MATHEMATICS Chapter 5: Data Handling

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Data Handling

1. A collection of information is called the data. Data obtained in the original form is
called a raw data.
2. To draw meaningful inferences, we need to organize the data systematically.
3. The systematic arrangement of data, either in ascending or in descending order, is
called an arrayed data.
4. The number of times a particular observation occurs is called its frequency.
5. The difference between the highest and lowest values of the observations in a given
data is called its range.
6. When the number of observations is large, the data is usually organized into groups,
called class intervals.
7. Presentation of data in the form of groups (classes) along with the frequency of each
class is called grouped data or frequency distribution.
8. Frequency distributions are of two types: (i) Discrete frequency distribution (ii)
Continuous or grouped frequency distribution.
9. The lower value of a class interval is called its lower limit and the upper value of the
class interval is called its upper limit.
10. The difference between the upper limit and lower limit of a class interval is called the
class size. The mid-value of a class interval is called its class mark.
11. In a bar graph, bars of uniform width are drawn with various heights. The height of a
bar represents the frequency of the corresponding observation.
12. A histogram is a pictorial representation of the grouped data in which class intervals
are generally taken along the horizontal axis and class frequencies along the vertical
axis. For each class a rectangle is constructed with base as the class interval and height
determined from the class frequency such that there is no gap between any two
successive rectangles.
13. Pie chart represents data in relative quantities by using the area of sectors in the circle.
Value of the component 0
Central angle for a component = ( ∗ 360)
Sum of the values of all components

14. The words probable, chance etc. are used for an event which has some chance of
uncertainty. In probability, we give a numerical value to certainty and uncertainty
associated with any event.
i. Experiment: An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes it
called an experiment.

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ii. Random experiment: An experiment in which all possible outcomes are known
and the exact outcome cannot be predicted in advance, is called a random
experiment.
iii. By a trial, we mean performing a random experiment.
iv. Event: The collection of all or some of the possible outcomes is called an event.
15. Let E be an event, then probability of occurrence of E is defined as
number of out comes favourable to E
PE =
total number of possible outcomes
16. The probability of an event always lies between 0 and 1.

Pie Charts
A pie chart shows the relationship between a whole circle and its parts. The circle is divided
into sectors. The size of each sector is proportional to the information it represents. Pie
charts are also known as circle graphs.

The above pie chart shows the composition of milk.

Creating Different Pie Charts

For creating a pie chart the following steps needs to be followed:

• For each list of item or activity calculate the fraction or part which it represents.

• Convert each fraction into degrees by multiplying it with 360∘.

• Draw a circle and divide it into sectors. The central angle of each sector is equal to
the fraction of 360∘ as calculated above.

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Each sector in the pie chart is proportional to the amount spent for that particular activity
or item.

Introduction to Data Handling

Raw Data

Raw data is also known as primary data which is available in an unorganized form.

Organisation of Raw Data

Raw data is unorganised. To draw meaningful inferences we organise data. There are
various ways in which we can organise data. For example, we can organise raw data using
Frequency distribution table, Bar graphs etc.

Pictographs and Bar Graphs

Pictographs

A pictograph is the pictorial representation of data using symbols.

For example, If 10 Apples were sold in January, 40 were sold in February, 25 were sold in
March, and 20 were sold in April. We can represent the given data as a pictograph as given
below:

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Scale Factor

The scale factor is the ratio of the length of a side of one figure to the length of the
corresponding side of the other figure. The scale factor is used in making maps. The scale of
a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground.

Bar Graphs

A bar graph is a representation of data using a rectangular bars that are having heights that
are proportional to the values that are represented by them.

For example, the bar graph below shows the sale of cars of various brands in the month of
April:

Multiple Bar Graphs

Multiple bar graphs is a bar graph which is used for comparing more than one kind of
information.

Example:

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The above figure is a double bar graph. It shows the number of cup of coffees sold in cafes
and canteens for the months January, February, March, April and May, June and July.

Grouped Data
Frequency

Frequency is the number of times that a particular observation/ event occurs.

Grouped Frequency Distribution

In a grouped frequency distribution, a large amount of raw data is represented by making

groups or class intervals and obtain a frequency distribution of the number of observations
falling in each group.

