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(m, n)-Paranormal Composition Operators

Chapter · January 2021

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8177-6_13

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Baljinder Kour Sonu Ram

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(m, n)-Paranormal Composition
Operators

Baljinder Kour and Sonu Ram

Abstract In this paper, we prove some characterizations for the class of (m, n)-
paranormal operators acting on the complex Hilbert space H. The class of (m, n)-
paranormal operators is characterized in terms of the Radon–Nikodym derivative of
the measure λT −1 with respect to λ. Moreover, we discuss the conditions under which
the classes of composition operators, weighted composition operators, multiplication
composition operators are (m, n)-paranormal.

Keywords (m, n)-paranormal operators · Composition operator · Weighted

composition operator · Multiplication composition operator

1 Introduction

Let H be an infinite dimensional complex Hilbert space and B(H) denotes the C ∗ -
algebra of all bounded linear operators on H. Recall that an operator T is (m, n)-
paranormal if T xn+1 ≤ mT n+1 xxn for all x ∈ H, where n is a positive integer
and m is a positive real number [2].
Let (X, , λ) be a sigma-finite measure space and T be a measurable transforma-
tion from X into itself. In this paper, L 2 (X, , λ) is denoted by L 2 (λ). The equation
C T f = f ◦ T , f ∈ L 2 (λ) is defined a composition transformation on L 2 (λ). The
operator T induces a composition operator C T on L 2 (λ) if
• The measure λ ◦ T −1 is absolutely continuous with respect to λ, and
−1
)
• The Radon–Nikodym derivative d(λT dλ
is essentially bounded.

B. Kour
Department of Mathematics, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda 151302, India
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda
151401, India
S. Ram (B)
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
e-mail: ram.sonu02@[Link]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 203
O. Chadli et al. (eds.), Mathematical Analysis and Applications, Springer Proceedings
in Mathematics & Statistics 381, [Link]
204 B. Kour and S. Ram

The adjoint composition operator is given by C T∗ f = h.E( f ) ◦ T −1 . For the complex

valued -measurable u on X , the weighted composition operator W = W(λ,T ) is a
linear transformation acting on L 2 (λ) is defined by W f = u. f ◦ T and its adjoint is
W ∗ f = h.E(u. f ) ◦ T −1 .
The multiplication composite operator on L 2 (λ) is given by Mu,T ( f ) = u ◦ T. f ◦
∗
T . Also, its adjoint is defined by Mu,T f = u.h.E( f ) ◦ T −1 .
Senthilkumar et al. have studied weighted composition of quasi-paranormal oper-
ator in [4]. In [8], Veluchamy et al. have studied k-quasi-P-normal composition,
weighted composition, and composite multiplication on the complex Hilbert space.
In [1], Cowen et al. obtained a correlation between subnormality of composition
operators on H 2 and Denjoy–Wolff point. There are some other authors who have
studied various operators for class of composition operators, weighted composition
operators, and multiplication composition operators on different spaces [1, 3, 5–7].

2 (m, n)-Paranormal Composition Operators

Proposition 1 [2, Theorem 2.1] An operator T is (m, n)-paranormal if and only if

m n+1 T ∗n+1 T n+1 − (n + 1)a n T ∗ T + m n+1 na n+1 ≥ 0,

2 2

for each a > 0.

Theorem 1 Let C T ∈ B(L 2 ). For each a > 0, the following are equivalent:
1. C T is (m,
 n)-paranormal.
1 1 n √ 1 1 n+1
2. m n+1  h n E(h) ◦ T −n f  ≥ (n + 1) 2 a 2  h f  − m n+1 n 2 a 2  f .
2 2
3. m n+1 h n E(h) ◦ T −n ≥ (n + 1)a n h − m n+1 na n+1 .
2 2
4. m n+1 h n−1 h ◦ T −(n−1) E(h) ◦ T −n ≥ (n + 1)a n h − m n+1 na n+1 .
2 2
5. m n+1 h.h n−1 ◦ T −1 E(h) ◦ T −n ≥ (n + 1)a n h − m n+1 na n+1 .
Proof (1) =⇒ (2): Since C T is (m, n)-paranormal, by Proposition 1, for each a >
0, we have

m n+1 C T∗n+1 C Tn+1 − (n + 1)a n C T∗ C T + m n+1 na n+1 ≥ 0,

2 2

that is,
m n+1 C T∗n+1 C Tn+1 ≥ (n + 1)a n C T∗ C T − m n+1 na n+1 .
2 2

So, we have
2    
m n+1 (C T∗n+1 C Tn+1 ) f, f ≥(n + 1)a n (C T∗ C T ) f, f
2
(1)
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f .

