Unit.
5
Nutritional Science
✓ Editing notes after a lecture
✓ Understanding bias in a presentation
✓ Evaluating information
✓ Prefixes and suffixes
✓ Comparative forms of adjectives and adverb
✓ Common intonation pattern
✓ Expressing interest during a conversation
Editing notes after a lecture
In order to remember most of what you hear, it is a good idea to review
your notes within 24 hours after a lecture. As you read your notes,
annotate them.
▪ Underline or highlight key ideas.
▪ Cross out information that isn’t important.
▪ Use the extra space on the paper to add your thoughts and make
connections between the lecture and the information in your textbook.
▪ Use a dictionary to look up all new key words. Write the definition or
translation.
▪ Make notes about what you don’t understand so you can ask your
teacher later.
▪ Add a short summary of your notes.
Understanding Bias in a presentation
Bias
Is a strong feeling for or against something.
Bias can be found in
▪ Title
▪ Introduction
▪ Imbalance
▪ Information source
Title
For example
Look at the topic “ Food Addictives Linked to Hyperactivity in Kids”
▪ It has negative ideas
▪ It sounds very definite
▪ It means the speaker agrees with the research in the report
But
“ Some researchers Believe Food additives May Affect Hyperactivity”
▪ Does not show such a strong bias.
Introduction
For example
“I’m going to talk about the negative effects of food additives on
children’s behavior.”
That statement alone tells you the speaker’s bias
Imbalance
▪ Reports with a bias usually report on both sides of the issue but the
information is not balanced well.
Information Source
Consider who is providing the information.
For example
“ A company that sells chocolate presents research that
shows eating is good for you.”
Knowing the company sells chocolate can help you decide how much to
trust the information.
Suffix
A suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of word .
ious/-ous
Pious jealous religious ridiculous
-age
Drainage orphanage marriage salvage outage
-al
Fictional regional musical accidental logical
-wise
Otherwise likewise clockwise weatherwise crosswise
-ity/-ty
Extremity validity enormity veracity security
-ment
Enchantment argument achievement encouragement excitement
-ness
Heaviness highness sickness rudeness happiness
-ship
Friendship hardship internship citizenship membership
-Sion/-tion
Position promotion cohesion affection ambition
-ate
Mediate collaborate create eradicate detonate
-ful
Handful playful hopeful skillful thankful
-ic/-ical
Psychological hypocritical methodical nonsensical
-ive
Inquisitive informative attentive abortive
active
-less
Meaningless hopeless homeless mindless
spotless
-ly
Softly slowly happily crazily
madly
-ward/-wards
Towards afterwards backwards inward
outwards
Negative Prefixes
Prefix: Is a group of letters that are added to adjectives to give an
opposite or negative meaning .
In- im- il-
Complete mature legal
Correct patient legible
Efficient perfect literate
Formal polite logical
Human possible
Secure
Visible
Famous
Ir- ig-
Regular noble
Relevant
Resistible
Responsible
reversible
Adjective
Adjective
The word adjective is derived from the Latin word “Adjectious” which
means to describe or to add something to the meaning of a noun or
pronoun.
Definition:
Adjective is used to modify, identify or give further information about
noun or pronoun in a sentence.
Or
Adjective is a word, phrase or clause which gives information about
noun or pronoun.
e.g. is a nice girl.
He is a handsome boy.
He is an intelligent student.
Types of Adjective According to Gradeability
There are two types of adjective according to gradeability:
1: Gradable adjective
2: non-gradable adjective
Gradable Adjective
It has comparative and superlative forms, because it has grade or degree.
e.g. She is taller than me/ I am.
It can be modified by adverb of degree or intensifier
She is very beautiful.
Non-gradable Adjectives
It has neither comparative nor superlative form, for it doesn’t have degree or
grade; besides, it cannot be modified by adverb of degree or intensifier.
Note: A number of adjectives, such as unique, ultimate, pregnant, perfect,
impossible, essential, correct, complete, absolute, are called Absolute/Non-
gradable adjectives because their meaning is theoretically not gradable as they
describe the quality that is neither increase nor decreased. For instance, if
something is unique, it is neither more nor less unique; that is, unique is unique.
e.g. Allah is unique.
e.g. She is married.
e.g. U. Ijaz is alive.
