World Wide Web
It is also known as WWW or W3 introduce by Tim Berners-Lee. It consists of
different pages that are formatted in a markup language called HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language) and linked to each other that contain text, graphics, multimedia
files, hyperlinks and etc.
Web 1.0
The first development of World Wide Web where web pages are static. It also known
as flat or stationary page and it cannot be manipulated by users.
Web 2.0
It is a dynamic web page where user can interact with page like creating a user
account, posting comments, uploading files and images, and others.
Features of Web 2.0
1. Folksonomy – users can classify and arrange information by adding tag or label.
Pound sign (#) is used in Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and other social networking
sites. Example in tagging on Facebook: #TeamKawayan, #Single
2. Rich User Experience – user can have high interaction with the content of the
page and can achieve level of expertise.
3. User Participation – user can put content on their own in web page like comment,
evaluation, and etc.
4. Long Tail – A site that offers services and brings individual and businesses into
selling different goods and commodities such as shopping site like OLX, Lazada,
Shopee, Zalora and others.
5. Software as a service – users can subscribe to a software when they need it
instead of purchasing them.
6. Mass Participation – sharing of diverse information through universal web access.
Web 3.0 The Semantic Web
A new paradigm in web interaction extension of led by World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) where it provides framework that allows data to be shared and reuse
Trends in ICT
1. Convergence – it refers to fusing of technological advancement to work on a
similar task.
Example. Using smartphone as camera in taking pictures instead of DSLR camera.
2. Social Media – an application and website where user can communicate, create
and share content, and participate in online communities.
Type of Social Media
A. Social Network – A website where people with the same come together to share
information.
Examples: Twitter, Instagram, Facebook
B. Social News – A website where user can post stories and are ranked based on the
popularity through voting.
Examples: Digg, Reddit, Propeller, Slashdot, Fark
C. Bookmarking Sites – A website that allows you to share and store internet
bookmarks, articles, posts, blogs, images and others.
Examples: Pinterest, StumbleUpon, Dribble
D. Media Sharing – A website that allows you to share and store multimedia files
such as video, photos and music.
Examples: Instagram, YouTube, Flickr
E. Microblogging – a website that allows you to broadcast short message. Examples:
Twitter, Tumblr, Meetme
F. Blogs and Forums – a discussion website that allows user to ask questions and
comments on a journal posted by an individual or group. Examples: Wordpress,
Blogger
3. Mobile Technologies – a technology used in cellular and other devices such
netbook, laptop, tablet, smartphones and etc.
4. Assistive Media - A platform that assist people with disability. It will guide the
individual like a blind person by using an audio recording.
Online Safety
The internet makes life easier and more convenient, but it also has risks such as
scams, cyberbullying, and illegal activities. Because of this, it is important to learn
how to stay safe and secure when using the internet.
Internet Risk
Cyberbullying - It happens when someone intentionally abused, harass, and
mistreated by other person using electronic communication.
Identity Theft - It is a crime of stealing personal information for the purpose of
assuming that person’s name or identity to make any form of transactions.
Cyber Stalking - A criminal practice where electronic communication is used to
stalk or harass individual or group.
Sexting - The act of sending sexually explicit text messages, images, and videos
Internet Threats Malware – also known as Malicious Software. Types of Malware
1. Virus – a malicious program that replicate itself by copying itself to another
program.
2. Trojan Horse – a malicious program that disguised as legitimate program that user
will accept and use but take control of your computer.
3. Worm – malicious program that copy’s itself and spreads to other computers.
4. Spyware – A malicious program that gathers information from victim’s computer
and send it back to the hacker.
5. Adware – An unwanted advertisement that will pop-up several times on victim’s
computer then behave abnormally and tedious to close them.
6. Keylogger – A program that runs in the background and steals user credentials and
confidential information and send back to hack by recording every keystroke that a
user makes on their computer or device.
7. Botnet – A collection of infected internet–connected devices such as PC and
mobile phone that are controlled by a common type of malware. 8. Rootkit – A
software tools used by hackers to gain control over a computer on a network without
being exposed.