The marks scored (out of 100) by the students of class 10th are given below:

93,98,87,65,75,77,67,88,67,97,72,73,75,90.

The above data can be represented as a frequency distribution table as:

Marks Frequency

60-70 3

70-80 5

80-90 2

90-100 4

Here, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100 are the class intervals.

In the class interval 60-70, 60 is the lower limit and 70 is the upper limit.

Class width or size = upper limit – lower limit

Note:

The value equal to the upper limit is not included in that class interval. It is included in the
next higher-class interval. For example, here in the case of 90, it is not included in the class
interval 80-90, it is included in the class interval 90-100.

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Tally Marks
Tally marks are used to represent and count data. In tally marks, one vertical line is made
for each count for the first four numbers and the fifth number is represented by a diagonal
line across the previous four. The table below shows the tally marks for the numbers 1 to
10.

Tally marks representation for 1 to 10

Histogram
A Histogram is a type of bar diagram, where:

• The horizontal axis represents the class intervals.

• The frequency of the class interval is represented by the height of the bars.

• Since there is no gap between the class intervals, there is no gap between the bars.

• Below is the Histogram representing the distribution of marks scored out of 20 by 24

students.

Plot Histogram

You need to follow the below steps to construct a histogram.

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• Begin by marking the class intervals on the X-axis and frequencies on the Y-axis.

• The scales for both the axes have to be the same.

• Class intervals need to be exclusive.

• Draw rectangles with bases as class intervals and corresponding frequencies as

heights.

• A rectangle is built on each class interval since the class limits are marked on the
horizontal axis, and the frequencies are indicated on the vertical axis.

• The height of each rectangle is proportional to the corresponding class frequency if

the intervals are equal.

• The area of every individual rectangle is proportional to the corresponding class

frequency if the intervals are unequal.

Although histograms seem similar to graphs, there is a slight difference between them. The
histogram does not involve any gaps between the two successive bars.

Use Histogram

The histogram graph is used under certain conditions. They are:

• The data should be numerical.

• A histogram is used to check the shape of the data distribution.

• Used to check whether the process changes from one period to another.

• Used to determine whether the output is different when it involves two or more
processes.

• Used to analyse whether the given process meets the customer requirements.

Equally Likely Outcomes

Random Experiment

A random experiment is an experiment for which the outcome cannot be predicted with
certainty. Example: Rolling a dice.

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Experiment and Outcomes

An Experiment is any procedure that can be infinitely repeated and has a well-defined set
of possible outcomes, known as the sample space.

Each outcome of an experiment or a collection of outcomes make an event.

For example, rolling of a die is an experiment. Getting 1, 2, 3, or getting even numbers

when a die is rolled is an event.

Equally Likely Outcomes

Equally likely outcomes are those which have the same chance of occurring.

Example: Tossing a coin – the probability of getting a head and probability of getting a tail is
equal.

Probability of an Event

Probability is the likelihood of occurrence of an event. An event is a set of outcomes of an

experiment.

When the outcomes of an experiment are equally likely, the probability of an event is given
by:
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Outcomes of an experiment are equally likely if each has the same chance of occurring.

Experimental Probability
When we toss a coin we get only one outcome either a head or a tail. The probability of
getting a head or a tail is 0.5.

However, if a coin is tossed ten times its not necessary that we will get a head five times
and a tail five times.

So, based on what we observe as the outcomes of our trials, we find the experimental or
empirical probability.

Experimental or empirical probability:

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
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where E is any event.

There are two approaches to study probability:

Experimental Probability

Theoretical Probability

Experimental Probability

Experimental probability, also known as Empirical probability, is based on actual

experiments and adequate recordings of the happening of events. To determine the
occurrence of any event, a series of actual experiments are conducted. Experiments which
do not have a fixed result are known as random experiments. The outcome of such
experiments is uncertain. Random experiments are repeated multiple times to determine
their likelihood. An experiment is repeated a fixed number of times and each repetition is
known as a trial. Mathematically, the formula for the experimental probability is defined
by;

Probability of an Event P(E) = Number of times an event occurs / Total number of trials.