Consider
(m, n)-Paranormal Composition Operators 205

(C T∗n+1 C Tn+1 ) f =C T∗n (C T∗ C T )C Tn f

=C T∗n (C T∗ C T )( f ◦ T n )
=C T∗n (h f ◦ T n )
(2)
=h n E(h f ◦ T n ) ◦ T −n
=h n E(h) ◦ T −n .E( f ) ◦ T n ◦ T −n
=h n E(h) ◦ T −n . f

and
C T∗ C T f = h f. (3)

From (1), (2) and (3), we obtain

2  
m n+1 h n E(h) ◦ T −n f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n h f, f − m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
2

that is,
2   2
m n+1  h n E(h) ◦ T −n f 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n  h f 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 , (4)
that is,
1  1 n  1 1 n+1
m n+1  h n E(h) ◦ T −n f  ≥ (n + 1) 2 a 2  h f  − m n+1 n 2 a 2  f .

(2) =⇒ (3): From (4), we have

2  
m n+1 h n E(h) ◦ T −n f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n h f, f − m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
2

that is,
m n+1 h n E(h) ◦ T −n ≥ (n + 1)a n h − m n+1 na n+1 .
2 2

(3) =⇒ (4): Consider

m n+1 h n E(h) ◦ T −n ≥ (n + 1)a n h − m n+1 na n+1

2 2
(5)

and
h n = λT −n (B). (6)

We have
λT −n (B) =λ−1 (T −(n−1) (B))

= ndλ (7)
T −(n−1)
=h n−1 h ◦ T −(n−1) .

From (6) and (7), we get

h n = h n−1 h ◦ T −(n−1) . (8)

Now, substitute (8) in (5),

206 B. Kour and S. Ram

m n+1 h n−1 h ◦ T −(n−1) E(h) ◦ T −n ≥ (n + 1)a n h − m n+1 na n+1 .

2 2

(3) =⇒ (5): Observe that

m n+1 h n E(h) ◦ T −n ≥ (n + 1)a n h − m n+1 na n+1

2 2
(9)

and
h n = λT −n (B). (10)

We have
λT −n (B) =λ(T −(n−1) (T −1 B))

= h n−1 dλ (11)
T −B
=h.h n−1 ◦ T −1 .

From (10) and (11), we obtain

h n = h.h n−1 ◦ T −1 . (12)

Now, substitute (12) in (9),

m n+1 h.h n−1 ◦ T −1 E(h) ◦ T −n ≥ (n + 1)a n h − m n+1 na n+1 .

2 2

(5) =⇒ (1) :
Consider that

m n+1 h.h n−1 ◦ T −1 E(h) ◦ T −n ≥ (n + 1)a n h − m n+1 na n+1 ,

2 2
(13)

holds. Since
h n = h.h n−1 ◦ T −1 .

Therefore, (13) becomes

m n+1 h n E(h) ◦ T −n ≥ (n + 1)a n h − m n+1 na n+1 ,

2 2

2   (14)
m n+1 h n E(h) ◦ T −n f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n h f, f − m n+1 na n+1 f, f .
2

By definition of composition operator, we have

(C T∗n+1 C Tn+1 ) f = h n E(h) ◦ T −n . f

(15)
C T∗ C T f = h f.

Therefore, from (14) and (15), we get

(m, n)-Paranormal Composition Operators 207

2    
m n+1 (C T∗n+1 C Tn+1 ) f, f ≥(n + 1)a n (C T∗ C T ) f, f
2
(16)
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f .

Hence C T is (m, n) paranormal operator.