8. Ransomware – A ransom virus that block the user from accessing the programs or
files and demands to pay the ransom through online method for the removal of the
virus.
Spam - Also known as junk email or unwanted email send by advertiser or bot. It
can be used to send malware.
Phishing - A cyberattack method using deceptive emails and websites to
acquiring sensitive personal information.
Cybercrime -A crime in which computer is used as object and tool in
committing a crime such hacking, phishing, spamming, child pornography, libel,
hate crimes, identity thief and others.
Cybercrime Law - A law that deals with all forms of cybercrime.
Netiquette
Netiquette refers to proper manners and behavior when interacting online. As
members of online communities or netizens, we should show respect and act
appropriately when communicating with others on the internet.
Internet Research is a research method in collecting and gathering information via
internet by using search engine such as google.
Search Engine is a program that allows users to search for content on internet.
Searching the Web
Getting the correct and reliable information is our goal in internet research. We may
rely on the capability of search engine but sometimes it may not give us the correct
information because of the keywords we entered into a search engine. There are
techniques in searching information that can be applied in search engine in order to
get a better result. Some search engines allow combination of words and logic
connectors of AND, OR, and NOT
Copyright Issues
There are millions of information that we can get from the internet. Some of this
information are free but others are not. They are protected by a copyright law.
What is Copyright?
Copyright is a protection given to the owner of the rights in an original work such as
books, musical works, films, paintings, and other works, and computer programs.
This original work is called intellectual property which is protected under Republic
Act 8293 known as the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines”.
Fair Use
Research is important to the students and other people. Most of them rely on the
information that they can get online. Although this information is protected by a
copyright law but we can still use this information without permission in a limited
way under certain condition and purpose.
Fair use is the use of copyrighted material for comment, teaching, criticism, news
reporting, research, scholarship, and other similar purpose is not an infringement of
copyright.
Productivity Tools
It refers to the software that people use to create and produce documents,
presentations, databases, charts, and graphs. Productivity tools helps you create
professional quality documents, presentation, graphics, and more.
Common productivity tools
1. Microsoft word
2. Microsoft excel
3. Microsoft PowerPoint
4. LibreOffice
Mail Merge It is a Word’s way of generating mass mailings. It involves combining a
list of names and addresses to individually address to each person / receiver on the
list. You can use Mail Merge to create envelopes or address labels, as well as form
letters.
Mail Merged involved the following documents;
Main document – this document contains text and graphics.
Example body of the letter.
Mailing list – this is your data source that is used to populate information in the letter.
It contains names and address of the recipients.
Merged document - this document the combination of the main document
Hyperlink
A hyperlink or simply a link, is a reference data that the reader can directly follow
either by clicking or tapping. Hyperlinks are found in nearly all Web pages, allowing
users to click their way from one page to another. In text hyperlinks are often color
blue and underlined. When you move the cursor over a hyperlink, whether it is text,
button or an image, the arrow cursor should be change to a small hand pointing to the
link.
Hyperlinks have to basic parts:
1. The Address – can be webpage, email address, or other location they are linking.
2. The Display – can be picture or shape.
Example:
• [Link] - address
• microsoft - display text
• [Link] - address at the same time display text
Link to a website
1. Opening PowerPoint Program. (Click Start button, type PowerPoint and press
Enter).
2. Select the text, shape, or picture that you want to use a hyperlink.
[Link] Insert tab and in the Links group, click Link.
[Link] Existing File or Web page, and choose the:
• Text to display: type the text that you want to appear as hyperlink.
• ScreenTip: Type the text that you want to appear when the user hovers over the
hyperlink (optional).
• Current Folder, Browsed Pages, or Recent Files: Select where you want to link
to.
• Address: if you haven’t already selected a location above, insert the URL for the
website you want to link to.
Electronic Spreadsheet
According to [Link] electronic spreadsheet is probably the most useful
general-purpose software for the microcomputer user.