Theoretical Probability

In probability, the theoretical probability is used to find the probability of an event.

Theoretical probability does not require any experiments to conduct. Instead of that, we
should know about the situation to find the probability of an event occurring.
Mathematically, the theoretical probability is described as the number of favourable
outcomes divided by the number of possible outcomes.

Probability of Event P(E) = No. of. Favourable outcomes/ No. of. Possible outcomes.

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Important Questions
Multiple Choice Questions:
Question [Link] 1 to 10 are written on ten separates slips (one number on one
slip), kept in a box and mixed well. One slip is chosen from the box without looking in
to it. What is the probability of getting a number greater than 6?
(a) 1
(b) 0
1
(c)
2
1
(d)
10
Question 2. There are 2 Red, 3 Blue and 5 Black balls in a bag. A ball is drawn from the
bag without looking in to the bag. What is the probability of getting a non-blue ball?
7
(a)
10
3
(b)
5
2
(c)
5
(d) None of these
Question 3. A coin is tossed. Which of the following is the probability of getting a head
or tail?
(a) 0
(b) 1
1
(c)
2
(d) None of these
Question 4. There are 2 Red, 3 Blue and 5 Black balls in a bag. A ball is drawn from the
bag without looking in to the bag. What is the probability of getting a non-red ball?
3
(a)
5
4
(b)
5
2
(c)
5
(d) None of these
Question 5. The central total angle in a pie chart is
(a) 180°

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(b) 210°
(c) 360°
(d) None of these
Question 6. There are 2 Red, 3 Blue and 5 Black balls in a bag. A ball is drawn from the
bag without looking in to the bag. What is the probability of getting a blue ball?
3
(a)
5
2
(b)
5
3
(c)
10
(d) None of these
Question 7. 18 out of 36 people love reading, so reading in the pie chart will be
represented by
(a) 36 degree sector
(b) quarter sector
(c) semi circular sector
(d) None of these
Question 8. When a die is thrown, total number of possible outcomes is ______.
(a) 6
(b) 36
(c) 2
(d) None of these
Question 9. The pie-chart is divided into
(a) circles
(b) squares
(c) sectors
(d) segments
Question 10. The class mark of 95-100 is
(a) 95.5
(b) 97.5
(c) 95
(d) 100

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Very Short Questions:

1. In the class interval 5-10, find the
(i) lower limit
(ii) upper limit
(iii) class mark
(iv) class size
2. A group of 20 students recorded their heights (in cm). The data received were
as given below. What is the range?
150, 120, 112, 160, 155, 151, 158, 142, 148, 149, 161, 165, 140, 157, 156, 146,
148, 153, 138, 135
3. In the given pie chart, which colour is most popular? Which colour is the least
popular?

4. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting a number greater than 4.
5. A class consists of 21 boys and 9 girls. A student is to be selected for social
work. Find the probability that
(i) a girl is selected
(ii) a boy is selected
Short Questions :
1. The following pie chart depicts the percentage of students, nationwide. What
is the percentage of
(i) Indian students
(ii) African students?

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2. Fill in the blanks:

3. Construct a frequency table for the following marks obtained by 50 students

using equal Intervals taking 16-24 (24 not included) as one of the class-
intervals.
52, 16, 18, 20, 42, 48, 39, 38, 54, 58, 47, 37, 25, 16, 42, 49, 36, 35, 53, 21, 30,
43, 56, 34, 33, 17, 22, 24, 37, 41, 40, 50, 54, 56, 54, 36, 38, 42, 44, 56, 17, 18,
22, 24, 17, 48, 58, 23, 29, 58.
4. The double bar graph shows the average monthly temperatures of two cities
over 4 months period. Read the graph carefully and answer the questions
given below:
(i)What does each 1 cm block on the vertical axis represent?

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(ii) What was the average monthly temperature in Dehradun in

(a) March
(b) April
(c) May
(d) June?
(iii) What was the average monthly temperature in Delhi for the whole 4
months?
(iv) In which month was the difference between the temperature of Delhi and
Dehradun maximum and how much?
5. The following table represents the number of students in a school playing six
different games.

Present the above information on a bar graph.

Long Questions :
1. Prepare a grouped frequency table for the given histogram.