Categories of Gradable Adjective:
1: Positive or simple degree
2: Comparative degree
3: Superlative degree
Positive Degree of Adjective
Simple degree of an adjective is the simplest degree used to describe the quality of
a person, place and thing without any comparison.
Note: Positive Degree is AKA Simple/Plain Degree.
e.g. This class is small.
e.g. Laila is so beautiful.
e.g. The girl whom I love is so lovely.
Comparative Degree of Adjective
It is a higher degree of an adjective which is used to compare one
person with another person, one place with another place and one
thing with another thing.
Note: According to syllable, there are the following two types of
adjectives:
Short Syllable Adjective
We use: r, er, ier
e.g. Leila is taller than Ali is.
Long Syllable Adjective
We use: more, less.
e.g. Leila is more beautiful than Laima is.
Superlative Degree of Adjective
It is the highest degree of an adjective which is used to
compare one person, place or thing with a group of people,
places or things.
Note: According to syllable, there are the following two types
of adjective:
Short Syllable Adjectives
We use: st, est, iest
e.g. Leila is the tallest girl in the class.
Long Syllable Adjective
We use: most, least
e.g. Eiffel Tower is the most beautiful tower in the world.
Rules for Forming Comparative and Superlative Form
Adjectives ending in letter “e” take “r” to form comparative degree and “st” to form superlative
degree.
Simple Comparative Superlative
Nice nicer The nicest
Wise wiser The wisest
Brace bracer The bracest
➢Adjectives ending in consonant plus “y” change “Y” to “i” and add “er” to form comparative
degree and “est” to form superlative degree.
Simple Comparative Superlative
Healthy healthier The healthiest
Happy Happier The happiest
Ugly uglier The ugliest
➢ Adjectives ending in a single vowel followed by a single consonant double the last consonant
and add “er” to form comparative degree and “est” to form superlative.
Hot hotter The hottest
➢ Most one syllable adjectives ending neither in “e”, nor in consonant
+ “y”, nor in a single vowel followed by a single consonant take “er” to
form comparative degree and “est” to form the superlative degree.
Simple Comparative Superlative
Tall taller the tallest
Long longer the longest
Strong stronger the strongest
Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative form s.
Simple Comparative Superlative
Ill Worse The worst
Sick Worse The worst
Evil Worse The worst
Old Older/elder The oldest/eldest
Much More The most
Many More The most
Little Less The least
Far Farther/further The Farthest/furthest
Older: is used for people, things and animals. Also, with it THAN is used.
Elder: is used only for people—family members. Also, THAN is not used with it.
e.g. He is older than me. e.g. He is my elder brother
Oldest: is used for comparison, while “eldest” is used for family members.
e.g. He is the oldest boy in our class. e.g. He is my eldest brother.
Note that when we compare family members, we use (the) before (eldest) and (of) after (eldest).
e.g. Javid is the eldest of my five brothers.
Some adjectives are derived from Latin language, so their comparative and
superlative forms are formed the way they are formed in their own language.
Latin Comparative Superlative
Junior Junior to Junior most
Senior Senior to Senior most
Superior Superior to Superior most
Interior Interior to Interior most
Farther: Is used to refer to a greater distance. However, further means additional.
Further
If we compare two contrasting qualities, we use ‘More’, not ‘r, er, ier.
Basic intonation patterns
Intonation: Is the rise and fall of your voice when you are speaking in
groups of words or in sentences.
1. Intonation in sentences
e.g. We’re not taking a vacation this summer.
Note: In this sentence “vocation” is the most important word, because
that is probably new information.
[Link] as questions
We’re not taking a vacation this summer?
3. We can add a wh-word to this type of sentence question
You’re going where this summer?
4. Intonation Yes/ No questions
e.g.
Do you have plans for this summer?
[Link] in WH-Questions
When does your summer vacation start?
5. Intonation to ask when you don’t hear/understand someone.
How many?
Where?
6. Intonation in choice question
Are you going to stay in a hotel or go camping?
7. Intonation in sentences with a list (series of things)
we want to go hiking, rock climbing and whale watching?
Expressing interest during a conversation
Express interest during a conversation shows the speaker you are
paying attention.
Six ways to show interest
➢ Really?
➢ That’s interesting.
➢ Uh-huh.
➢ Right.
➢ Gotcha.
➢ Sure.