IMPORTANT TERMS OF CHAPTER 1

Area which is high but flat from the top.

DEPRESSION
Big holes in the surface are called depressions.
RAVINE
The definition of a ravine is a deep valley or gorge that is typically narrow with steep sides.

ALTITUDE
The height of the land from sea level.
ACTIVE FLOOD PLAIN
The narrow strip of land formed on both sides of [Link] is known as bet or
khaddar [Link] get deposited through out year.
Such a land which is formed through out a year is known as active flood plain.
OLD FLOOD PLAIN
Such a land which is formed by the deposition of alluvium only during heavy
monsoon.
DOABS
Area between two rivers.
Doabs of Pakistan:
Sindh Sagar Doab
Rechna doab
Bari doab
Chaj doab
ALLUVIAL TERRACES/BARUPLAND/SCALLOPED INTERFLUVES
They are areas of high land between rivers formed by erosion of old alluvium.
MEANDER
They cover the area through deposition of alluvium near alluvial terraces.
OXBOX LAKES
Loop like structure formed by deposition of alluvium.
PLAIN
Land formed by the deposition of alluvium.
CUESTA/ESCARPMENT
The limestone ridges which has steep slope on one side and gentle slope on
another.

LOCATION OF PAKISTAN
 ●​ IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION OF PAKISTAN
1.​ From the strategic and economic point of view Pakistan enjoy key position in South Asia. It is
connected with China through Karakorum highway which is the world leading economy.
CPEC is also facilitating trade in Pakistan with other countries.
2.​ Karachi a natural harbor and an important warm water port also serve as a refueling stop for
Pakistan.
3.​ Jinnah International Airport also connect Pakistan with other countries of the world.
4.​ Pakistan location help Pakistan to have good relation with CAS(Central ASIAN STATES LIKE
Uzbekistan, Azharbhaijan, Krgystan, Tajikistan) via Afghanistan.
5.​ Pakistan location helps to have natural gas pipeline project with Iran, India and other Central
Asian states.
●​ IMPORTANCE OF COASTLINE OF PAKISTAN
1.​ Coast of Pakistan is divided into two parts Makran Coast and Karachi Coast. It’s coast help it
in doing trade with other countries and participate in world politics.
2.​ Fishing has become a major occupation of the people living nearby coast.
3.​ Mangroves which are considered important for ecosystem can be grown properly with inj
the coast line.
4.​ Job opportunities have increased due to development near coast especially near Gawadar
(CPEC).

●​ LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

Latitude and longitude, coordinate system by means of which the position
or location of any place on Earth’s surface can be determined and described.
Latitude are horizontal lines and longitude are vertical lines around the

globe.
Review map on page #8 also
 Cities of Pakistan

Islamabad, Muree, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Sialkot,

Peshawar, Chitral, Gilgit, Hyderabad, Karachi, Quetta and Gwadar.
 Neighboring countries of Pakistan

•​ China North
•​ Afghanistan North west
•​ Iran South west
•​ India East

ADMINISTRATIVE AREAS OF PAKISTAN

TOPOGRAPHY
Topography is the study and description of the surface features of land. Natural Topographical f
features of Pakistan are:
[Link] North Eastern mountain Himalayas and Karakorum

[Link] western are Hindukush

Highest Peaks:
Highest peaks of North Eastern mountains are K2 located in Karakorum and Nanga Parbat in Himalayas

Highest peak of Hindukush mountains is Tirich Mir.

Important passes:
Himalayas

Kunjerab pass connects Pakistan with China

karakorum

Karakorum highway is also present.

Hindukush

Shandur pass(connects Gilgit and chitral)

Shangla pass(connects swat valley with indus plain)

Lawari pass (connects Chitral with Swat valley and vale of Peshawar)

Glaciers:

Baltoro ,Batura,Siachen

IMPORTANT VALLEYS IN MOUNTAINS

 TOPOGRAPHICL FEATURES OF NORTHERN MOUNTAINS:

KARAKORUM HIMALAYAS HINDUKUSH

GILGIT MUREE SWAT
HUNZA KAGHAN CHITRAL
BALTISTAN DIR

Topographical and Relief means same that how land is present.

1.​ Parallel ranges with high altitude mountains

2.​ Bare rocks
3.​ Snow fields/glaciers
4.​ Steep slopes
5.​ Scree
6.​ V shaped valleys

Drainage features:
7.​ Indus river starts its journey from Manasovar valley and joined with Kabul river and enters
Indus plain.
8.​ Gorges( When the river erodes the land and flows downhills the less resistant rock is left behind
vertical hard rocks which are called gorges)
9.​ Water falls a step fall of river from a resistant rock
10.​Rapids
11.​Streams and springs melted snow in the form of water.