This proves the equivalence relations. 
Example 1 Let H = l (Z, C) and T be a weighted shift operator on H defined by
2

T e p = vk e p+1 with non zero weights v p , and the orthonormal basis e p for all integers
p, where
vp = 1

for every p.
Equivalently, C T is defined by

C T (..., x−1 , x0 , x1 , ...) = (..., x−1 , x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 , ...).

By [2, Theorem 2.9], C T is (m, n)-paranormal if and only if

|v p |n−1 ≤ m|v p+1 ||v p+2 |...|v p+n−1 |, (17)

for unit vectors and n ≥ 2. Thus, for m = 2 and n = 3, C T is (2, 3)-paranormal.

Let f be a function defined by f (k) = xk and T : Z −→ Z defined by T (k) =
k + 1, then

C T f (..., x−1 , x0 , x1 , ...) = ( f ◦ T )(..., x−1 , x0 , x1 , ...) = (· · · , x−1 , x0 , x1 , · · · )

(18)
is composition operator. Thus C T is (2, 3)-paranormal composition operator.
Theorem 2 An operator C T∗ is (m, n)-paranormal if and only if
2    
m n+1 h n+1 ◦ T n+1 .E( f ), f ≥ (n + 1)a n h n ◦ T m E( f ), f
2
(19)
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,

for each a > 0.

Proof Let C T∗ be (m, n)-paranormal. Then by Proposition 1, for each a > 0, we
have

m n+1 C Tn+1 C T∗n+1 − (n + 1)a n C T C T∗ + m n+1 na n+1 ≥ 0,

2 2

that is,
m n+1 C Tn+1 C T∗n+1 ≥ (n + 1)a n C T C T∗ − m n+1 na n+1 ,
2 2

that is,
2    
m n+1 (C Tn+1 C T∗n+1 ) f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n (C T C T∗ ) f, f
2
−m n+1 na n+1 f, f . (20)
208 B. Kour and S. Ram

Observe that
(C Tn+1 C T∗n+1 ) f = h n+1 ◦ T n+1 .E( f ),
(21)
C T C T∗ f = h n ◦ T m E( f ).

Substitute (21) in (20),

2    
m n+1 h n+1 ◦ T n+1 .E( f ), f ≥ (n + 1)a n h n ◦ T m E( f ), f
2
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f .

Conversely, let (19) holds.

Consider
h n+1 ◦ T n+1 .E( f ) =(C Tn+1 C T∗n+1 ) f,
(22)
h n ◦ T m E( f ) =C T C T∗ f.

Substitute (22) in (19), we obtain

2    
m n+1 (C Tn+1 C T∗n+1 ) f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n C T C T∗ f, f
2
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
that is,
m n+1 (C Tn+1 C T∗n+1 ) ≥ (n + 1)a n C T C T∗ − m n+1 na n+1 .
2 2

Hence, C T∗ is (m, n)-paranormal. 

3 Weighted Composition Operators

Theorem 3 An operator W is (m, n)-paranormal if and only if

2 2
m n+1 u n+1 . f ◦ T n+1 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n u. f ◦ T 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 , (23)

for each f ∈ L 2 and a > 0.

Proof Assume that W is (m, n)-paranormal. Then, for each a > 0,

m n+1 W ∗n+1 W n+1 − (n + 1)a n W ∗ W + m n+1 na n+1 ≥ 0,

2 2

that is,
m n+1 W ∗n+1 W n+1 ≥ (n + 1)a n W ∗ W − m n+1 na n+1 ,
2 2

that is,
2    
m n+1 (W ∗n+1 W n+1 ) f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n (W ∗ W ) f, f
2
−m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
(m, n)-Paranormal Composition Operators 209

that is,
2 2
m n+1 W n+1 f 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n W f 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 .
(24)

Consider
W n+1 f = u n+1 . f ◦ T n+1 ,
(25)
W f = u. f ◦ T.

Substitute (25) in (24), we get

2 2
m n+1 u n+1 . f ◦ T n+1 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n u. f ◦ T 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 .
(26)

Conversely, let (23) holds.

Consider
W n+1 f = u n+1 . f ◦ T n+1 ,
(27)
W f = u. f ◦ T.

