NTRODUCTION
1. Background of the Study
Water pollution caused by industrial effluents especially dyes and heavy metal ions has become a major
environmental concern globally and in India due to its persistent toxicity, non-biodegradable nature, and
harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Adsorption has been widely studied as an effective
and low-cost method to remove such pollutants from wastewater. Sorption equilibrium, kinetics, and
thermodynamic analyses are essential to understand and optimize adsorbate adsorbent interactions and to
design practical treatment systems [1]
adsorption of malachite green dye using mulberry leaves powder and its biochar**, demonstrating significant
dye removal efficiencies and revealing the adsorption behavior through equilibrium and kinetic modeling. [2]
2. Research Problem
Despite extensive studies on dye and heavy metal removal using plant-based adsorbents, there remains a
need to explore new, low-cost biomaterials capable of simultaneously adsorbing both dyes and metal ions.
[3]
This includes understanding how agricultural wastes or invasive plant species like ‘Heterosporous
Parthenium’ can be used as potential adsorbents with effective removal performance.[4]
Existing literature on similar plant-derived adsorbents shows promising results but does not fully address
combined dye and metal ion adsorption in a single system.
3. Review Gap / Research Gap
Previous research conducted has shown efficient dye removal using plant leaf powders and biochar, and
equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic examinations were used to interpret adsorption pathways. For
example, *Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study for removal of malachite green dye* using mulberry
leaf powder revealed Freundlich isotherm behavior and pseudo-second-order kinetics in batch experiments.
[5]
However, systematic studies combining both dye and metal ion adsorption using invasive plant materials like
‘Heterosporous Parthenium’ are largely unexplored comprehensive modeling of multi-pollutant adsorption
using plant leaves poweder.
4. Significance of the Study
Understanding the adsorption behavior of both dyes and metal ions onto ‘Heterosporous Parthenium’
biomass will help develop cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbents suitable for treating industrial
wastewater. Such research contributes to sustainable waste management by utilizing invasive or agricultural
biomass for environmental remediation.
Objectives of the Study
1. To evaluate the adsorption performance of grass-based ‘Heterosporous Parthenium’ biomass for
removing selected dyes and heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. As other done by microbials and
plant origin.[6]
2. To analyze equilibrium isotherms (e.g., Langmuir, Freundlich). Which gives better result and and
accuracy.[7]
3. To study the adsorption kinetics using models such as pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics. For
better understanding.[8]
4. To determine thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔG°, ΔS°) to understand the nature of [Link] clearfy
authentification of data.[9]
These objectives follow the methodological framework employed
6. Scope of the Study
The study focuses on batch adsorption experiments involving:
Different concentrations of textile dyes (e.g., malachite green, crystal violet),
Selected heavy metal ions (e.g., Cu(II), Pb(II)),
Variation of contact time, temperature, initial adsorbate dose, and pH.
Findings will be interpreted through equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters.
7. Research Questions
1. How effectively can ‘Heterosporous Parthenium’ biomass adsorb dyes and heavy metal ions from aqueous
solutions?
2. Which isotherm model best describes the adsorption equilibrium?
3. What kinetic model best explains the adsorption rate?
4. Are the adsorption processes spontaneous, endothermic/exothermic?
8. Methodological Overview (Summary)
Batch experiments will be conducted to measure two major responses:
Residual concentration of dyes and heavy metals after adsorption,
Adsorption capacity at equilibrium.
Isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) and kinetic models (pseudo-second-order) will be used for data
interpretation — a common approach
[1] Kosar Hikmat Hama Aziz , Fryad S Mustafa a, Khalid M Omer a, Sarkawt
a,b,✉
Hama a, Rebaz Fayaq Hamarawf a, Kaiwan Othman Rahman a, RSC Adv
. 2023 Jun 12;13(26):17595–17610. doi: 10.1039/d3ra00723e
[2] Fairooz Ahmad Khan & Mazahar Farooqui Vol. 30, March, 2023 pp. 165-172 DOI:
10.56042/ijct.v30i2.66355
[3] Said Meftah1 · Khadija Meftah2 · Nabil Babassa1 · Karima Malous3 · Meryem Drissi4 · Ayoub Amahrous1 ·
Nada Jabri5 · Jihane Fathi2 · Khadija Aguerchi6 · Youssef Laababid4 · Oumayma Adnouss1 · Mehdi Taib1 ·
Oumaima Zinaoui7 · Oukani ElHassan1 · Lahboub Bouyazza
29 September 2025 Volume 6, article number 971, (2025)
[4] MAHESH G. BHOYAR, OMKAR J. GAVKARE, CHIRANJEEVA MILKURI REDDY AND VIKAS [Link] Jr. of
Industrial Pollution Control 30(2)(2014) pp 309-312 © EM Internationa
[5] FAIROOZ AHMAD KHANa , ABDUL AHADb , SAMREEN FATEMAc AND MAZAHAR FAROOQUId1 Indian [Link].
12 (2): 23-33, 2022
[6] Shalini Srivastava1 & S. B. Agrawal 1 & M. K. Mondal2 Received: 30 January 2015 /Accepted: 19 August
2015 /Published online: 29 August 2015 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015
[7] Nimibofa Ayawei, Augustus Newton Ebelegi, and Donbebe Wankasi Hindawi Journal of Chemistry Volume
2017, Article ID 3039817, 11 pages [Link]
[8] Zare, Leila; Ghasemi-Fasaei, Reza* Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. Research Article Vol. 38, No. 5, 2019
[9] Chikmagalur Raju Girish1 Chemical Papers (2025) 79:5687–5706 ([Link]
x) Received: 5 April 2025 / Accepted: 26 June 2025 / Published online: 11 July 2025 © The Author(s) 2025
[10]