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2. A bag contains 144 coloured balls represented by the following table. Draw a
pie chart to show this information.

3. Mrs. Verma spends her allowance in the following way.

Represent the above information by a pie chart.

4. What is the probability of getting a marble which is not red from a bag
containing 3 black, 8 yellow, 2 red and 5 white marbles?
5. From a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards, a card is selected at random.
Find the probability of getting
(i) a black card
(ii) a black king

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(iii) an ace
(iv) a card of diamond

Answer Key-
Multiple Choice Questions:
1
1. (d)
10
7
2. (a)
10
3. (b) 1
4
4. (b)
5
5. (c) 360°

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3
6. (c)
10
7. (c) semi circular sector
8. (a) 6
9. (c) sectors
10. (b) 97.5
Very Short Answer:
1. (i) lower limit = 5
(ii) upper limit = 10
5 + 10 15
(iii) Class mark = = = 7.5
2 2
(iv) Class size = 10 – 5 = 5
2. The minimum height =112 cm
Maximum height = 165 cm
Range = Maximum height – Minimum height = 165 cm – 112 cm = 47 cm
3. Red colour is the most popular and the blue colour is the least popular.
4. Number greater than 4 = 5, 6
n(E) = 2
Sample space n(S) = 6
Probability of getting a number greater than 4
𝑛(𝐸) 2 1
= = =
𝑛(𝑆) 6 3
Where re(E): Number of favourable outcomes
n(S): Total number of outcomes.
5. Sample space n(S) = 21 + 9 = 30
Number of girls n(E) = 9
(i) Probability of selecting a girl
𝑛(𝐸) 9 3
= = =
𝑛(𝑆) 30 10
(ii) Probability of selecting a boy
𝑛(𝐸) 21 7
= = =
𝑛(𝑆) 30 10

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Short Answer :
180×100
1. (i) Percentage of Indian students = = 50%
360
45×100 1
(ii) Percentage of African students = = 12 %
360 2
2. Class-marks are
Class-mark

3.

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4. (i) 1 cm block on vertical axis = 10°C

(ii) The average monthly temperature in Dehradun in the month of
(a) March was 25°C
(b) April was 34°C
(c) May was 40°C
(d) June was 36°C
(iii) The average monthly temperature in Delhi in the 4 months

(iv) Difference between the average monthly temperature of Delhi and

Dehradun was maximum in the month of June, i.e. (50° – 36°) = 14°C.
5.

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Long Answer :
1.

2.

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 DATA HANDLING
05

3.

4. Total number of balls = 3 black + 8 yellow + 2 red + 5 white = 18

n( S) = 18
Number of the balls which are not red = 3 + 8 + 5 = 16
n(E) = 16
𝑛(𝐸) 16 8
Probability = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 18 9

5. Here, n(S) = 52
(i) Total number of black card = 26
n(E) = 26
𝑛(𝐸) 26 1
Probability of getting a black card = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 2

(ii) Number of black king = 2

n(E) = 2
𝑛(𝐸) 2 1
Probability of getting a black king = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 26

IDK- The Institute for Training (Shahiya 12, Mussaffah, Abu Dhabi, UAE), Contact No. -
+971565728483,+971544365464
IDK- The Institution for Science and Maths (Kollengode, Palakkad, Kerala, India), Contact No. - +91 9142434538
Website- [Link], E-mail – rajesh@[Link] & idkeduhelp@[Link] WhatsApp - +918157946773
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 DATA HANDLING
05

(iii) Number of aces = 4

n(E) = 4
𝑛(𝐸) 4 1
Probability of getting an ace = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 13

(iv) Number of diamond cards = 13

n(E) = 13
𝑛(𝐸) 13 1
Probability of getting a card of diamond = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 52 4

6.

IDK- The Institute for Training (Shahiya 12, Mussaffah, Abu Dhabi, UAE), Contact No. -
+971565728483,+971544365464
IDK- The Institution for Science and Maths (Kollengode, Palakkad, Kerala, India), Contact No. - +91 9142434538
Website- [Link], E-mail – rajesh@[Link] & idkeduhelp@[Link] WhatsApp - +918157946773
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