IMPORTANCE OF NORTHERN MOUNTAINS

1.​ Snow capped peaks melt during summers and increase the volume of water in river Indus
and river tributaries.
2.​ Historical passes connects Pakistan with China and Afghanistan.
3.​ A source of valuable minerals.
4.​ Beautiful landscape and increases tourism.
 5.​ Provides protection from winds

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

1.​ Deforestation
2.​ Soil erosion
3.​ Pollution
4.​ Land sliding
5.​ Avalanches

LOCATION OF NORTH EASTERN MOUNTAINS

Western mountains
Balochistan plateau
TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES DRAINAGE FEATURES
●​ DEPRESSIONS ●​ Inland drainage basins(
Hamun-i-Mashkel)

●​ BASINS (ZHOB AND LORALAI BASINS) ●​ Zhob river

●​ DRY LAND ●​ Dasht,hingol,neighing,hab river

●​ HIGHLY MINERALIZED ( CHAGI HILLS) ●​

●​ MOUNTAINS ARE PRESENT ●​

●​ TOBA KAKAR RANGE
●​ HALA RANGE
●​ SIACHAN RANGE
●​ MAKRAN COAST RANGE
●​ PAB RANGE
●​ CENTRAL BRAHI RANGE
●​ Khojak and bolan pass ●​
Potwar plateu: DRAINAGE FEATURES
TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES: SOAN RIVER
DISSECTED LANDSCAPE SMALL RIVERS
DEPRESSIONS RAVINE
TROUGHS
FAULTED LAND
LESS RESISTANT ROCKS ,RESUDIAL HILLS9 kala
chitta,khaira Murat
UNEVEN LAND
NOT GOOD FOR IRRIGATION
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:

Attock oil Refinery is located over here. A number of oil and gas fields located over here. Many
nonmetallic minerals can also found over here. Salt Range is also located over here.

Location of Potwar plateau:

The potwar plateau is located to the South of Islamabad between the river Indus and river [Link] is
an open ,undulating land with many flat areas.
INDUS PLAIN
TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
1.​ ACTIVE FLOOD PLAIN
2.​ OLD FLOOD PLAIN
3.​ ALLUVIAL TERRACES/BAR UPLAND/SCALLOIPED INTERFLUVES
4.​ PIEDMONT PLAINS ( alluvial fans)
5.​ TIDAL DELTA marshy land, tidal flats with mangrove swaps, low human settlement

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOOD PLAIN:

●​ Flat/gentle slope/gentle valleyside/doab
●​ Marshy land/water meadows/waterlogged
●​ The land formed by the deposition of alluviumhaving leeves,oxboxlakes ,meanders and alluvial
terraces.
●​ This land is highly fertile due presence of alluvium.
●​ Flood plain is of two types active flood plain and old flood plain.

WHY PEOPLE WANTED TO LIVE NEAR DOABS?

WHY POPULATION DENSITY IS HIGH NEAR A DOAB?

Doabs are favoured areas for a number of human activities such as farming, construction of
settlements, building of transport etc A number of topographical features contribute to a high
population density:

●​ The active flood Plain is flooded nearly every year so it is an ideal land for crops which require
plenty of water.
●​ Alluvial terraces are safe from being floods. They are ideal for farming and human activities.
●​ There well developed link canal irrigation in doab areas.

LOWER INDUS PLAIN:

Cuesta/escarpment are the prominent features where limestone ridges can be found. These type of
lands are high on one side as compare to other side.

They are good for making barrages.

Examples: Rohri Cuesta,Ganjo Takar Cuesta

DESERT
1.​Balochistan (Kharan)
2.​Sindh (Tharparkar,Nara)
3.​Punjab (Cholistan,Thal desert)
TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
●​ SAND PLAINS
●​ SAND DUNES
●​ RIDGES
●​ BARREN/BARE ROCKS
●​ CRACKS IN ROCKS DUE TO WEATHERING
●​ ROLLING SAND HILLS

CHALLENGES FOR PEOPLE LIVING IN DESERT AREAS

●​ [Link] OF WATER
●​ CONSTANT EROSION
●​ HOT WEATHER
●​ LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
●​ LACK OF METALLED ROADS

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
OIL DEPOSITS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED NEAR THAR DESERT.