eereereretee eee Lab Report: Simple Pendulum Name: Data Analysis T=\.2\19 bTo=_O.0 1s cos grants 9.22 ms? Questions ka 2 See Use the following equation to find Ag. ® 10005, o-3t T, 2A FBR Partner: og AL AT eee gL jee = Ky = o-o2l cscs K 2. What can you do to reduce the value of the uncertainty? we de move 2S osc hah S So Ou [y= 9.232 2Lab Report: Force Table Name: Partner: Data Force Table Method: Feptnnm= Weightof_ 8G Graphical Method: Length of Fresitan Vector & sem, Grsstan = _f Fo Analysis Scale: lem Force Table Method: Fewim= Weight of 86 9 4B Graphical Method: Fesutan = Weight of__94- _g On = f= Gerson Questions 1. Use the components method to find the resultant force in each case. Fe Fgeeso=6 4.95 |p ASSind ©2345] Fre/25coSB2 02 103-4) p,- 1335S in 320 = -ab1F pel Ges fo =~ 88 |p 5s alos F892 F, Bo-25- Fes 20s \82 42 \ =Vh.\* 2. What is the main Souree/of error in the force table method? we Wan ee Aveack, wrlee yrarke aon “\ Paence Yorceration of Carts 012-09220 Physics Experiment Manual 7 Velocity and Ac Teacher Notes Time Preparation: 15min ___| Activity: 30 min Estimates Objectives Students will be able to. ‘+ use Motion Sensors to measure the motion of a cart moving with constant velocity and a cart moving with constant acceleration + use the DataStuaio program to record and display the motion ofthe carts. * determine the ‘best-fit’ line for the motion of the accelerating cart. ‘+ interpret graphs of position vs. time and velocity vs. time. Data (sample) Sketch your graph of Position versus. TE] a 1g ea Time forthe motion ofthe two cars, LI g | Questions: Cart Motion 1.00 1. Which cart was moving with approximately constant velocity? (9.9675, 0848) 4 What is the approximate velocity of this cart? The motorized cart moved with an approximately constant velocity of about 0.15 m/s 2. Is there a moment when the carts are passing each other? If so, when? The carts pass each other at about 4 H pean Fea 3. Examine the point on the graph aa i where the two plots cross. Which Farp. 40.20.30. 40.50 cart was going faster at that moment? How can you tell? Explain, When the two carts pass each other, the fan cart was faster. The graph of the fan cart's motion has a steeper slope at that point, and a steeper slope indicates a faster speed. Select the plot of data for the fan cart’s motion. Click the ‘Fit’ button in the Graph toolbar and select a curve fit that you think will match the plot of data. (If your selection is not a ‘good fit” for your data, try another curve fit.) 4. Which curve fit is the best for your data? The Quadratic fit was the best for the data, This means that the position for the fan cart is proportional to the time squared. PASCO © 2004 7-Tof 107 Velocity and Acceleration of Carts Physics Experiment Manual 012-08 5, Whatis different about the motion of the motorized cart and the motion of the fan cart? The motion of the motor .d cart is constant in speed and direction (constant velocity). The ‘motion of the fan cart is constant in direction, but increasing in speed (constant acceleration. Interpret Graphs EXAMPLE 1: The following graph represents the motion of a cart, Write a description of the motion by answering the questions, 1, What happens during the first 3 seconds of motion? The cart moves 3.0 m in the first 3 second of ‘motion, 2. What happens during the time interval between 3 and 5 seconds? The cart does not move between 3 and 5 seconds. 3. What happens after 5 seconds? How is the motion of the car after 5 seconds different from the motion during the first 3 seconds? After 5 seconds, the cart moves 3 meters in the opposite direction to the direction during the first 3 seconds, and it moves more slowly. EXAMPLE 2: 4. What is the cart doing in EXAMPLE 2? The cart is accelerating in EXAMPLE 2. 5. How isthe motion represented here different than the motion in EXAMPLE 1? In EXAMPLE 2, the motion does not have a change of direction and the speed increases at a constant rate 7-8 of 10 © 2004 [Position vs Time) 35 EXAMPLE T 30 PASCO012-9220 Physics Experiment Manual 7 Velocity and Acceleration of Carts, VELOCITY VS. TIME: Notice that the following graphs show velocity versus time instead of position versus time. One of the graphs corresponds to the motion described in EXAMPLE 1 and the other corresponds to the motion described in EXAMPLE 2. Identify which one is which? (wey [ Welocity vs. Ti Velocty( m/s) @ x Velocity( mis ) This graph corresponds to EXAMPLE 1 Questions: Interpret Graphs 1. This graph corresponds to EXAMPLE 2 The graph on the left shows negative values for velocity. What does it mean, physically, to have positive and negative velocities in the same graph? Positive and negative velocities in the same graph means that the object in motion reversed direction. 