microscopic particles like electrons,
atoms,
However it has failed when applied to subatomic
because it ignores dual nature of matter especially for
molecules etc
uncertainty principle
particles and also ignores Heisenberg's considers the dual nature of matter to
which
Hence, a new branch of science proposed
other subatomic particles was
explain the motion of electrons and
Mechanical model
which is known as Quantum 1926 by Werner
Quantum mechanicswas developed independently in
Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger.
Schrodinger wave equation:
deals with dual nature of matter in this we follow
Though Quantum mechanics
idea of wave motion to explain the structure of an atom
only the
equation around which the quantum mechanics revolve, was
The fundamental
developed by Schrodinger and it won
him Nobel Prize in Physics particle
Schrodinger equation is highly complex because it incorporates wave
This by de Broglie.
duality of matter which was proposedhigher mathèmatics to solve.
Therefore, it requires knowledge of dimensional
equation considers the wave motion of electrons in three
Schrodinger
nucleus.
space around the
nucleus to a
electrons in three dimensional space around the
For wave motion of with timne)
atom or mnolecule whose energy does not change
system (such an
be written as: Ey =Áy (Psi)
The Schrodinger equation can mathematical operator called Hamiltonian
where, y - wave function, H
experimentally provides the values of E
E=total energy
Schrodinger equation
> The solution of
and .
H value from the total energy
> Schrodinger gave the details ta solve
nucleus+
K.E of all subatomic particles like electrons and
energy =
(Total
between electrons and nucleus + repulsive potential of
Attractive potential
electrons and nucleons)
function but does not have any physical significance it is
V represent the wave of the coordinates of the
electron.
simply a mathematical function density or
according Max Born ,represent the electron cloud
> However
electron cloud probability at that point
drawn between y' and distance from the nucleus (r), the
When a graph is
probability
graph gives the electron cloud
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CHEMISTRYDEPARTMENT, JYOTI NIVAS PU
s000 300
4000 240
000 180
2000 120
60
1000
0.4 0.8
0.4
(nm)
(nm)
ub lny 1de
Polbuy Prdal iry
5 6 7 8 9 :0
! ) 4 3 6 7 3 9 l0 Ditnce from the nuckeds, r (A)
Uistace inm the nuckeus, r (A)
1s
orbitals of
dlsrbutong for the is 2s and 39
Rdal probabntyprobatrity
A 1GURE 6. (4 urtion olot probatty of Gndrg to ocvon
ydrogen. These graphs of eo a cloa Asn ncteast, he mcsz shey disunca af
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Atomic orbitals and Quantun numbers:
nucleus within which the probability of
The three dimensional space around the orbitals.)
finding an electron is maximum is called as atomic
Nodal surface or Node:
three dimensional space around the nucleus within which the probability of
The
finding electron is zero is called as Node.)
are possible in an atom. Qualitatively these orbitals can be
A large number oforbitals
orientation.
distinguished by their size, shape and
numbers.
orbitals are precisely distinguished by what are known as quantum
Atomic
quantum numbers labelled as n, l and m.
Each orbital is designated by three
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CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, JYOTINIVAS PU
Shapes ofatomic orbitalsor Boundary Surface diagrans or contour surface
diagrams:
sorbital: - Based on theradial probability density calculation, the shape of s-orbital
was found to be spherical. Thus, s-orbital is spherical and symmetrical around the
nucleus.
Note: Number of nodes in agiven s-orbital = n-1, ex: 1S = 0, and 2s = node.
Since for s-orbital l=o, it has one value for m=o, and so only one orientation
1s 2s
p-orbital:
Based on the probability density calculations, the shape of p-orbitals is found to be
dumbbell.
Since for p-orbital l=1, it has three values for m = -,0,+1 and so three orientations,
this includes p Py and Pa.
-y
Px Py Pz
d-orbital:
Based on the probability of electron density, the shape ofd-orbital is found to be
double dumbbell.
The l value for dorbital is 2, therefore it has m values from -l to +l i.e. -2, -1, o, +1, +2.
Since,there are five values for d-orbital, they have five orientations.
This includes: dyy. dyz, dzx, dx-,d.
Note: the shape of d. is doughnut.
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, JYOTINIVAS PUCOLLEGE
d2
d72.y2
dz dyz
dy
size,
.These orbitals differ in their
QUANTUM NUMBERS:
of orbitals are possible
In an atom a large number around the nùcleus.
space
shape and orientation in orbital, in any atom is described by its location
with
an
The state of an electron in
energy.
respect to the nucleusand its exprèssed by using 4quantum numbers.
These characteristics of orbitals is
Number (n) 2. Azimuthat Quantum Numbèr (1)
1. Principal QuantumQuantum Number (m1) 4. Spin Quantum Numbef (m)
3. Magnetic Orbital
values significance
Quantum Number Symbol Proposed by
main shel
[Link] of the orbitor
Bohr I.2,3.4.5 and orbitals
Principal 2. Energy of the electronshell to which
3. Represent the main
K,L,M,N,O
Quantum Number
Electron belongs to.
[Link] represent subshells(orbitals)
Somerfield o to n-1 l==porbital
Azimuthal Ex: l=0=s orbital,
of the orbital
Quantum Number [Link] the shapemomentum of
(Angular momentum [Link] angular
the electron
Q.N) spatial orientations
-l to +l Lit represent [Link]
MË or m Lande of the orbital
Magnetic Orbital
Quantunm Number ex: for p orbital l =ihas values -
1,0,+1
so 3 orientations
represent total number
of subshells
[Link]
possible for an orbital
value of m so one
ex: s orbital has one
orientation is possible
Spin of the electron
Goldstein and t i/2
m, orS clock wise +/2
Spin anti-clok wise -/2
Quantumn Number Uhlenbeck
values for elecrons present in n=3 shell
Problem: Wite allthe possible
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