Question 1
Given data
Gain (kg) x 9 10 1 20 2 30
5 5
Frequency f 2 14 2 6 4 2
2
∑ f =2+14 +22+6+ 4+2=50
(a) Mean
Formula:
∑ fx
x́=
∑f
x f fx
9 2 18
10 1 140
4
15 2 330
2
20 6 120
25 4 100
30 2 60
768
∑ fx=18+140 +330+120+100+60=768Mean = =15.36 kg
50
(b) Median
For grouped data, first find cumulative frequency (cf).
Gain (kg) f cf
9 2 2
10 14 16
15 22 38
20 6 44
25 4 48
30 2 50
50
Median position = =25
2
The 25th value falls in the group where cf = 38, corresponding to:
Median=15 kg
(c) Mode
Mode is the value with the highest frequency.
Highest frequency = 22, corresponding to 15 kg.
Mode=15 kg
Question 2: Solve the simultaneous equations
{56xx−2+2yy=8
=11
Step 1: Add the equations
19
(6 x +2 y)+(5 x−2 y)=8+1111 x=19 x=
11
Step 2: Substitute into 6 x +2 y=8
6 ( 1911 )+ 2 y =8 114
11
+2 y=82 y=8−
114
11
2 y=
88−114 −26
11
=
11
y=
−13
11
19 −13
x= , y=
11 11
Question 3: Factorize
(a) x 2+ x−1=0
This quadratic does not factor nicely using integers.
Using the quadratic formula:
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
x=
2a
a=1.0
b=1
c=−1.0 . Substitute these values in the quadratic formular
−1 ± √ 12 +4 (1)(−1) −1 ± √ 5
x= =
2(1) 2
So,
−1+ √ 5 −1− √ 5
(x− )(x− )=0 which are the factors of the given equation
2 2
(b) x 2+ 4 x + 4
x + 4 x + 4=( x +2)( x+2)( x +2 ¿2
2
✅ Final Answers Summary
Mean = 15.36 kg
Median = 15 kg
Mode = 15 kg
Simultaneous equations:
19 −13
x= , y=
11 11
Factorizations:
2 −1 ± √ 5
x + x−1=0 ⇒ x=
2
2
x + 4 x + 4=¿
QUESTION 1
Given frequency table
Score x 2 4 8 1 32 64 128
6
Frequency f 8 13 22 1 12 7 5
6
∑ f =8+13+ 22+16+12+7+5=83
(a) Mode
The mode is the value with the highest frequency.
Highest frequency = 22, corresponding to score = 8
Mode=8 (b) Median
First, calculate the cumulative frequency (cf).
Scor f cf
e
2 8 8
4 13 21
8 22 43
16 16 59
32 12 71
64 7 78
128 5 83
Median position:
83
=41.5
2
The 41.5th observation lies in the group where cf = 43, which corresponds to:
Median=8
(c) Mean
Formula:
∑ fx
x́=
∑f
x f fx
2 8 16
4 13 52
8 22 176
16 16 256
32 12 384
64 7 448
12 5 640
8
1972
∑ fx=16+ 52+ 176+256+384 +448+ 640=1972Mean = =23.76 (approx )Mean ≈ 23.76
83
QUESTION 2: Simultaneous equations
{32xx+−43 y=6
y =3
Step 1: Eliminate x
Multiply first equation by the coefficient of x in the second equation=3:
6 x +9 y=18 ……………………………………………………………….1
Similarly, multiply second equation by the coefficient of x in the first equation= 2:
6 x−8 y =6…………………………………………………………………..2
Step 2: Subtract the two equations 1 and 2
12
(6 x +9 y )−(6 x−8 y)=18−617 y=12 y=
17
Step 3: Substitute y into 2 x+3 y =6
2 x+3 ( 1712 )=62 x+ 3617 =62 x= 102−36
17
66
17
33
17
33
= x= x= , y=
17
12
17
QUESTION 3: Matrices
Given matrices
A= (12 30) , B=(10 2 3
3 1 )
( )
2 1
C= 3 2 , D=
4 1
4 3
1 2 ( )
(a) 2 A × B
First find 2 A :
2 A= (12 ×2
×2
2× 3
2× 0
= )( )
2 6
4 0
Now multiply by B:
2 A × B= (24 60)( 10 2 3
3 1 )
¿
( 2(1)+6( 0) 2(2)+ 6(3) 2(3)+6 (1)
4 (1)+ 0(0) 4(2)+0( 3) 4 (3)+0(1) )
¿ ( 24 22 12
8 12 )
Therefore 2 A × B= 4 (2 )
22 12
8 12
(b) C × B
( )( )( )
2 1 2× 1+1× 0 2× 2+ 1× 3 2 ×3+1 ×1
1 2 3
C × B= 3 2 = 3× 1+2× 0 3 × 2+ 2× 3 3 ×3+2 ×1
0 3 1
4 1 4 ×1+1 ×0 4 ×2+1 ×3 4 × 3+1× 1
( )
2 7 7
¿ 3 12 11
4 11 13
( )
2 7 7
Therefore C × B= 3 12 11
4 11 13
(c) (3 A−2 D)× B
3 A= (36 90) 2 D=( 82 64)
3 A−2 D= (−54 3
−4 )
Now multiply by B:
(3 A−2 D)× B= (−54 )(
−4 0 3 1
¿ )(
3 1 2 3 −5 −1 −12
4 −4 8 )
Therefore ( 3 A−2 D ) × B= 4 (−5 −1 −12
−4 8 )
QUESTION 3: Definitions
(a) Chemistry
Chemistry is the branch of science that studies the composition, structure,
properties, and changes of matter.
