Hypothesis Testing
Harmand A. Hama
Biostatistics -BIO 405
Fall semester
Fifth Week
04.11.2023
Objectives:
• To give a general overview on hypothesis and hypothesis
tes3ng.
• Discuss why and how hypothesis is tested.
• Describe how to the Null and Alterna3ve hypothesis
• Clarify the steps of hypothesis tes3ng with example.
Hypothesis
Hypothesis or test of significance is a slandered
mathematical procedure for testing a claim about
property of a population. Or
• It is a claim (assumption) about a property of a
population.
• Is a statement/claim regrading of a parameter of
one or more populations.
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Hypothesis Testing
• Test of Hypothesis: is a method of sta3s3cal inference used to decide whether the
data at hand sufficiently support a par3cular hypothesis.
• It is a method to analyze a
parameter of a population
based on a sample
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Hypothesis Testing
• Test of Hypothesis: is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data at hand sufficiently
support a particular hypothesis. For example, the null hypothesis should be rejected.
Null Hypothesis (Ho): is a statement claiming Alternative Hypothesis (HA or H1): is a
that there is no change, no difference, no effect. It statement claiming the rejection of the null
is the hypothesis of equality or the hypothesis of hypothesis, and it a hypothesis of difference.
no difference. HA: μ1 ≠ μ2≠ μ3
H0: μ1 = μ2= μ3
The can be concluded as ≠, >, 𝒐𝒓 <
The can be concluded as =, ≥, 𝒐𝒓 ≤
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What are the benefits of hypothesis testing?
• Hypothesis tes3ng helps assess the accuracy
of new ideas or theories by tes3ng them
against data (1,2).
• Hypothesis tes3ng also provides a framework
for decision-making based on data rather than
personal opinions or biases (3).
• By relying on sta3s3cal analysis hypothesis
test aims to rule out chance (sampling error)
as a plausible explana3on for the results from
a research study (4,5).
Based on what hypothesis get accepted or rejected?
• The hypothesis (Null or alterna2ve) gets accepted or rejected based on level of
significant.
• Level of significant (α), is significant level of experiment. The level of
sta:s:cal significance is o;en expressed as a p-value between 0 and 1. The
smaller the p-value, the stronger the evidence that you should reject the
null hypothesis.
ØThe most popular significant levels are 0.05 for field experiment 0.01 for
laboratory experiment
• Test sta1s1c is a method of sta:s:cal inference used in a hypothesis test
when you are deciding to support or reject the null hypothesis.
Finding of
Significant Level
How Hypothesis Testing Works?
Hypothesis Testing- example
The hypothesis test is used to evaluate the results from a research study
for instance:
1. A sample is selected from the popula&on.
2. The treatment is administered to the sample.
3. A;er treatment, the individuals in the sample are measured.
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Hypothesis Testing- example(cont.)
4. If the individuals in the sample are noticeably different from the
individuals in the original population, we have evidence that the
treatment has an effect.
5. However, it is also possible that the difference between the sample
and the population is simply sampling error!.
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The Null Hypothesis, the Alpha Level, the Critical Region,
and the Test Statistic
The following four steps outline the process of hypothesis tesEng:
• Step 1: State the hypotheses and select an α level. The null
hypothesis, H0, always states that the treatment has no effect (no
change, no difference).
• Step 2: Locate the criEcal region. The cri&cal region consists of
outcomes that are very unlikely to occur if the null hypothesis is true.
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Step I Step 2
The following four steps outline the process of hypothesis tes3ng:
• Step 3: Compute the test statistic.
• Step 4: Result obtained, if the obtained mean difference is
more than would be expected the P-value will be less
which difference is significant or that the treatment has a
significant effect. In this case we reject the null
hypothesis. If the mean difference is relatively small,
then the P- Value will have be high. In this case, we
conclude that the evidence from the sample is not
sufficient, and the decision is fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
Errors in Hypothesis Tests
• Because the hypothesis test relies on sample data, and because sample
data are not completely reliable, there is always the risk that misleading
data will cause the hypothesis test to reach a wrong conclusion.
• Just because the sample mean (following treatment) is different from the
original population mean does not necessarily indicate that the treatment
has caused a change.
• You should recall that there usually is some discrepancy between a sample
mean and the population mean simply as a result of sampling error.
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Errors in Hypothesis Tests
• Two types of error are possible:
1. Type I error (α): Rejecting the null
hypothesis when it is true. It is sometimes
called level of significance.
2. Type II error (β): Failing to reject the null
hypothesis when it is false.
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Summary of
Hypothesis
Testing
References
• Daniel, W. W., & Cross, C. L. (2018). Biostatistics: a foundation
for analysis in the health sciences. Wiley.
• Van Belle, G., Fisher, L. D., Heagerty, P. J., & Lumley, T.
(2004). Biostatistics: a methodology for the health sciences.
John Wiley & Sons.
• Burt, B. (2013). Basic Biostatistics: Statistics for Public Health
Practice. JONES & BARTLETT LEARNING.