Substitute (27) in (23),

2 2
m n+1 W n+1 f 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n W f 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 ,
that is,
2    
m n+1 (W ∗n+1 W n+1 ) f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n (W ∗ W ) f, f
2
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
that is,
m n+1 W ∗n+1 W n+1 ≥ (n + 1)a n W ∗ W − m n+1 na n+1 .
2 2

This completes the converse part. 

Theorem 4 Let W ∗ ∈ B(L 2 ). Then W ∗ is (m, n)-paranormal if and only if

m n+1 h n+1 E(u n+1 . f ) ◦ T −(n+1) 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n h.E(u. f ) ◦ T −1 2

2

2
−m n+1 na n+1  f 2 , (28)

for each f ∈ L 2 and a > 0.

Proof Let W ∗ be (m, n)-paranormal. Then for each a > 0,

210 B. Kour and S. Ram

m n+1 W n+1 W ∗n+1 − (n + 1)a n W W ∗ + m n+1 na n+1 ≥ 0,

2 2

that is,
m n+1 W n+1 W ∗n+1 ≥ (n + 1)a n W W ∗ − m n+1 na n+1 ,
2 2

that is,
2    
m n+1 (W n+1 W ∗n+1 ) f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n (W W ∗ ) f, f
2
−m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
that is,
m n+1 W ∗n+1 f 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n W ∗ f 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 .
2 2

. (29)

Consider
W ∗n+1 f =h n+1 E(u n+1 . f ) ◦ T −(n+1) ,
(30)
W ∗ f =h.E(u. f ) ◦ T −1 .

Substitute (30) in (29),

m n+1 h n+1 E(u n+1 . f ) ◦ T −(n+1) 2 ≥(n + 1)a n h.E(u. f ) ◦ T −1 2

2

2
− m n+1 na n+1  f 2 .

Conversely, let (28) holds.

Since
W ∗n+1 f = h n+1 E(u n+1 . f ) ◦ T −(n+1) ,
(31)
W ∗ f = h.E(u. f ) ◦ T −1 .

Substitute (31) in (28),

m n+1 W ∗n+1 f 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n W ∗ f 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 ,

2 2

that is,
2    
m n+1 (W n+1 W ∗n+1 ) f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n (W W ∗ ) f, f
2
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
that is,
m n+1 W n+1 W ∗n+1 ≥ (n + 1)a n W W ∗ − m n+1 na n+1 .
2 2

Hence, W ∗ is (m, n)-paranormal. 

(m, n)-Paranormal Composition Operators 211

4 Multiplication Composition Operators

Theorem 5 Let Mu,T is (m, n)-paranormal operator if and only if

2

n+1
m n+1  (u ◦ T i ). f ◦ T n+1 2 ≥(n + 1)a n u ◦ T. f ◦ T 2
i=1 (32)
2
−m n+1 na n+1
f ,
2

for each a > 0.

Proof Let Mu,T be (m, n)-paranormal. Then for each a > 0,

2
∗n+1 n+1 ∗ 2
m n+1 Mu,T Mu,T − (n + 1)a n Mu,T Mu,T + m n+1 na n+1 ≥ 0,
that is,
2
∗n+1 n+1 ∗ 2
m n+1 Mu,T Mu,T ≥ (n + 1)a n Mu,T Mu,T − m n+1 na n+1 ,
that is,
2    ∗  (33)
∗n+1 n+1
m n+1 (Mu,T Mu,T ) f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n (Mu,T Mu,T ) f, f
2
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
that is,
2 2
m n+1 Mu,T
n+1
f 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n Mu,T f 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 .

Since

n+1
n+1
Mu,T f = (u ◦ T i ). f ◦ T n+1 ,
i=1
(34)
Mu,T f = u ◦ T. f ◦ T.

Substitute (34) in (33), so we get

2

n+1
m n+1  (u ◦ T i ). f ◦ T n+1 2 ≥(n + 1)a n u ◦ T. f ◦ T 2
i=1
2
− m n+1 na n+1  f 2 .

Conversely, let (32) holds.

