MATHEMATICS LABORATORY ACTIVITIES
GRADE XII-TERM 2
CONTENTS
Activity 6 Based on Chapter- Application of Derivatives
To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter, the square has the maximum
area.
Activity 7 Based on Chapter- Application of Derivatives
To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and minimum values of a function in a
given closed interval through its graph.
Activity 8 Based on Chapter- Vector Algebra
To verify that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, using vector method.
Activity 9 Based on Chapter- Linear Programming Problem
Activity 10 Based on Chapter- Probability
To explain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A, when event B has
already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice.
ACTIVITY 6
Based on Chapter- Application of Derivatives
OBJECTIVE
To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter, the square has the maximum area.
PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Concept of maxima and minima
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Chart paper, paper cutter, scale, pencil, eraser, glue.
PROCEDURE
[Link] a chart paper of a convenient size.
2. Make rectangles each of perimeter say 48 cm on the chart paper. Rectangles of different dimensions are as
follows:
3. Cut out these rectangles and paste them on the white paper on the file.
OBSERVATION
1. Perimeter of each rectangle R1, R2, R3, R4, R4, R6, R7 is _________.
2. Area of rectangle of 𝑅1 = 16 cm × 8 cm = ------- cm2
3. Area of rectangle 𝑅2 = 15 cm × 9 cm = --------cm2
4. Area of 𝑅3 =
5. Area of 𝑅4 =
6. Area of 𝑅5 =
7. Area of 𝑅6 =
8. Area of 𝑅7 =
9. The rectangle 𝑅5 has the diamensions ______ × ______ and hence it is a ________.
10. Of all the rectangles with same perimeter, the ________ has the maximum area.
VERIFICATION
Let the length and breadth of rectangle be x and y.
The perimeter of the rectangle, P = 48 cm. ie,2(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 48
Or 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 24 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 24 − 𝑥
Let A (𝑥) be the area of rectangle, then
A (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥(24 − 𝑥)
= 24𝑥 − 𝑥 2
A′ (𝑥) = 24 – 2 𝑥
A′ (𝑥) = ⇒ 24 – 2 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 12
A′′ (x) = – 2
A′′ (12) = – 2, which is negative.
Therefore, area is maximum when 𝑥 = 12
y = 24 - 𝑥 = 24 – 12 = 12
So, 𝑥 = y = 12 Hence, amongst all rectangles, the square has the maximum area.
CONCLUSION
Perimeter of each rectangle is same but their area is different. Area of rectangle 𝑅5 is the maximum. It is a
square of side 12 cm. This is also verified using theoretical description. This activity is useful in explaining the
idea of maximum of a function.
ACTIVITY 7
Based on Chapter- Application of Derivatives
OBJECTIVE
To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and minimum values of a function in a given closed
interval through its graph.
PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Concept of plotting the graph
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Graph paper, geometry box, pencil and eraser, sketch pens, ruler.
PROCEDURE
1. Draw two perpendicular lines on the squared graph paper as the two rectangular axes.
2. Graduate the two axes as shown in Fig.
3. Let the given function be f (x) =(4𝑥 2 − 9)(𝑥 2 − 1) in the interval [–2, 2].
4. Taking different values of x in [–2, 2], find the values of f (x) and plot the ordered pairs (x, f (x)).
5. Some ordered pairs satisfying f (x) are as follows:
6. Plotting these points on the chart paper and joining the points by a free hand curve, the curve obtained is
shown in the figure.
OBSERVATION
1. The absolute maximum value of f (x) is ________ at x = ________.
2. Absolute minimum value of f (x) is ________ at x = _________
CONCLUSION
The activity is useful in explaining the concepts of absolute maximum / minimum value of a function
graphically.
ACTIVITY 8
Based on Chapter- Vector Algebra
OBJECTIVE
To verify that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, using vector method.
PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge of circle and its properties, Pythagoras theorem and knowledge of vectors.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Cardboard, white paper, adhesive, pens, geometry box, eraser, wires, paper arrow heads.