2. The graph on the right shows the velocity increasing. Is the increase steady or not? What does it mean, physically, if the velocity increases? The increase in velocity for EXAMPLE 2 is steady. This means that the object accelerates at a constant or uniform rate. PASCO © 2004 7-90f 10012-09224 Physics Experiment Manual 11 Acceleration ~ Freely Falling Ball Teacher Notes Time Estimates Preparation: 15 min Activity: 30 min Objectives Students will be able to. ‘© use the Motion Sensor to measure the mation of a falling object over a relatively small distance ‘+ analyze the graph of data to determine the slope of the velocity versus time for the falling object ‘+ compare the experimental value to the accepted value, Notes Technique note: The most important step in the equipment setup is to make sure that the surface on which the ball will bounce is level. If the surface is level, the ball can bounce straight up and down several times. How you drop the ball makes a difference. If the ball is dropped carefully, it will fall straight down to the floor and bounce straight back up. Data Sketch your graph for the first run. Data Table ‘g’ (slope of velocity versus time) = 9.7 m/s? Questions 1, How does your value for ‘g’ (slope of velocity versus time) compare to the accepted value of the acceleration of a free falling object (9.8 nv/s2)? Answers will vary. For the graph in one of the examples above, the percent difference between the accepted value of 9.8 and the experimental value of 9.7 is 1.0%, 2. What factors do you think may cause the experimental value to be different from the accepted value? PASCO © 2004 11-7 0f811 Acceleration - Freely Falling Ball Physics Experiment Manual Various answers. If the ball is not dropped straight down, or if the ball does not bounce very well, the results will be different from the accepted value. Another factor is the selection of the region in the plot of velocity. ‘Sample Data 2s sof 11-8 0f8 © 2004 PASCO0712-09225 Physics Experiment Manual 12 Free Fall - Picket Fence Teacher Notes Time | Preparation: 18 min “Retivity: 30 min Estimates | ae | Objectives Students will be able to use the Photogate to measure the motion of a freely falling object over a relatively small distance. ‘© analyze the graph of data to determine the slope of the velocity versus time for the falling object ‘= compare the experimental value to the accepted value Notes Technique notes: How you drop the picket fence makes a difference. If the picket fence is crooked or out of line with the vertical, the value for the acceleration may not be close to the accepted value. Practice releasing the picket fence so it will fall straight. Hint: You can use a spring-loaded clothespin or a small binder clip to hold the end of the picket fence. Squeeze the pin or clip to release the picket fence. Prediction Sketch a prediction of the velocity versus time graph for a freely falling picket fence. Data Table slope of velocity versus time = 9.80 m/s? Questions 3. How does the slope of your velocity versus time graph compare to the accepted value of the acceleration of a free falling object (g = 9.8 m/s2)? The slope in this example is the same as the accepted value of the acceleration due to gravity of a free falling object. 4, What factors do you think may cause the experimental value to be different from the accepted value? Answers will vary, If the Picket Fence is tilted when it falls, the results may be different from the accepted value. Optional Determine whether releasing the Picket Fence from just above the Photogate or from several inches above the Photogate makes any difference in the value of the acceleration, Note that the ‘Table and Graph displays will show the most recently recorded run of data. To view a different run of data, click on the DATA menu and select the data run you want from the list. As the Picket Fence is released from higher positions above the photogate, the linear line is seen to translate in the positive v direction. The y intercept changes (indicating an increase in the PASCO © 2004 12-7 0f812 Free Fall ~ Picket Fence Physics Experiment Manual initial speed of the photogate). However, the slope of the velocity vs. time graph, the acceleration of the object, remains the same. © Sketch a graph of velocity vs. time for an object falling from rest, taking into account air resistance Sample Data EA A Fit [Mote Spe) gar 003 FO0s| b(vinereept) $9.3 + 026 Mean Squared Eror 24353 ROOMSE 4956-3 12-8 0f8 © 2004 Pasco012-09229 Physics Experiment Manual 15A Newton's 2nd Law ~ Mass Teacher Notes Time | Preparation: 18 min ‘Retivity: 30 min Estimates Objectives Students will be able to. * use a Motion Sensor to measure the motion of a cart as it accelerates due to different amounts of force applied. ‘+ use the DataStudio program to record and display the velocity of the cart, analyze the graph of velocity versus time to determine the acceleration of the cart. * calculate the theoretical acceleration of the cart based on the total mass and the net force. * compare the measured and theoretical values of acceleration, Notes The tension in the string accelerates the cart. If' we assume that friction is zero, the net force on the cart system is the weight of the mass hanger. The fofal mass of the cart system is the cart plus the mass hanger. Data recording is easier if one-person controls the cart and a second person operates the computer. Prediction 3. What happens to an object when you apply a net force to it? An object accelerates when a net force is applied to it. The acceleration is directly proportional to, and in the same direction as, the net force. 