(b) Atom
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical
reaction and still retain the properties of that element.
(c) Element
An element is a pure substance made up of only one type of atom and cannot be
broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
(d) Atomic mass
Atomic mass is the average mass of the atoms of an element, compared with
1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
(e) pH
pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution and is defined as:
pH=−log ¿
(f) Amphoteric compound
An amphoteric compound is a substance that can act as both an acid and a base,
depending on the reaction.
Example: H₂O, Al(OH)₃
(g) Isomers
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different
structural arrangements and properties.
QUESTION 2: Electronic configurations
(a) ¹¹Na (Sodium)
Atomic number = 11
1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s Shells: 2, 8, 1
2 2 6 1
(b) ²⁰Ca (Calcium)
Atomic number = 20
1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s 3 p 4 s Shells: 2, 8, 8, 2
2 2 6 2 6 2
(c) ¹³Al³⁺ (Aluminium ion)
Al has 13 electrons, Al³⁺ loses 3 electrons → 10 electrons
2 2 6
1s 2 s 2 p
Shells: 2, 8
(d) N³⁻ (Nitride ion)
Nitrogen has 7 electrons, gains 3 → 10 electrons
2 2 6
1s 2 s 2 p
Shells: 2, 8
QUESTION 3: Dot and cross diagrams
(a) CO₂ (C = 6, O = 8)
Carbon forms two double covalent bonds with oxygen
Structure: O = C = O
Each oxygen has two lone pairs, carbon has none.
(b) NH₄⁺ (Ammonium ion)
Nitrogen shares three electrons with H
One coordinate (dative) bond from N → H⁺
Overall charge = +1
Structure: tetrahedral, all N–H bonds equivalent.
QUESTION 4: Concentration of ¿in 0.65 M KOH
KOH is a strong base, fully dissociates:
[ KOH ]=¿
Given:
K w =¿¿¿
QUESTION 5: pH of HCl solution
Given:
−9
[ HCl]=1.023 ×10 M
HCl is a strong acid, so:
¿ pH=−log (1.023 ×10−9 ) pH≈ 8.99 (Very dilute acid → slightly basic due to water
ionization)
QUESTION 6: Conjugate acids and bases
(1)
−¿¿
+¿+C l ¿
HCl+ H 2 O⇌ H 3 O
Acid: HCl
Base: H₂O
Conjugate acid: H₃O⁺
Conjugate base: Cl⁻
(2)
−¿¿
+¿+C l ¿
N H 3 + HCl ⇌ N H 4
Acid: HCl
Base: NH₃
Conjugate acid: NH₄⁺
Conjugate base: Cl⁻
(3)
+ ¿¿
−¿+H 3 O ¿
C H 3 COOH + H 2 O ⇌ C H 3 CO O
Acid: CH₃COOH
Base: H₂O
Conjugate acid: H₃O⁺
Conjugate base: CH₃COO⁻
QUESTION 7: Isomers
(a) C₄H₈
Structural isomers:
1. But-1-ene
2. But-2-ene
3. 2-methylpropene
3 isomers
(b) C₇H₁₆ (Heptane)
1. n-Heptane
2. 2-Methylhexane
3. 3-Methylhexane
4. 2,2-Dimethylpentane
5. 2,3-Dimethylpentane
6. 2,4-Dimethylpentane
7. 3,3-Dimethylpentane
8. 3-Ethylpentane
9. 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane
9 isomers