JAVA PROGRAMMING – ALL DEFINITIONS (UNIT 1–5)
(Perfect Exam-Oriented Notes with Clear Explanation + Examples)
1. Java
Java is a high-level, object-oriented, platform-independent programming language used to build
secure and portable applications.
Example: Writing a program on Windows and running it on Linux without changes.
2. Platform Independence
Platform independence means Java programs can run on any operating system because code is
converted into platform■independent bytecode executed by JVM.
Example: A .class file runs on Windows, Linux, or Mac.
3. JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
JVM executes Java bytecode by converting it into machine code. It manages memory and performs
garbage collection.
Example: JVM for Windows and JVM for Android both run the same bytecode.
4. JDK (Java Development Kit)
JDK contains tools needed for developing Java programs—compiler (javac), JVM, JRE, and
libraries.
5. JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
JRE provides environment and libraries required to run Java applications but cannot compile
programs.
6. Bytecode
Bytecode is an intermediate platform■independent code generated after compilation. JVM
executes this bytecode.
7. Constructor
A constructor is a special method with the same class name, called automatically when an object is
created. It initializes variables.
Example:
class A { A(){ [Link]("OK"); } }
8. Data Types
Data types specify the type of data a variable stores. Java has primitive (int, float) and
non■primitive (String, arrays) types.
9. Variable
A variable is a named memory location used to store data during program execution.
10. Control Statements
Control statements manage program flow—if, switch, loops (for, while, do■while).
Example: if(age>18){ }
11. Inheritance
Inheritance allows one class to acquire properties of another class, promoting code reuse.
Example: class B extends A
12. Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows one method to perform different tasks depending on context—achieved via
method overloading & overriding.
13. Abstraction
Abstraction hides internal details and shows only essential features. Achieved using abstract
classes & interfaces.
14. Encapsulation
Encapsulation means wrapping data and methods into a single unit (class) and restricting access
using private/protected.
15. Method Overloading
Overloading means multiple methods with same name but different parameters.
16. Method Overriding
Overriding means redefining a parent class method in child class with same name and signature.
17. Interface
An interface is a blueprint containing abstract methods. A class implements an interface to define
methods.
18. Package
A package organizes related classes/interfaces into groups, avoiding name conflicts.
Example: [Link]
19. Exception
An exception is an unexpected event that interrupts normal program flow during execution.
20. Exception Handling
A mechanism to handle runtime errors using try, catch, throw, throws, finally.
21. Checked Exception
Compile-time exceptions such as IOException.
22. Unchecked Exception
Runtime exceptions such as ArithmeticException.
23. File I/O
Input/output operation performed on files—reading/writing using Java I/O classes.
24. AWT
AWT is a GUI toolkit using native components of OS to create graphical applications.
25. Swing
Swing is lightweight GUI toolkit built using pure Java, supports advanced components like JTable,
JTabbedPane.
26. Layout Manager
Automatically arranges GUI components—FlowLayout, BorderLayout, GridLayout.
27. JDBC
JDBC is an API that connects Java applications to databases and executes queries.
28. Servlet
Servlet is a Java program running on a web server to handle requests and generate dynamic
responses.
29. Servlet Lifecycle
init() → service() → destroy()
30. Cookie
A small piece of data stored on client browser to maintain user session.
31. JSP
JSP (Java Server Pages) is used to create dynamic web pages using Java + HTML.