Class Test | XII | Chapter: Principles of Inheritance and Variation | 20 Marks
Q1. Application Based (1 × 3 = 3 marks)
a) A man with genotype AaBb is crossed with a woman with genotype AaBb. What is the probability that their
child will be AABB? Show calculation. (1 mark)
b) In humans, polydactyly is a dominant trait. A normal woman marries a polydactyl man. They have a child
with normal digits. What is the genotype of the father? (1 mark)
c) Name and briefly explain the phenomenon that violates Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment when
genes are located close together on the same chromosome. (1 mark)
Q2. Case-Based / Data Interpretation (4 marks)
A dihybrid cross between two pea plants resulted in the following F2 phenotypic ratio:
9 Round Yellow : 3 Round Green : 3 Wrinkled Yellow : 1 Wrinkled Green
a) What does this ratio indicate about the genes involved? (1 mark)
b) Explain the possible genotypes responsible for the 3 Round Green phenotype. (1 mark)
c) Suppose the genes were linked, how would this ratio change? Explain briefly. (1.5 marks)
d) Which law of Mendel does this experiment demonstrate? (0.5 mark)
Q3. Assertion & Reasoning (2 marks) → Select the correct option and justify.
Assertion (A): In co-dominance, both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote.
Reason (R): Co-dominance is the same as incomplete dominance.
Q4. Pedigree Analysis (3 marks)
Analyze the following case and answer:
A pedigree shows inheritance of a rare genetic disorder. The affected individuals are present in every
generation. Both males and females are equally affected. An affected father passes the trait to all his daughters
but none of his sons.
a) What type of inheritance is this? (1 mark)
b) Justify your answer using two observations from the pedigree. (1 mark)
c) Give an example of a human disorder that follows this inheritance pattern. (1 mark)
Q5. Long Answer Type (8 marks)
a) Describe the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Give two experimental evidences supporting it. (4 marks)
b) A woman with genotype IAi is married to a man with genotype IBi.
i. What are the possible blood groups of their children? (1 mark)
ii. Explain why AB blood group is an example of co-dominance. (1 mark)
c) How did Morgan's work on Drosophila provide evidence for linkage and recombination? Use a cross and
expected ratios to explain. (2 marks)
Answer Key – Hard Level Test | XII | Chapter 05 | Biology
Q1. a) Cross: AaBb × AaBb Probability of A from Aa = ½ Probability of A again = ½
Probability of B = ½, again B = ½ → Total = ½ × ½ × ½ × ½ = *1/16* (1 mark)
b) Since they had a *normal* child, father must be *heterozygous* (Pp), not PP.
→ Genotype of father: *Pp* (1 mark)
c) *Linkage* – genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together and do *not*
assort independently. (1 mark)
Q2. a) The 9:3:3:1 ratio indicates *independent assortment of two gene pairs. *(1 mark)
b) Round Green → Dominant for Round (R\_), Homozygous recessive for Green (yy)
→ Possible genotypes: RRyy or Rryy (1 mark)
c) If genes were *linked*, parental types would be more frequent and recombinants fewer.
→ Ratio would deviate from 9:3:3:1, e.g., more round yellow & wrinkled green (parental types), fewer
recombinants (1.5 marks)
d) Demonstrates *Law of Independent Assortment* (0.5 mark)
Q3. (c) A is true, R is false ; Justification: Co-dominance shows *both alleles equally* (e.g., AB blood group).
In *incomplete dominance, phenotype is **intermediate* (e.g., pink flowers in snapdragon). (1 mark for correct
option + 1 for explanation
Q4. a) *X-linked dominant inheritance* (1 mark)
b) Trait appears in every generation (dominant)
Affected father passes it to all daughters but none of his sons (X-linked) (1 mark)
c) Example: Rett syndrome, Vitamin D resistant rickets (1 mark)
Q5. a) *Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance:* * Genes are located on chromosomes.
* Chromosomes segregate and assort independently during meiosis. * *Sutton and Boveri* proposed the theory.
*Evidences:* * Behavior of chromosomes mirrors Mendel’s factors * Consistency in gamete formation and
zygote restoration during fertilization (4 marks)
b) i. IAi × IBi → Possible genotypes: IAIB (AB), IAi (A), IBi (B), ii (O)
→ Blood groups: *A, B, AB, O* (1 mark)
ii. In AB blood group, *both A and B antigens are expressed fully, showing **co-dominance* (1 mark)
c) * Morgan studied dihybrid crosses in *Drosophila* * Cross between *yellow-bodied, white-eyed* and
*brown-bodied, red-eyed* flies * Expected ratio: 9:3:3:1, but obtained deviation * Found *parental types >
recombinant types* due to *linkage * Calculated *recombination frequency* to determine gene distance (2
marks)