TUNNEL LINING USING PHASE SOFTWARE

TUNNEL LINING USING PHASE

SOFTWARE

INTRODUCTION :

Phase -2 is an advanced geotechnical software used for the analysis and design of tunnels

and underground structures . It allows modeling of various tunnel shapes under different

geological and stress conditions, including in -situ rock and soil properties. The software

supports a range of support systems , such as reinforced concrete linings, steel sets, and

rock bolts, and can simulate staged excavation and lining installation. Phase -2 helps

predict tunnel deformations, stress distribution, and factor of safety, ensuring safe and

efficient tunnel design .

Key Features of Phase2 (RS2) :

• Tunnel Modeling: Supports circular, horseshoe, rectangular, and user -defined tunnel

shapes.

• Geotechnical Simulation: Models rock and soil behavior using elastic, elasto -plastic,

and nonlinear constitutive models.

• Support Systems: Allows incorporation of rock bolts, shotcrete, steel sets, and

reinforced concrete linings.

• Staged Excavation: Simulates construction stages to evaluate tunnel deformation

during excavation.

• Stress Analysis: Computes stress distribution in rock mass and tunnel lining under in -

situ and applied loads.

• Deformation Prediction: Estimates tunnel convergence, lining displacement, and

plastic zone development.

• Tunnel Design and Analysis: Supports circular, horseshoe, and other tunnel shapes

under various geological conditions.

• Underground Excavations: Used for shafts, caverns, and deep excavations in rock and

soil.

• Support System Evaluation: Helps design and optimize support systems such as

reinforced concrete linings, steel sets, shotcrete, and rock bolts.

• Stability Assessment: Predicts tunnel deformations, plastic zones, and factor of safety

under in -situ and applied loads.

• Seismic and Stress Analysis: Evaluates tunnel behavior under seismic events and

complex stress conditions.

Methodology :

[Link] conditions :

Construct a circular tunnel of radius 3m.

Steel Reinforcement (I -beam, type W) is to be used as lining material.

In-Situ Stresses

[Link] 1 (cr1): 20MPa

[Link] 3 (cr3): 1OMPa

[Link] Z (cr1): 15MPa

[Link] (Degree from horizontal): 10°

•Factor Of Safety ≥ 1.3.

•Allowable Deformation (Closure) ≤ 5 mm.

[Link] The Model :

•Project Setting -: 10 Stages

•Geometry -: 3m radius Circle, Number of Segment -: 96

•External Boundary Type -: Box, Expansion Factor -: 5

•Mesh Setup -: 6 Nodded Triangle, Discretize, Mesh

[Link] stresses :

•Initial Phase:

a. Set up in -situ stress conditions or equilibrium.

•Field Stress Setting/ Loading Phase:

a)Sigma 1 (cr1): 20MPa

b)Sigma 3 (cr3): 10MPa

c)Sigma Z (cr1): 15MPa

d)Angle (Degree from horizontal): 10°

[Link] Up Properties of rock :

•Geotechnical Parameter -:

[Link] Type: Marble

[Link] Compressive Strength 75 MPa

[Link]'s Modulus: 6067.2 MPa

[Link]'s Ratio: 0.25

[Link] Rock Constant (mi): 9

[Link] Strength Index (GSI): 55

[Link] Factor (D) = 0.5

[Link] Ratio (MR): 400

Stage Factor

11

2 0.8

3 0.4

4 0.2

5 0.1

6 0.08

7 0.04

8 0.02

9 0.01

10 0

5. Calculation And Analysis :

Tunnel deformation was evaluated using the empirical method developed by Vlachopoulos

and Diederichs . This method requires the following parameters:

1. Maximum tunnel wall displacement far from the tunnel face.

2. Radius of the plastic zone away from the tunnel center.

Both parameters can be determined from a plane strain analysis with zero internal
pressure

in the excavation. In this study, results from Stage 10 of the model were used, as this stage

represents the fully excavated tunnel where internal pressure is zero. These values were

then applied in the Vlachopoulos and Diederichs relationship to compute tunnel

convergence and evaluate the performance of the tunnel lining .

Plastic Zone Radius = 5.198 m

Maximum Closure / Total Displacement =

0.028899 m

We have, Tunnel Radius = 3 m Assuming lining

Distance = 1 m

Calculation,

Plastic Zone Radius/ Tunnel Radius= 1.733

Distance From Tunnel Face/ Tunnel Radius = 0.333

From Graph,

Closure/ Maximum Closure = 0.46

So, Closure = 0.0133m

•Plot a Graph (Graph Single Point vs. Stage)

0.0133

In our case it is stage 5, after pinpointing the stage export the data to excel.

•Change project Setting:

Stage 1 = initial Stage, Stage 4 = Tunnel Relaxation, Stage 5 =LINING.

•Other stages are not required; we may delete other stages.

[Link] Phase :

•Select lining as a support.

•Select the Reinforced Concrete Lining

•Select the I -Beam, Concrete Strength: 40MPa

•Lining Thickness: 0.2m

•Add the Lining on the Tunnel.

•Calculate and interpret the lined tunnel.

[Link] the Support Capacity Plot :

Internal

Pressure Total

Displacement(m)

1 3.04E -13

0.8 0.0024202

0.4 0.0072606

0.2 0.010813

0.1 0.014729

0.08 0.015898

0.04 0.01913

0.02 0.021751
0.01 0.0238809

0 0.0279651

Result :

The analysis showed that the tunnel remained stable when reinforced with steel I -beam

supports and a concrete lining with a compressive strength of 40 MPa.

Discussion :

Phase -2 is an advanced geotechnical engineering software widely used for the analysis and

design of tunnels . It enables engineers to model tunnels of various shapes under different

geological and geotechnical conditions and to incorporate support systems such as rock

bolts, shotcrete, and concrete linings .

In the present study, the analysis showed that a 0.2 m thick reinforced concrete lining was

adequate to support the tunnel. Steel I -beams (W100 × 19.3) were installed at 0.6 m
spacing

to reinforce the lining and ensure stability under the given ground stresses. The computed

factor of safety exceeded 1.3 , indicating that the tunnel design is safe and sufficiently

supported.
Conclusion :

In conclusion, a circular tunnel with a 6 m diameter was successfully analyzed and

using Phase -2 software . The selected reinforced concrete lining with steel I -beam

reinforcement was found to provide adequate stability, ensuring that the tunnel is safe

under the given geotechnical conditions.