Since

n+1
n+1
Mu,T f = (u ◦ T i ). f ◦ T n+1 ,
i=1
(35)
Mu,T f = u ◦ T. f ◦ T.
212 B. Kour and S. Ram

Substitute (35) in (32),

2 2
m n+1 Mu,T
n+1
f 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n Mu,T f 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 ,
that is,
2    ∗ 
∗n+1 n+1
m n+1 (Mu,T Mu,T ) f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n (Mu,T Mu,T ) f, f
2
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
that is,
2
∗n+1 n+1 ∗ 2
m n+1 Mu,T Mu,T − (n + 1)a n Mu,T Mu,T + m n+1 na n+1 ≥ 0,

for each a > 0. Thus, Mu,T is (m, n)-paranormal. 

∗
Theorem 6 An operator Mu,T is (m, n)-paranormal operator if and only if


n+1
(E(u.h ◦ T −i )).E( f ) ◦ T −n+1 2
2
m n+1 u.h.
i=1 (36)
−1 2 2
≥ (n + 1)a u.h.E( f ) ◦ T
n
 −m n+1 na n+1
f ,
2

for each f ∈ L 2 and a > 0.

∗
Proof Assume that Mu,T is (m, n) paranormal. Then for each a > 0,

2
n+1 ∗n+1 ∗ 2
m n+1 Mu,T Mu,T − (n + 1)a n Mu,T Mu,T + m n+1 na n+1 ≥ 0,
that is,
2
n+1 ∗n+1 ∗ 2
m n+1 Mu,T Mu,T ≥ (n + 1)a n Mu,T Mu,T − m n+1 na n+1 ,
that is,
2     (37)
n+1 ∗n+1 ∗
m n+1 (Mu,T Mu,T ) f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n (Mu,T Mu,T ) f, f
2
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
that is,
2
∗n+1 ∗ 2
m n+1 Mu,T f 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n Mu,T f 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 .

Consider

n+1
∗n+1
Mu,T f = u.h. (E(u.h ◦ T −i )).E( f ) ◦ T −n+1 ,
i=1
(38)
∗ −1
Mu,T f = u.h.E( f ) ◦ T .

Substitute (38) in (37), so we obtain

(m, n)-Paranormal Composition Operators 213


n+1
(E(u.h ◦ T −i )).E( f ) ◦ T −n+1 2
2
m n+1 u.h.
i=1 (39)
≥ (n + 1)a n u.h.E( f ) ◦ T −1 2 − m
2
n+1 na n+1  f 2 .

Conversely, let (36) holds.

Consider

n+1
∗n+1
Mu,T f = u.h. (E(u.h ◦ T −i )).E( f ) ◦ T −n+1 ,
i=1
(40)
∗ −1
Mu,T f = u.h.E( f ) ◦ T .

Substitute (40) in (36),

2
∗n+1 ∗ 2
m n+1 Mu,T f 2 ≥ (n + 1)a n Mu,T f 2 − m n+1 na n+1  f 2 ,
that is,
2    
n+1 ∗n+1 ∗
m n+1 (Mu,T Mu,T ) f, f ≥ (n + 1)a n (Mu,T Mu,T ) f, f
2
− m n+1 na n+1 f, f ,
that is,
2
n+1 ∗n+1 ∗ 2
m n+1 Mu,T Mu,T − (n + 1)a n Mu,T Mu,T + m n+1 na n+1 ≥ 0,

∗
for each a > 0. Thus, Mu,T is (m, n)-paranormal. 

5 Concluding Remarks

We have given some characterizations for the class of (m, n)-paranormal operators
acting on the complex Hilbert space H. The class of (m, n)-paranormal operators is
characterized in terms of the Radon–Nikodym derivative of the measure λT −1 with
respect to λ. Further, we have discussed the conditions for (m, n)-paranormal of the
classes of composition operators, weighted composition operators, multiplication
composition operators.

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3. Senthilkumar, D., Thirugnanasambandam, K.: M-paranormal and * paranormal composition
operators on weighted hardy space. Int. J. Contemp. Math. Sci. 5, 2793–2799 (2010)
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4. Senthilkumar, D., Naik, P.M., Santhi, R.: Weighted composition of quasi-paranormal operator.
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quasi- *paranormal composite multiplication operator on L 2 -spaces. Br. J. Math. Comput.
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Innovative Sci. Eng. Technol. 2(2012)
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14266 (2018)

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