PROCEDURE
1. Take a thick cardboard of size 30 cm × 30 cm.
2. On the cardboard, paste a white paper of the same size using an adhesive.
3. On this paper draw a circle, with centre O and radius 10 cm.
4. Fix nails at the points O, A, B, P and Q. Join OP, OA, OB, AP, AQ, BQ, OQ and BP using wires.
5. Put arrows on OA, OB, OP, AP, BP, OQ, AQ and BQ to show them as vectors, using paper arrow heads,
as shown in the figure.
6. Using a protractor, measure the angle between the vectors 𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐵𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , i.e., ∠ APB = 90°.
7. Similarly, the angle between the vectors 𝐴𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , i.e., ∠ AQB = 90°.
8. Repeat the above process by taking some more points R, S, T, ... on the semi-circles, forming vectors AR,
BR; AS, BS; AT, BT; ..., etc., i.e., angle formed between two vectors in a semi-circle is a right angle.
OBSERVATION
By actual measurement,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = | 𝑂𝐴
| 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |=|𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |=|𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 𝑟 = 𝑎 = 𝑝 = …… .
| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 | = ……., | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑃| = ……, | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 | = ….., | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = …… .
𝐴𝑄 | = ……, | 𝐵𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2 + | 𝐵𝑃
|𝐴𝑃| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2 + | 𝐵𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |2 = …….., |𝐴𝑄| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |2= ……..
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝐵𝑃
So, ∠ APB = ……. and 𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ……., ∠ AQB = ……. And 𝐴𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝐵𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ……….
Similarly, for points R, S, T
∠ARB = ________, ∠ASB = ________, ∠ATB = ________, ________
i.e., angle in a semi-circle is a right angle
CONCLUSION
It is verified that angle in a semicircle is a right angle, using vector method.
ACTIVITY 8
Based on Chapter- Linear Programming Problem
OBJECTIVE
Minimise and maximise Z = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 subject to the following constraints:
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟐, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟏𝟐, −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≤ 𝟑, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝒐.
PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Plotting of graph
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Graph paper, pen, pencil, geometry box, eraser, ruler, glue.
PROCEDURE
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑
x x x
y y y
Plotting these lines on the graph for the feasible region.
OBSERVATION
Corner Points Value of Z (Z = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
CONCLUSION
The feasible region is ________________ (bounded/ unbounded)
Maximum value of Z =
Minimum value of Z =
***************************************************************************************
ACTIVITY 10
Based on Chapter- Probability
OBJECTIVE
To explain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A, when event B has already
occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice.
PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge of a probability, sample space of rolling of dice and definition of conditional probability.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
White paper, pencil, eraser, scale, pencil colours.
PROCEDURE
[Link] a white paper. Now draw a square on a paper and divide it into 36 equal squares of size 1.5 cm each as
shown in the figure.
[Link] the sample space of rolling dice as shown in the figure
[Link] following figure represents all possible outcomes of the given experiment. The sample space(S) has 36
outcomes.
Let A be the event that sum of numbers on the two dice is 7 ={(1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3),(5,2), (6,1)} and B be the
event that 4 appears at least one of the dice={(1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,4), (6,4)}
So, A ∩ B = {(3,4), (4,3)}
[Link] have to find the conditional probability of an event A if an event B has occurred, i.e., P (A | B).
[Link] of outcomes favourable to A = 16
Number of outcomes favourable to B = 11
Number of outcomes favourable to A ∩ B = 2
11
6. (i) P (B) =
36
2
(ii) P (A ∩ Β) =
36
P( A B) 2 36 2
(iii) P (A | B) = = =
P( B) 36 11 11
OBSERVATION
The number of possible outcomes by throwing two dice simultaneously is 36.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Probabilities Case I Case II
A= event that sum of two numbers is 10 A= event that sum of two numbers is 6
B= event of getting doublet B= event that 2 appears atleast once
P (B)
P (A ∩ Β)
P( A B)
P (A | B) =
P( B)
CONCLUSION
The concept of conditional probability of A, when event A has already occurred, i.e., P (A | B) is explained by
this activity.