ARITHMETIC OPERATION EXAMPLE
OPERATORS
/SYMBOLS
+ (Plus Sign) Addition =A1+A2
- (Minus Sign) Subtraction =A1-A2
* (Asterisk) Multiplication =A1*A2
/ (Forward Slash) Division =A1/A2
^ (Exponentiation) Raises a no. to a power =3^2
- (Negation) Negative -11
% (Percent Sign) Percentage =90%
Formula – is an equation that performs operation on worksheet data. A formula in
Microsoft Excel always begins with an equal sign (=).
1. #DIV/0! appears when entering a formula that performs explicit division by zero
(0), using a reference to a blank cell or to a cell that contains zero as the divisor in a
formula or function that performs division or running a macro that uses a function or a
formula that returns the #DIV/0! error. The solution is to make sure that the divisor in
the function or formula is not zero (0) or blank or change the cell reference in the
formula to another cell that does not contain a zero or a blank value.
2. ##### - appears when the column is not wide enough to display the content and/or
dates and times are negative numbers. The solution is to increase the column width.
3. .#NAME? Appears when the formula refers to a range name that doesn't exist in
the worksheet. This error value appears when you type the wrong range name or fail
to enclose in quotation marks some text used in the formula, causing Excel to think
that the text refers to a range name.
4. #N/A – appears when A) an inappropriate value was given for the lookup_
A) an inappropriate value was given for the lookup_value argument in the
HLOOKUP, LOOKUP, MATCH, or VLOOKUP worksheet function,
B) the VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, or MATCH worksheet function was used to locate a
value in an unsorted table,
C) an array formula (array formula: A formula that performs multiple calculations on
one or more sets of values, and then returns either a single result or multiple results.
Array formulas are enclosed between braces { } and are entered by pressing
CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.) is using an argument that is not the same number of rows or
columns as the range that contains the array formula,
D) one or more required arguments were omitted from a built-in or custom worksheet
function,
E) a custom worksheet function that you use is not available and F) a macro that you
run enters a function that returns #N/A.
Show Calculation Steps if it appears, and then click the resolution that is
appropriate for your data.
5. #NULL! Appears most often when you insert a space (where you should have used
a comma) to separate cell references used as arguments for functions.
6.#NUM! Appears when Excel encounters a problem with a number in the formula,
such as the wrong type of argument in an Excel function or a calculation that
produces a number too large or too small to be represented in the worksheet.
7.#REF! Appears when Excel encounters an invalid cell reference, such as
when you delete a cell referred to in a formula or paste cells over the cells
referred to in a formula.
8.#VALUE! Appears when you use the wrong type of argument or operator in
a function, or when you call for a mathematical operation that refers to cells
that contain text entries. For example, the formula =A1+B1, where A1
contains the string "Hello" and B1 contains the number 3, returns the
#VALUE! error.
The Elements of Design
These are the materials or tools to make different designs or Arts.
LINE – Lines are defined by points moving in space. It can create a sense of
movement or direction in your design. Line is can be smooth, rough, straight,
curve, broken, thick or thin.
SHAPE – A shape is an enclosed space, the boundaries of which are defined
by other elements of art like lines, colors, values or textures. Shapes can be
used to create patterns and draw the viewer’s attention.
DIRECTION – Applying motion to create the visual illusion of movement.
Use horizontal direction for calmness, stability and tranquility while vertical
direction for emotions of balance, formality and alertness.
SIZE (SCALE) – Size is basically the relationship of the area occupied by
one shape to that of another. Large elements means more significant than the
small one.
TEXTURE – Texture refers to surface appearance of an object given by the
dimensions, form, thickness, arrangement, and amount of its basic parts.
COLOR – Color is light redirected off objects. It is used to create curiosity
and emotions to the viewer’s. It has three main characteristics: hue (these are
red, green, blue, etc.), value (lightness/ darkness), and intensity (saturation, or
amount of pigment) and temperature (warm and cool).
The Principles of Design
These are the rules that help you organize and place the materials to make arts
or designs.
