane making an angle © with the horizontal, while mass m, is hanging vertically. For hanging mass. T mg = m9 a acc" of, i m,gsin-,9 ae — mr, tension in the rope is given by: mymygt + + sind) a. m+, + tn following arrangment, we have thre, masses, m,, Mz, and Ms, connected by ropes and pulleys oO Mass m, is on a horizontal surface. oMass m, hangs vertically on the right side. oMass m, hangs vertically on the left side. oThe system will move in such a way that the heavier of the hanging masses (om, or m,) will determine the direction of the acceleration. ae Te Newton's second law along the incline for My: = mg - For ms: a = Ty — Mg For my; mmgg sind — T= ma old) © ToT, = mya Physi Pepssu mm NeAfter solving all equation: ae (ma-™3)9 Acceleration: a = a sang + Tresion in the Rope connecting m, and mg: m+ 2m, Wasa ec im, +m, My, + Tension in the Rope Connecting m, and a, 5 oo ma, + 2m, inc er er Pseudo force, also known as fictitious force, is an apparent force that arises when observing motion from a non-inertial (accelerating) frame of reference. It is used to apply Newton's laws of motion in non-inertial frames by introducing an additional force. + Used to valid Laws of Motion in non- inertial frame (Accelerated frame). + The pseudo force acts in the direction opposite to the acceleration of the reference frame. + Apparent weight (Normal) and weight change nai hoga inertial/non inertial frame ho Pendulum in Car Newton's Laws of Motion + Angle made by pendulum with the verticle 6 = tan™ (a,/9) + Tension in the pendulum string, Accl” of i does not slip: plane so that block over it N cos 8 (a= gtand)= f= (M+ m)gtand @Accl” of incline plane so that block ove! can free fall: N+ masin® Acceleration relation I a x) De] | test Mg Displacement relation M, 29 TaX = 2X2 + The system's combined acceleration can be found by averaging the individual accelerations: [Link]® = Vasind Vg = Vg tand Vgsine + Component of velocity along the length ¢ Rod will be same. PhysiéQ. 8. Block is sliding on smooth inclined plane, then component of acceleration | sol, o in vertical direction? a=gsind ans, @, = (gsin8)sind = gsin*@ re ny Newton's Laws of Motion.