4. ‘What happens to the motion of an object if it has a constant mass but you change the magnitude of the net force on it? When the magnitude of a net force on an object changes and the mass is kept constant, the object experiences more acceleration Data Make a sketch of your graph of velocity versus time for the first run of data. PASCO © 2004 15A-7 of 8415A Newton's 2nd Law ~ Mass Physics Experiment Manual Data Table 1 (sample) Item ooo | Mass (kg) otal mass of the hanger mass (Mu). | 0.0255 kg Run #1: Total mass of the cart and two 20-9 masses (mc) 0.2889 kg | Run #1: Total mass of the cart and two Run #2: Total mass of hanger plus masses Run #3: Total mass of hanger plus masses: Data Table 2(sample) Data Table 3 (sample) 0.0455 ky 0.0655 kg [Run | Acceleration (mis) | | Run | Mass, hanger (kg) | Fou (N) #i_ [ore #1_| 0.0255 0.249 #2_| 1.97396 #2_| 0.0455 0.445 #3__| 2.12080 | [ws [o06ss 0.641 Data Table 4 (sample) | Run__| Acc. theory (mis?) | Ace., exp. (mis?) | % difference #i__ | 0795 0.794 O11 #2 | 1.330 1.373, 3.20 #3 | 1.870 2.120 146 Questions 5. Why did the slope change for each run? The slope changed for each run because, in runs #1, #2, and #3, the net force increased but the ‘mass remained constant, so the acceleration increased. 6. Forruns #1, #2, #3, what did you observe about the slope of the Linear Fit as the net force increased but the total mass was kept constant? For the first three runs, the slope of the Linear Fit increased as the net force increased. 7. What are the units for the slope for each graph? Explain. The units for the slope for each graph are meters per second per second. The slope is the “rise” over the “run”, or the ratio of the change in the y-coordinate to the change in the x-coordinate. The y-coordinate represents velocity in meters per second while the x-coordinate represents time in second. 8. What happens to an object’s acceleration if the net force applied to the object is increased but the object’s mass remains constant? Ifthe net force applied to an object is increased but the object's mass remains constant, the object will experience a constant acceleration. 15A-8 of 8 ©2004 PASCO012-09230 Physics Experiment Manual 158 New Teacher Notes Time | Preparation: 15 min Aetivity: 30 min Estimates 1 Objectives Students will be able to. ‘+ use a Motion Sensor to measure the motion of a cart as it accelerates due to a constant force. ‘+ use the DataStudio program to record and display the velocity of the cart. + analyze the graph of velocity versus time to determine the acceleration of the cart + calculate the theoretical acceleration of the cart based on the total mass and the net force * compare the measured and theoretical values of acceleration. Notes The tension in the string accelerates the cart. If we assume that friction is zero, the net force on the cart system is the weight of the mass hanger. The oral mass of the cart system is the cart plus the mass hanger. Prediction 1. What happens to an object when you apply a net force to it? An object accelerates when a net force is applied to it. The acceleration is directly proportional 10, and in the same direction as, the net force. 2. What happens to the motion of an object if it has a constant net force but you change the total mass? Ifan object's mass increases while a constant net force is applied, the acceleration will decrease, Data Make a sketch of your graph of velocity versus time forthe §_ 2 first run of data. is Fase] Data Table 1 Item Mass (kg) | Run #1: Total mass of the hanger and 20-9 mass (ms): 0.0253 Run #1: Total mass of the cart (mc): 0.2570 Run #2: Total mass of cart plus one extra mass: 0.5155 PASCO © 2004 15B -7 of 8158 Newton's 2nd Law ~ Force Run Acceleration (m/s?) [an [#2 8 0.82 o4tt l 0.271 Data Table 3 Tn 8: Total mane fear po two wera masoes Net force (mass of hanger x 9.8 N/kg): 0.247 N Data Table 2 Physics Experiment Manual 0.7646 Run #1 0.257 #2 0515 Mass, cart (kg) | Total mass (kg) 0.282 0.540 ‘Acc., theory (mis) | Ace., 0.44 lost xp. (mis*) 27 a7 )12-09230 difference | #3 0.764 —_[o 789. 027 124 Questions 1, For runs #1, #2, #3, what did you observe about the slope of the Linear Fit as the net force remained constant but the total mass increased? For the three runs where the net force remained constant but the total mass increased, the slope decreases (ive., the acceleration decreased) for each run. 2. What happens to an object’s acceleration if the net force applied to the object is kept constant but the object’s mass increases? The acceleration decreases as the mass increases. The acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass. Extension Problem An unloaded sled with a mass of 12 kg has an acceleration of 2.3 m/s/s when it is pushed on a horizontal surface with a net force of 27.6 N. What is its acceleration when it is fully loaded to 25 kg and the net force is the same? The acceleration will be 1.104 m/s/s 15B - 8 of 8 © 2004 PASCO