1. BALANCE – Balance in design is the state of equal relationship. It means
equal distribution of visual weight in a design. It can be achieved by adjusting
the visual weight of each element, in terms of size, color, textures, shapes or
contrast. Balance in graphic design provides stability and structure to a design.
There are different kinds of balance:
Symmetrical balance occurs when identical weights are on equal sides of a
composition.
Asymmetrical balance occurs when a design have unequal graphic weight on either
side, but those unequal graphics need to balance each other (un-evenly balanced).
Radial balance occurs when the design elements swirl out from a central axis
(emanating from a central point)
2. PROXIMITY – Proximity maintains a relationship between items that go
together. It helps creates organization by grouping the same elements together
or in close proximity. The elements should be connected visually.
3. ALIGNMENT – Alignment refers to lining up the elements of a design
along the top, bottom, center or sides of the elements. It allows us to create
order and organization in our design. The whole point of the alignment is that
nothing in your design should look as if it were placed there randomly.
4. REPETITION, PATTERN, AND RHYTHM – Repetition duplicates the
characteristics of similar elements to contribute to design consistency. It
strengthens a design by tying together individual elements; pattern is a regular
arrangement of alternated or repeated elements like shapes, lines or colors;
rhythm--is a combination of elements repeated, but with variations.
5. CONTRAST – Contrast refers to the use of conflicting elements or colors
while still remaining harmonious and unified when the artwork is viewed as a
whole. It allows you to give emphasis to key elements in your design.
6. . SPACE – It refers to the area that an object occupies. Both positive and
negative space should be considered in graphic design. White space gives your
design breathing room.
Infographic -The term Information graphic or Infographic is a photographic
presentations of data and information that use the different elements of design
to make data easily understandable at a glance.
Photo editing Tool - Photo editing Tool and designing software allow you to
manipulate or edit images. Image file format - Image file format refer to how
data associated to the image will be stored. It can be compressed to decrease
file size of the image.
Lossy compression- Lossy compression reduces file size by removing
redundant information means that some data from the image file is lost.
Lossless compression - Lossless compression retains values and manages to
lower file size. Image resolution - Image resolution refers to the number of
pixels in an image or the detail an image holds.
Pixel - Pixel is just one unit of the whole digital image it is the smallest unit of
an image.
Gimp - GIMP is a cross-platform image editor available for GNU/Linux, OS
X, Windows and more operating systems.
Social Media Platforms are website like Facebook, Instagram and Twitter
which allows to you create your personal account. It also comes with a feature
which you can create pages and groups where you can share content and ideas.
Blogging Platforms is similar to a newsletter where you can add designs on
your liking. It is an online journal or informational website displaying
information in the reverse chronological order, with latest posts appearing
first. It is a platform where a writer or even a group of writers share their
views on an individual subject. Wix and [Link] are examples of
blogging site.
Content Management System or CMS is a software which you can use on
your personal or computer or web browser which you can facilitates in
creating, editing, organizing, publishing content.
WordPress is a Content Management System, that allows you to create and
publish your content on the web. Although it is mostly used for web
publishing, it can be used to manage content on an intranet, or in a single
computer.
Web page is document which is designed for the World Wide Web and is
accessible using a web browser such as FireFox, Google Chrome, Microsoft
Edge, or Apple's Safari. It may contain many kinds of data or resources which
you can see, hear, and interact with. A web page may contain text, graphics,
sound, video, and animation.
WYSIWYG is an editor that allows you to create and design web pages
without any coding knowledge
HTML is stands for Hypertext Markup Language.
Wix allows users to create HTML5 websites and mobile sites through the use
of online drag and drop tools.
Template is a ready-made design for a website.
Web mapping applications are Web sites developed from geographical
information system (GIS) data. Mapping applications use GIS to create a visualize
maps. Today, a Web map is used not only for directions and locations but also to track
consumer activity and to locate stores and establishments.
Tools like Google Maps and Wix are powerful tools which you can use in order to
create your own profile online. Wix allows user to create their own website hassle
free. While Google Maps allows user to explore places while using the computer.